Gratitude for small and large favors: A behavioral test

References

• Aronson , E , Ellsworth , PC , Carlsmith , JM and Gonzales , MH . 1990 . Methods of research in social psychology , 2nd , New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Barlett , MY and DeSteno , D . 2006 . Gratitude and prosocial behavior: Helping when it costs you . Psychological Science , 17 : 319 – 325 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron , RA . 1984 . Reducing organizational conflict: An incompatible response approach . Journal of Applied Psychology , 69 : 272 – 279 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batson , CD . 1991 . The altruism question , Hillsdale, N.J. : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Baumeister , RF and Ilko , SA . 1995 . Shallow gratitude: Public and private acknowledgement of external help in accounts of success . Basic and Applied Social Psychology , 16 : 191 – 209 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgarten-Tramer , F . 1938 . “Gratefulness” in children and young people . Journal of Genetic Psychology , 53 : 53 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Berger , FR . 1975 . Gratitude . Ethics , 85 : 298 – 309 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bono , G and McCullough , ME . 2006 . Positive responses to benefit and harm: Bringing forgiveness and gratitude into cognitive psychotherapy . Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly , 20 : 147 – 158 .
   Google Scholar
• Courville , T and Thompson , B . 2001 . Use of structure coefficients in published multiple regression articles: β is not enough . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 61 : 229 – 248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellsworth , PC and Smith , CA . 1988 . Shades of joy: Patterns of appraisal differentiating pleasant emotions . Cognition and Emotion , 2 : 301 – 331 .
   Google Scholar
• Emmons , RA . 2004 . “ The psychology of gratitude: An introduction ” . In The psychology of gratitude , Edited by: Emmons , RA and McCullough , M. E. 3 – 16 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Emmons , RA and Crumpler , CA . 2000 . Gratitude as human strength: Appraising the evidence . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 19 : 56 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmons , RA and McCullough , ME . 2003 . Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 84 : 377 – 389 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson , BL . 2004 . “ Gratitude, like other positive emotions, broadens and builds ” . In The psychology of gratitude , Edited by: Emmons , RA and McCullough , M. E. 145 – 166 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gallup Jr , GH . 1998 . Paper presented at the National Day of Prayer Breakfast . Thankfulness: America's saving grace Thanks-Giving Square . May 1998 , Dallas, TX.
   Google Scholar
• Gouldner , AW . 1960 . The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement . American Sociological Review , 25 : 161 – 178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham , S . 1988 . Children's developing understanding of the motivational role of affect: An attributional analysis . Cognitive Development , 3 : 71 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegtvedt , KA . 1990 . The effects of relationship structure on emotional responses to inequity . Social Psychology Quarterly , 53 : 214 – 228 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyle , RH and Robinson , JC . 2004 . “ Mediated and moderated effects in social psychological research ” . In Handbook of methods in social psychology , Edited by: Sansone , C. , Morf , C. C. and Panter , A. T. 213 – 233 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , LA , Lewandowski , DA , Fleury , RE and Chin , PP . 2001 . Effects of affect, stereotype consistency, and valence of behavior on causal attributions . Journal of Social Psychology , 141 : 31 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , EE and Pittman , TS . 1982 . “ Toward a general theory of strategic self-presentation ” . In Psychological perspectives on the self , Edited by: Suls , J. Vol. 1 , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Kashdan , TB , Uswatte , G and Julian , T . 2006 . Gratitude and hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in Vietnam war veterans . Behavior Research and Therapy , 44 : 177 – 199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane , J and Anderson , NH . 1976 . Integration of intention and outcome in moral judgment . Memory and Cognition , 4 : 1 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus , RS . 2006 . Emotions and interpersonal relationships: Toward a person-centered conceptualization of emotions and coping . Journal of Personality , 74 : 9 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linley , PA , Joseph , S , Harrington , S and Wood , AM . 2006 . Positive psychology: Past, present, and (possible) future . The Journal of Positive Psychology , 1 : 3 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• McCraty , R and Childre , D . 2004 . “ The grateful heart: The psychophysiology of appreciation ” . In The psychology of gratitude , Edited by: Emmons , RA and McCullough , M. E. 230 – 255 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• McCullough , ME and Tsang , J . 2004 . “ Parent of the virtues? The prosocial contours of gratitude ” . In The psychology of gratitude , Edited by: Emmons , RA and McCullough , M. E. 123 – 141 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• McCullough , ME , Emmons , RA and Tsang , J . 2002 . The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 82 : 112 – 127 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough , ME , Kilpatrick , SD , Emmons , RA and Larson , DB . 2001 . Is gratitude a moral affect? . Psychological Bulletin , 127 : 249 – 266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén , LK and Muthén , BO . 1998 . Mplus: The comprehensive modeling program for applied researchers, user's guide , Los Angeles : Muthén & Muthén .
   Google Scholar
• Naito , T , Wangwan , J and Tani , M . 2005 . Gratitude in university students in Japan and Thailand . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 36 : 247 – 263 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nisbett , RE and Wilson , TD . 1977 . Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes . Psychological Review , 84 : 231 – 259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortony , A , Clore , GL and Collins , A . 1988 . The cognitive structure of emotions , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Park , N , Peterson , C and Seligman , MEP . 2004 . Strengths of character and well-being . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 23 : 603 – 619 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson , C and Seligman , MEP . 2004 . Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. , Washington, DC : American Psychological Association/Oxford: Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Peterson , BE and Stewart , AJ . 1996 . Antecedents and contexts of generativity motivation and midlife . Psychology and Aging , 11 : 21 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pruitt , DG . 1968 . Reciprocity and credit building in a laboratory dyad . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 8 : 143 – 147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , RC . 2004 . “ The blessings of gratitude: A conceptual analysis ” . In The psychology of gratitude , Edited by: Emmons , RA and McCullough , ME . 58 – 78 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Seligman , MEP . 2002 . “ Positive psychology, positive prevention, and positive therapy ” . In Handbook of positive psychology , Edited by: Snyder , C. R. and Lopez , SJ . 3 – 9 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Seligman , MEP and Csikszentmihalyi , M . 2000 . Positive psychology: An introduction . American Psychologist , 55 : 5 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligman , MEP , Steen , TA , Park , N and Peterson , C . 2005 . Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions . American Psychologist , 60 : 410 – 421 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman , BI . 1974 . Consequences, racial discrimination, and the principle of belief congruence . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 29 : 497 – 508 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmel , G . 1950 . The Sociology of Georg Simmel , Edited by: Wolff , K. H . Glencoe, IL : The Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Snyder , ML , Kleck , RE , Strenta , A and Mentzer , SJ . 1979 . Avoidance of the handicapped: An attributional ambiguity analysis . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 37 : 2297 – 2306 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tesser , A , Gatewood , R and Driver , M . 1968 . Some determinants of gratitude . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 9 : 233 – 236 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsang , J . 2006a . “ The effects of helper intention on gratitude and indebtedness ” . In Motivation and Emotion Vol. 30 , 198 – 204 .
   Google Scholar
• Tsang , J . 2006b . Gratitude and prosocial behavior: An experimental test of gratitude . Cognition and Emotion , 20 : 138 – 148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins , PC . 2004 . “ Gratitude and subjective well-being ” . In The psychology of gratitude , Edited by: Emmons , RA and McCullough , M. E. 167 – 192 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Watkins , PC , Scheer , J , Ovnicek , M and Kolts , R . 2006 . The debt of gratitude: Dissociating gratitude and indebtedness . Cognition and Emotion , 20 : 217 – 241 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner , B , Russell , D and Lerman , D . 1978 . “ Affective consequences of causal ascriptions ” . In New directions in attribution research , Edited by: Harvey , JH , Ickes , WJ and Kidd , RF . Vol. 2 , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Weiner , B , Russell , D and Lerman , D . 1979 . The cognition-emotion process in achievement related contexts . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 37 : 1211 – 1220 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whatley , MA , Webster , JM , Smith , RH and Rhodes , A . 1999 . The effect of a favor on public and private compliance: How internalized is the norm of reciprocity? . Basic and Applied Social Psychology , 21 : 251 – 259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar