The forgotten African American innovators of educational technology: stories of education, technology, and civil rights

References

• Atkinson, R. C., and P. Suppes. 1968. Program in Computer-Assisted Instruction. U.S. Department of Health, Education & Welfare, Office of Education.
   Google Scholar
• Brieske, G. F., B. N. Lewis, M. Macdonald-Ross, and R. W. Smith. 1972. “An Opening Statement from the Editors.” Instructional Science 1 (1): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00053967.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butcher. 1996, July 1. “Freedom Summer.” Stanford Magazine. https://stanfordmag.org/contents/freedom-summer.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, R. P., and B. Lockee. 2016. “Early Women Involved in Educational Technology: Vignettes.” Women's Voices in the Field of Educational Technology: Our Journeys, 165–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33452-3_23.
   Google Scholar
• Clark-Stallkamp, R., A. L. Johnson, and B. Lockee. 2022. “Exploring Dimensions of the Past: A Historiographical Analysis of Instructional Design and Technology Historical Works.” The Journal of Applied Instructional Design 11 (2).
   Google Scholar
• Doroudi, S. 2022. “The Intertwined Histories of Artificial Intelligence and Education.” International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-022-00313-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle, R. G. 2016. “Paralleling Women as Presidents of AECT with Changes in US Laws and Social Norms.” Women's Voices in the Field of Educational Technology: Our Journeys, 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33452-3_22.
   Google Scholar
• Ellsworth, S. n.d. Tulsa race massacre. The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry = TU013.
   Google Scholar
• Ferster, B. 2014. Teaching Machines: Learning from the Intersection of Education and Technology. JHU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Foothill College AstroSims. n.d. Foothill College AstroSims. Foothill College. https://foothill.edu/astronomy/astrosims.html.
   Google Scholar
• Freeman Jr., S., and T.-R. Douglas. 2020. “Put Some Respect on my Name: Navigating the use of Academic Titles and Personas.” Journal of Underrepresented and Minority Progress 3 (2): 1–28. https://doi.org/10.32674/jump.v3i2.1806.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia, A., and C. H. Lee. 2020. “Equity-centered Approaches to Educational Technology.” In Handbook of Research in Educational Communications and Technology: Learning Design, 247–261.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia, A., and T. M. Philip. 2018. “Smoldering in the Darkness: Contextualizing Learning, Technology, and Politics Under the Weight of Ongoing Fear and Nationalism.” Learning, Media and Technology 43 (4): 339–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2018.1534860.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, M. 2018, November 26. Famed Educator Julian Prince Writes Book on Integrating Mississippi Schools. Clarion Ledger. https://www.clarionledger.com/story/opinion/columnists/2018/11/26/educator-julian-prince-writes-book-integrating-mississippi-schools/2120075002/.
   Google Scholar
• Grohowski, M. 2018, March 26. Is There a Doctor in the House? Unscripted Research Blog. https://www.mtu.edu/unscripted/2018/03/is-there-a-doctor-in-the-house.html.
   Google Scholar
• The Harvard Crimson. 1983, March 17. BSA. The Harvard Crimson: https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1983/3/17/bsa-pthe-black-students-association-bsa/.
   Google Scholar
• Hodgson, G. 2021, August 3. “Bob Moses obituary.” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/aug/03/bob-moses-obituary.
   Google Scholar
• Ideison, H. A. 1983, June 9. Evolving, but Remaining Vital: Black Student Groups. The Harvard Crimson. https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1983/6/9/evolving-but-remaining-vital-pbabt-registration/.
   Google Scholar
• Ivry, B. 2016, August 3. Remembering Seymour Papert: Revolutionary socialist and father of A.I. Forward. https://forward.com/culture/346666/remembering-seymour-papert-revolutionary-socialist-and-father-of-ai/.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, D., and E. Bowman. 2021, July 25. Bob Moses, Civil Rights Leader and Longtime Educator, Dies at 86. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2021/07/25/1020501110/bob-moses-1960s-sncc-civil-rights-leader-math-educator-dies-at-86.
   Google Scholar
• King, J. E. 2018. Joyce E. King, ‘69, PhD ‘74. Stanford Graduate School of Education. https://ed.stanford.edu/alumni/excellence-award/joyce-e-king.
   Google Scholar
• King to discuss civil rights here. 1964, April 14. The Stanford Daily, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Long, Y., and V. Aleven. 2017. “Educational Game and Intelligent Tutoring System: A Classroom Study and Comparative Design Analysis.” ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 24 (3): 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1145/3057889.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marquis Who's Who. 2021, January 1. Roulette William Smith, PhD, Celebrated for Dedication to the Field of Medical Research. 24-7 press release. https://www.24-7pressrelease.com/press-release/478379/roulette-william-smith-phd-celebrated-for-dedication-to-the-field-of-medical-research.
   Google Scholar
• The Martin Luther King, J. R. n.d. “Freedom Summer.” Retrieved from Martin Luther King, Jr. Encyclopedia: https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/freedom-summer.
   Google Scholar
• MathTalk. n.d. MathTalk. https://math-talk.com/.
   Google Scholar
• Moses, R. P. 1964, April 24. Speech at Stanford University.
   Google Scholar
• Moses, R. P., and C. E. Cobb. 2001. Radical Equations. Beacon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moses, R. P., M. Kamii, S. M. Swap, and J. Howard. 1989. “The Algebra Project: Organizing in the Spirit of Ella.” Harvard Educational Review 59 (4): 423–444. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.59.4.27402485mqv20582.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moses, R. P., M. V. Moses, and T. W. Moses. 1998. Methods of Playing Games Which Enhance Mathematical Understanding (U.S. Patent No. 5,704,790). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/5704790.
   Google Scholar
• Reich, Justin, and Mizuko Ito. 2017. From Good Intentions to Real Outcomes: Equity by Design in Learning Technologies. Digital Media and Learning Research Hub.
   Google Scholar
• Reiser, R. A. 2012. “What Field did you say you Were in? Defining and Naming our Field.” In Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology, edited by R. A. Reiser, and J. V. Dempsey, 3rd ed., 1–7. Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Rolle, S. K., and R. W. Smith. 1993, December 6. Roulette William Smith, PhD. Sojourner Kincaid Rolle Papers. (V/1512), Department of Special Research Collections, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA. https://californiarevealed.org/islandora/object/cavpp%3A13859.
   Google Scholar
• Russell, D. 2009. Black Genius: Inspirational Portraits of African-American Leaders. Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Saettler, P. 2004. The Evolution of American Educational Technology. Information Age Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Sanford, E. 2020, February. “The Unappreciated Legacy of African American Inventors.” National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/the-unappreciated-legacy-of-african-american-inventors.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, A. C. 1995. “Social Construction and the Inner City: Design Environments for Social Development and Urban Renewal.” Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. DSpace@MIT. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/29095.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, M. n.d. Michelle A. Shaw: http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~acs/michelle.html.
   Google Scholar
• Sleeman, D., and J. S. Brown. 1982. Intelligent Tutoring Systems. London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, R. W. 1973. “The OMBUDSMAN: A Computer Model of Dialogue in Instruction and Conflict Mediation.” In Artificial and Human Thinking, edited by A. Elithorn, and D. Jones, 114–124. Elsevier Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, R. W. 1974, February 13. [Letter to Allen Newell]. Allen Newell Collection (Box 106, Folder 8191), University Libraries Digital Collections, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, R. W. 2009. Curriculum Vitae. https://www.bmedreport.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/roulette-smith-cv.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• SNCC Digital Gateway. n.d. Janet Jemmott. SNCC Digital Gateway. https://snccdigital.org/people/janet-jemmott/.
   Google Scholar
• Stager, G. 2016. “Seymour Papert (1928–2016).” Nature 537 (7620): 308. https://doi.org/10.1038/537308a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffen, N. L. 1964, April 24. “King Calls for Further Action Before Crowd of Over 1800.” The Stanford Daily 1.
   Google Scholar
• Suppes, P. 1971. “Computer-Assisted Instruction at Stanford.” Stanford University: Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Science.
   Google Scholar
• Suppes, P., and M. Morningstar. 1969. “Evaluation of Three Computer-Assisted Instruction Programs.” Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Sweet, V. 2019, December 6. Teachers’ diversity through the ages. The Record. https://record.horacemann.org/4127/features/teachers-diversity-through-the-ages/.
   Google Scholar
• Tatnall, A., and B. Davey. 2014. Reflections on the History of Computers in Education (Vols. No. AICT-424). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, R. 1980. The Computer in the School: Tutor, Tool, Tutee. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
   Google Scholar
• Todd, A. 1964, March 5. “Anti-Rumford Act initiative arouses NAACP, CORE.” The Stanford Daily 1.
   Google Scholar
• Tripartite committee holds first meeting. 1969, February 28. The Stanford Daily, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Watters, A. 2021. Teaching Machines: The History of Personalized Learning. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wenger, E. 1987. Artificial Intelligence and Tutoring Systems: Computational and Cognitive Approaches to the Communication of Knowledge. Los Altos, CA: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Weusi-Puryear, M. 1975. “An Experiment to Examine the Pedagogical Value of a Computer Simulated Game Designed to Correct Errors in Arithmetical Computations. (Publication No. 7521906).” Doctoral dissertation, Stanford University.
   Google Scholar
• Weusi-Puryear, M. 2010. “Asbury Park High School Distinguished Alumni Hall of Fame.” https://www.aphshalloffame.com/inductee/MuataWeusiPuryear.
   Google Scholar
• Weusijana, B. K. 2006. “A Socratic ASK system: Helping Educators Provide a Socratic Tutor for Learners (Publication No. 3238417).” Doctoral dissertation, Northwestern University. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. https://www.proquest.com/docview/305301501.
   Google Scholar
• Weusijana, B. K. n.d. “Curriculum Vitae.” https://edutek.net/Kofi/CV.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Wilgoren, J.. 2001, January 7. Algebra Project: Bob Moses Empowers Students. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/07/education/algebra-project-bob-moses-empowers-students.html.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, S. n.d. “Skip (Clarence A.) Ellis. Computer Scientists of the African Diaspora.” http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/computer-science/ellis_clarencea.html.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, H. A., and R. C. Atkinson. 1967. “Computer-Based Instruction in Initial Reading: A Progress Report on the Stanford Project.” Stanford University: Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Young, P. A. 2001. “Roads to Travel: A Historical Look At the Freedman's Torchlight—An African American Contribution to 19th-Century Instructional Technologies.” Journal of Black Studies 31 (5): 671–698. https://doi.org/10.1177/002193470103100509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Young People's Project. n.d. “Flagway.” The Young People's Project: https://www.typp.org/about_flagway.
   Google Scholar