Technology-enhanced learning and teaching in higher education: what is ‘enhanced’ and how do we know? A critical literature review

References

• Arbaugh, J. B., M. R. Godfrey, M. Johnson, B. L. Pollack, B. Niendorf, and W. Wresch. 2009. “Research in Online and Blended Learning in the Business Disciplines: Key Findings and Possible Future Directions.” The Internet and Higher Education 12 (1): 71–87. doi: 10.1016/j.iheduc.2009.06.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey, C. J., K. A. Card 2009. “Effective Pedagogical Practices for Online Teaching: Perception of Experienced Instructors.” The Internet and Higher Education 12 (3–4): 152–155. doi: 10.1016/j.iheduc.2009.08.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blin, F., and M. Munro. 2008. “Why Hasn't Technology Disrupted Academics’ Teaching Practices? Understanding Resistance to Change Through the Lens of Activity Theory.” Computers and Education 50 (2): 475–490. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2007.09.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., and V. Clarke. 2006. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (2): 77–101. doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Y., N. Chen, and C. Tsai. 2009. “The Use of Online Synchronous Discussion for Web-Based Professional Development for Teachers.” Computers and Education 53, 1155–1166. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2009.05.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coller, B., and M. Scott. 2009. “Effectiveness of Using a Video Game to Teach a Course in Mechanical Engineering.” Computers and Education 53 (3): 900–912. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2009.05.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly, T. M., E. MacArthur, M. Stansfield, and E. McLellan. 2007. “A Quasi-Experimental Study of Three Online Learning Courses in Computing.” Computers and Education 49 (2): 345–359. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2005.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conole, G., and P. Alevizou. 2010. A Literature Review of the Use of Web 2.0 Tools in Higher Education, York: Higher Education Academy. Accessed January 18, 2013. http://www.heacademy.ac.uk/assets/EvidenceNEt/Conole_Alevizou_2010.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Cooner, T. S. 2010. “Creating Opportunities for Students in Large Cohorts to Reflect in and on Practice: Lessons Learnt from a Formative Evaluation of Students’ Experiences of a Technology-Enhanced Blended Learning Design.” British Journal of Educational Technology 41 (2): 271–286. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8535.2009.00933.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copley, J. 2007. “Audio and Video Podcasts of Lectures for Campus-based Students: Production and Evaluation of Student Use.” Innovations in Education and Teaching International 44 (4): 387–399. doi: 10.1080/14703290701602805
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, M. J., and G. Marshall. 2007. “Effects of ICT: Do We Know What We Should Know?.” Education and Information Technology 12 (2): 59–70.
   Google Scholar
• Cramer, K. M., K. R. Collins, D. Snider, and G. Fawcett. 2007. “The Virtual Lecture Hall: Utilisation, Effectiveness and Student Perceptions.” British Journal of Educational Technology 38 (1): 106–115. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8535.2006.00598.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuban, L. 2001. Oversold and Underused: Computers in the Classroom, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cubric, M. 2007. “Wiki-Based Process Framework for Blended Learning.” Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Wikis, 11–22. Accessed January 18, 2013. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.96.3492&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Dahlgren, L.-O. 2005. “Learning Conceptions and Outcomes.” In The Experience of Learning: Implications for Teaching and Studying in Higher Education. 3rd ed. edited by F. Marton, D. Hounsell and N. Entwistle, 23–38. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, Centre for Teaching, Learning and Assessment. Accessed January 18, 2013. http://www.docs.hss.ed.ac.uk/iad/Learning_teaching/Academic_teaching/Resources/Experience_of_learning/EoLChapter2.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Dalgarno, B., A. G. Bishop, W. Adlong, Bedgood, D. R.Jr 2009. “Effectiveness of a Virtual Laboratory as a Preparatory Resource for Distance Education Chemistry Students.” Computers and Education 53 (3): 853–865. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2009.05.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalsgaard, C., and M. Godsk. 2007. “Transforming Traditional Lectures into Problem-Based Blended Learning: Challenges and Experiences.” Open Learning 22 (1): 29–42. doi: 10.1080/02680510601100143
   Google Scholar
• Delialioglu, O., and Z. Yildirim. 2008. “Design and Development of a Technology Enhanced Hybrid Instruction Based on MOLTA Model: Its Effectiveness in Comparison to Traditional Instruction.” Computers and Education 51 (1): 474–483. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2007.06.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demetriadis, S. N., P. M. Papadopoulos, I. G. Stamelos, and F. Fischer. 2008. “The Effect of Scaffolding Students’ Context-Generating Cognitive Activity in Technology-Enhanced Case-Based Learning.” Computers and Education 51 (2): 939–954. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2007.09.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downing, K., T.-F. Lam, T. Kwong, W.-K. Downing, S.-W. Chan 2007. “Creating Interaction in Online Learning: A Case Study.” ALT-J 15 (3): 201–215. doi: 10.1080/09687760701673592
   Google Scholar
• Du Boulay, B., J. Coultas, and R. Luckin. 2008. How Compelling is the Evidence for the Effectiveness of e-Learning in the Post-16 Sector?, Brighton: University of Sussex, IDEAS Lab. Accessed January 18, 2013. http://www.reveel.sussex.ac.uk/files/Version4.2.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Elgort, I., A. G. Smith, and J. Toland. 2008. “Is Wiki an Effective Platform for Group Course Work?.” Australasian Journal of Educational Technology 24 (2): 195–210. Accessed January 18,, 2013. http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet24/elgort.html.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, C. 2008. “The Effectiveness of M-Learning in the Form of Podcast Revision Lectures in Higher Education.” Computers and Education 50 (2): 491–498. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2007.09.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eynon, R. 2008. “The Use of the World Wide Web in Learning and Teaching in Higher Education: Reality and Rhetoric.” Innovations in Education and Teaching International 45 (1): 15–23. doi: 10.1080/14703290701757401
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez, V., P. Simo, J. M. Sallan 2009. “Podcasting: A New Technological Tool to Facilitate Good Practice in Higher Education.” Computers and Education 53 (2): 385–392. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2009.02.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Grez, L., M. Valcke, and I. Roozen. 2009. “The Impact of an Innovative Instructional Intervention on the Acquisition of Oral Presentation Skills in Higher Education.” Computers and Education 53 (1): 112–120. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2009.01.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin, D. K., D. Mitchell, S. J. Thompson 2009. “Podcasting by Synchronising PowerPoint and Voice: What Are the Pedagogical Benefits?.” Computers and Education 53 (2): 532–539. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2009.03.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guri-Rosenblit, S. 2009. Digital Technologies in Higher Education: Sweeping Expectations and Actual Effects, New York: Nova Science.
   Google Scholar
• Guri-Rosenblit, S., and B. Gros. 2011. “e-Learning: Confusing Terminology, Research Gaps and Inherent Challenges.” Journal of Distance Education 25 (1): 1–17. doi: 10.1080/08923647.2011.550184
   Google Scholar
• Hakkarainen, P., T. Saarelainen, and H. Ruokamo. 2007. “Towards Meaningful Learning Through Digital Video Supported, Case Based Teaching.” Australasian Journal of Educational Technology 23 (1): 87–109. Accessed January 18,, 2013. http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet23/hakkarainen.html.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEFCE (Higher Education Funding Council for England) 2009. Enhancing Learning and Teaching Through the Use of Technology: A Revised Approach to HEFCE's Strategy for e-Learning, Bristol: Higher Education Funding Council for England. Accessed January 18, 2013. http://www.hefce.ac.uk/pubs/hefce/2009/09_12/09_12.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Hemmi, A., S. Bayne, and R. Land. 2009. “The Appropriation and Repurposing of Social Technologies in Higher Education.” Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 25 (1): 19–30. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2729.2008.00306.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman, C., and G. Kirkup. 2008. “Learners in Transition: The Use of ePortfolios for Women Returners to Science, Engineering and Technology.” Innovations in Education and Teaching International 45 (1): 67–76. doi: 10.1080/14703290701757468
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holton, E. F. 1996. “The Flawed Four-Level Evaluation Model.” Human Resource Development Quarterly 7 (1): 5–21. doi: 10.1002/hrdq.3920070103
   Google Scholar
• Hramiak, A., H. Boulton, and B. Irwin. 2009. “Trainee Teachers’ Use of Blogs as Private Reflections for Professional Development.” Learning, Media and Technology 34 (3): 259–269. doi: 10.1080/17439880903141521
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hrastinski, S. 2008. “What Is Online Learner Participation? A Literature Review.” Computers and Education 51 (4): 1755–1765. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2008.05.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hui, W., P. J.-H. Hu, K. Y. Clark 2007. “Technology-Assisted Learning: A Longitudinal Field Study of Knowledge Category, Learning Effectiveness and Satisfaction in Language Learning.” Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 24 (3): 245–259. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2729.2007.00257.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joy, E. H., F. E. Garcia 2000. “Measuring Learning Effectiveness: A New Look at No-Significant-Difference Findings.” Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks 4 (1): 33–39.
   Google Scholar
• Jump, L. 2011. “Why University Lecturers Enhance Their Teaching Through the Use of Technology: A Systematic Review.” Learning, Media and Technology 36 (1): 55–68. doi: 10.1080/17439884.2010.521509
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanuka, H., L. Rourke, and E. Laflamme. 2007. “The Influence of Instructional Methods on the Quality of Online Discussion.” British Journal of Educational Technology 38 (2): 260–271. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8535.2006.00620.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay, R. H., and A. LeSage. 2009. “Examining the Benefits and Challenges of Using Audience Response Systems: A Review of the Literature.” Computers and Education 53 (3), 819–827. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2009.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerawalla, L., S. Minocha, G. Kirkup, and G. Conole. 2009. “An Empirically Grounded Framework to Guide Blogging in Higher Education.” Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 25 (1): 31–42. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2729.2008.00286.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick, D. L. 1994. Evaluating Training Programs. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Kirkwood, A. 2006. “Going Outside the Box: Skills Development, Cultural Change and the Use of On-Line Resources.” Computers and Education 47 (3): 316–331. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2004.11.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkwood, A., and L. Price. 2005. “Learners and Learning in the 21st Century: What do we Know about Students’ Attitudes and Experiences of ICT that Will Help Us Design Courses?” Studies in Higher Education, 30 (3): 257–274.
   Google Scholar
• Kirkwood, A., and L. Price. 2012. “The Influence Upon Design of Differing Conceptions of Teaching and Learning with Technology.” In Informed Design of Educational Technologies in Higher Education: Enhanced Learning and Teaching, edited by A. D. Olofsson and O. Lindberg, 1–20. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, M. J. W., C. McLoughlin, and A. Chan. 2008. “Talk the Talk: Learner-Generated Podcasts as Catalysts for Knowledge Creation.” British Journal of Educational Technology 39 (3): 501–521. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8535.2007.00746.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Leng, B. A., D. H. Dolmans, R. Jöbsis, A. M. Muijtjens, C. P. van der Vleuten 2009. “Exploration of an e-Learning Model to Foster Critical Thinking on Basic Science Concepts During Work Placements.” Computers and Education 53 (1): 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2008.12.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonn, S., S. D. Teasley 2009. “Podcasting in Higher Education: What are the Implications for Teaching and Learning?.” The Internet and Higher Education 12 (2): 88–92. doi: 10.1016/j.iheduc.2009.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorimer, J., and A. Hilliard. 2008. “What is Your Response? It's Time to Get Personal.” Proceedings of the 7th European conference on e-Learning, 2: 128–134. Accessed January 18, 2013. https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/2299/6111/1/ECEL_2008_Paper_Final_v1_B_W.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Marton, F., R. Säljö 2005. “Approaches to Learning.” In The Experience of Learning: Implications for Teaching and Studying in Higher Education. 3rd ed, edited by F. Marton, D. Hounsell and N. Entwistle, 39–58. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, Centre for Teaching, Learning and Assessment. Accessed January 18, 2013. http://www.docs.hss.ed.ac.uk/iad/Learning_teaching/Academic_teaching/Resources/Experience_of_learning/EoLChapter3.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• McLoughlin, D., and J. Mynard. 2009. “An Analysis of Higher Order Thinking in Online Discussions.” Innovations in Education and Teaching International 46 (2): 147–160. doi: 10.1080/14703290902843778
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Means, B., Y. Toyama, R. Murphy, M. Bakia, and K. Jones. 2010. Evaluation of Evidence-Based Practices in Online Learning: A Meta-Analysis and Review of Online Learning Studies, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education Office of Planning, Evaluation, and Policy Development. Accessed January 18, 2013. http://www2.ed.gov/rschstat/eval/tech/evidence-based-practices/finalreport.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Melrose, S., and K. Bergeron. 2007. “Instructor Immediacy Strategies to Facilitate Group Work in Online Graduate Study.” Australasian Journal of Educational Technology 23 (1): 132–148. Accessed January 18,, 2013. http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet23/melrose.html.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, E., J. Ciszewska-Carr 2007. “Instructors’ Experiences of Web Based Synchronous Communication Using Two Way Audio and Direct Messaging.” Australasian Journal of Educational Technology 23 (1): 68–86. Accessed January 18,, 2013. http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet23/murphy.html.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naismith, L., P. Lonsdale, G. Vavoula, and M. Sharples. 2004. Literature Review in Mobile Technologies and Learning (NESTA Futurelab Report 11). Bristol: NESTA Futurelab. Accessed January 18, 2013. http://www.futurelab.org.uk/sites/default/files/Mobile_Technologies_and_Learning_review.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Neumann, D. L., and M. Hood. 2009. “The Effects of Using a Wiki on Student Engagement and Learning of Report Writing Skills in a University Statistics Course.” Australasian Journal of Educational Technology 25 (3): 382–398. Accessed January 18,, 2013. http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet25/neumann.html.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng'ambi, D., and I. Brown. 2009. “Intended and Unintended Consequences of Student Use of an Online qQestioning Environment.” British Journal of Educational Technology 40 (2): 316–328. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8535.2008.00899.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver, M. 2011. “Technological Determinism in Educational Technology Research: Some Alternative Ways of Thinking about the Relationship Between Learning and Technology.” Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 27 (5): 373–384. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2729.2011.00406.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver, M., G. Roberts, H. Beetham, B. Ingraham, M. Dyke, and P. Levy. 2007. “Knowledge, Society and Perspectives on Learning Technology.” In Contemporary Perspectives on e-Learning Research, edited by G. Conole and M. Oliver, 21–39. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Oxford Dictionaries Online. 2011. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Accessed January 18, 2013. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/.
   Google Scholar
• Papastergiou, M. 2009. “Exploring the Potential of Computer and Video Games for Health and Physical Education: A Literature Review.” Computers and Education 53 (3): 603–622. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2009.04.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, W. G. 1970. Forms of Intellectual and Ethical Development in the College Years: A Scheme, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
   Google Scholar
• Price, L., and A. Kirkwood. 2011. Enhancing Professional Learning and Teaching through Technology: A Synthesis of Evidence-based Practice among Teachers in Higher Education. York: Higher Education Academy.
   Google Scholar
• Price, L., J. T. E. Richardson 2004. “Why Is It Difficult to Improve Student Learning?.” In Improving Student Learning: Theory, Research and Scholarship, edited by C. Rust, 105–120. Oxford: The Oxford Centre for Staff and Learning Development.
   Google Scholar
• Reeves, T. C. 2005. “No Significant Differences Revisited: A Historical Perspective on the Research Informing Contemporary Online Learning.” In Online Learning: Personal Reflections on the Transformation of Education, edited by G. Kearsley, 299–308. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Reilly, R. 2005. “Guest Editorial – Web-Based Instruction: Doing Things Better and Doing Better Things.” IEEE Transactions on Education 48 (4): 565–566. doi: 10.1109/TE.2005.859218
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, G. 2003. “Teaching Using the Web: Conceptions and Approaches from a Phenomenographic Perspective.” Instructional Science 31 (2): 127–150. doi: 10.1023/A:1022547619474
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Säljö, R. 1979. “Learning about Learning.” Higher Education 8 (4): 443–451. doi: 10.1007/BF01680533
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scouller, K. 1998. “The Influence of Assessment Method on Students’ Learning Approaches: Multiple Choice Question Examination Versus Assignment Essay.” Higher Education 35 (4): 453–472. doi: 10.1023/A:1003196224280
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selwyn, N. 2011. “Editorial: In Praise of Pessimism – The Need for Negativity in Educational Technology.” British Journal of Educational Technology 42 (5): 713–718. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8535.2011.01215.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sim, J. W. S., K. F. Hew 2010. “The Use of Weblogs in Higher Education Settings: A Review of Empirical Research.” Educational Research Review 5 (2): 151–163. doi: 10.1016/j.edurev.2010.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorensen, P., J. Twidle, A. Childs, and J. Godwin. 2007. “The Use of the Internet in Science Teaching: A Longitudinal Study of Developments in Use by Student-Teachers in England.” International Journal of Science Education 29 (13): 1605–1627. doi: 10.1080/09500690601137676
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephenson, J. E., C. Brown, D. K. Griffin 2008. “Electronic Delivery of Lectures in the University Environment: An Empirical Comparison of Three Delivery Styles.” Computers and Education 50 (3): 640–651. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2006.08.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swan, A., A. O'Donnell 2009. “The Contribution of a Virtual Biology Laboratory to College Students’ Learning.” Innovations in Education and Teaching International 46 (4): 405–419. doi: 10.1080/14703290903301735
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamim, R. M., R. M. Bernard, E. Borokhovski, P. C. Abrami, R. F. Schmid 2011. “What Forty Years of Research Says about the Impact of Technology on Learning: A Second-Order Meta-Analysis and Validation Study.” Review of Educational Research 81 (1): 4–28. doi: 10.3102/0034654310393361
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, L., and S. Clark. 2010. “Educational Design of Short, Audio-only Podcasts: The Teacher and Student Experience.” Australasian Journal of Educational Technology 26 (3): 386–399. Accessed January 18,, 2013. http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet26/taylor.html.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TELRP (Technology Enhanced Learning Research Programme). Undated. “Does Technology Enhance Learning? Some Findings from the Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL) Research Programme.” Accessed January 18, 2013. http://www.tlrp.org/docs/enhance.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Thorpe, M. 2008. “Effective Online Interaction: Mapping Course Design to Bridge from Research to Practice.” Australasian Journal of Educational Technology 24 (1): 57–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tormey, R., and D. Henchy. 2008. “Re-Imagining the Traditional Lecture: An Action Research Approach to Teaching Student Teachers to ‘do’ Philosophy.” Teaching in Higher Education 13 (3): 303–314. doi: 10.1080/13562510802045337
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tynan, B., and S. Colbran. 2006. “Podcasting, Student Learning and Expectations.” Proceedings of the 23rd Annual ASCILITE Conference: Who's Learning? Whose Technology?: 825–832. Accessed January 18, 2013. http://www.ascilite.org.au/conferences/sydney06/proceeding/pdf_papers/p132.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, R., J. Voce, and J. Ahmed. 2012. 2012 Survey of Technology Enhanced Learning for Higher Education in the UK, Oxford: Universities and Colleges Information Systems Association. Accessed January 18, 2013. http://www.ucisa.ac.uk/groups/ssg/surveys.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• Wheeler, S., and D. Wheeler. 2009. “Using Wikis to Promote Quality Learning in Teacher Training.” Learning, Media and Technology 34 (1): 1–10. doi: 10.1080/17439880902759851
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitelock, D., L. Gilbert, and V. Gale. 2011. “Technology Enhanced Assessment and Feedback: How is Evidence-based Literature Informing Practice?” 2011 International Computer Assisted Assessment (CAA) Conference, Research into e-Assessment, Southampton, July 5–6.
   Google Scholar
• Woo, K., M. Gosper, M. McNeill, G. Preston, D. Green, and R. Phillips. 2008. “Web-Based Lecture Technologies: Blurring the Boundaries Between Face-to-Face and Distance Learning.” ALT-J 16 (2): 81–93. doi: 10.1080/09687760802315895
   Google Scholar
• Wyatt, T. H., P. B. Krauskopf, N. M. Gaylord, A. Ward, S. Huffstutler-Hawkins, and L. Goodwin. 2010. “Cooperative M-Learning with Nurse Practitioner Students.” Nursing Education Perspectives 31 (2): 109–113. Accessed January 18,, 2013. http://www.nlnjournal.org/doi/abs/10.1043/1536-5026-31.2.109.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xie, Y., F. Ke, and P. Sharma. 2008. “The Effect of Peer Feedback for Blogging on College Students’ Reflective Learning Processes.” The Internet and Higher Education 11 (1): 18–25. doi: 10.1016/j.iheduc.2007.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zemsky, R., and W. F. Massy. 2004. Thwarted Innovation: What Happened to e-Learning and Why? A Report from The Learning Alliance, University Pennsylvania. Accessed January 18, 2013. http://www.thelearningalliance.info/Docs/Jun2004/ThwartedInnovation.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Zorko, V. 2009. “Factors Affecting the Way Students Collaborate in a Wiki for English Language Learning.” Australasian Journal of Educational Technology 25 (5): 645–665.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar