Breadth, polarity, and emergence of character strengths and their relevance for assessment

References

• Brown, M., Westrich, B., Bates, F., Twibell, A., & McGrath, R. E. (2020). Preliminary evidence for virtue as a cue to long-term mate value. Personality and Individual Differences, 167, 110249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110249
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2014). Dispositional optimism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(6), 293–299. APA PsycInfo. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2014.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 309–319. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1995). Domains and facets: Hierarchical personality assessment using the Revised NEO personality inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 64(1), 21–50. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6401_2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronbach, L. J., & Gleser, G. C. (1965). Psychological tests and personnel decisions ( pp. 347). U. Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ding, C. (2019). Examining item content validity using property fitting analysis via multidimensional scaling. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 28(1), e1771. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulliksen, H. (1945). The relation of item difficulty and inter-item correlation to test variance and reliability. Psychometrika, 10(2), 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02288877
   Google Scholar
• Harzer, C., & Ruch, W. (2014). The role of character strengths for task performance, job dedication, interpersonal facilitation, and organizational support. Human Performance, 27(3), 183–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2014.913592
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hausler, M., Strecker, C., Huber, A., Brenner, M., Höge, T., & Höfer, S. (2017). Distinguishing relational aspects of character strengths with subjective and psychological well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1159. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes, S. N., Richard, D. C. S., & Kubany, E. S. (1995). Content validity in psychological assessment: A functional approach to concepts and methods. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 238–247. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.238
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koller, I., Levenson, M. R., & Glück, J. (2017). What do you think you are measuring? A mixed-methods procedure for assessing the content validity of test items and theory-based scaling. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 126 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loevinger, J. (1954). The attenuation paradox in test theory. Psychological Bulletin, 51(5), 493–504. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0058543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath, R. (2017). Technical report: The VIA assessment suite for adults: Development and initial evaluation. VIA Institute on Character.
   Google Scholar
• Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2007). Methodological issues in positive psychology and the assessment of character strengths. In A. D. Ong & M. H. M. van Dulmen (Eds.), Series in positive psychology. Oxford handbook of methods in positive psychology (pp. 292–305). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Rossiter, J. R. (2008). Content validity of measures of abstract constructs in management and organizational research. British Journal of Management, 19(4), 380–388. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2008.00587.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruch, W., Proyer, R. T., Harzer, C., Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2010). Values in Action Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS): Adaptation and validation of the German version and the development of a peer-rating form. Journal of Individual Differences, 31(3), 138–149. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruch, W., & Proyer, R. T. (2015). Mapping strengths into virtues: The relation of the 24 VIA-strengths to six ubiquitous virtues. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 460 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schriesheim, C. A., & Hill, K. D. (1981). Controlling acquiescence response bias by item reversals: The effect on questionnaire validity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 41(4), 1101–1114. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316448104100420
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, G. T., Fischer, S., & Fister, S. M. (2003). Incremental validity principles in test construction. Psychological Assessment, 15(4), 467–477. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.15.4.467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahlmann, A. G., & Ruch, W. (2020). Scrutinizing the criteria for character strengths: laypersons assert that every strength is positively morally valued, even in the absence of tangible outcomes. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 591028. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.591028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vylobkova, V., Heintz, S., Gander, F., Wagner, L., & Ruch, W. (2021). Convergence and psychometric properties of character strengths measures: The VIA-IS and the VIA-IS-R. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/8zvjb
   Google Scholar
• Wagner, L., Holenstein, M., Wepf, H., & Ruch, W. (2020). Character strengths are related to students’ achievement, flow experiences, and enjoyment in teacher-centered learning, individual, and group work beyond cognitive ability. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1324. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar