Publication Cover
Global Public Health
An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice
Volume 4, 2009 - Issue 2
367
Views
30
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Changing global essential medicines norms to improve access to AIDS treatment: Lessons from Brazil

, &
Pages 131-149 | Received 06 Jul 2008, Published online: 30 Mar 2009

References

  • Abbott , F. 2002 . The Doha declaration on the TRIPS agreement and public Health: lighting a dark corner at the WTO . Journal of International Economic Law , 5 : 469 – 505 .
  • Berlinck , D. , 2001 . Proposta Brasileira de Reme′dio Barato Perde Apoio da Índia e da África do Sul . O Globo, 17 de Maio, Brazilian proposal for cheap medicines loses support from India and South Africa, pg A1 .
  • Brazil , 1988 . Constitution of Brazil .
  • Brazil , 1996 . Lei de Propriedade Industrial Law of Industrial Property .
  • British Broadcasting Company , 2001 . US drops Brazil AIDS drug case . AIDS Drugs Case, 25 June .
  • Buckley , S. , 2001 . U.S. Brazil clash over AIDS drugs, ‘Model’ treatment program seen at risk in dispute on patents and pricing . The Washington Post, 6 February .
  • Campos , D.P. , Ribeiro , S.R. , Grinsztejn , B. , Veloso , V.G. , Valente , J.G. , Bastos , F.I. , Morgado , M.G. and Gadelha , A.J. 2005 . Survival of AIDS patients using two case definitions, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1986–2003 . AIDS , 19 ( Suppl. 4 ) : S22 – S26 .
  • Cannabrava , F. , 2006 . Interview by Amy Nunn, digital recording .
  • Cardoso , F.H. , President of Brazil , 2006 . Interview by Amy Nunn .
  • CESCR , 2000 . Substantive issues arising in the implementation of the international covenant on economic, social and cultural rights. General comment 14: the right to the highest attainable standard of health . Geneva, , Switzerlands : United Nations Economic and Social Council Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights .
  • Chade , J. , 2001 . Patentes: mais de 100 ONGs apoiam 50 countries support Brazilian WTO proposal . Estado de São Paulo, 20 de Junio .
  • CRS , 2004 . HIV/AIDS international appropriations fiscal year 2003–2005 . Washington, DC : Congressional Research Service .
  • CRS , 2005 . HIV/AIDS international appropriations: fiscal year 2002–2004 . Washington, DC : Congressional Research Service .
  • CRS , 2006 . AIDS in Africa . Washington, DC : Congressional Research Service .
  • Dourado , I. , Veras , M.A. , Barreira , D. and De Brito , A.M. 2006 . Tendências da Epidemia de AIDS no Brasil Após a Terapia anti-retroviral AIDS epidemic trends after the introduction of antiretroviral therapy in Brazil . Revista de Saúde Pública , 40 : 91 – 97 .
  • Elliot , R. , 2005 . Interview by Amy Nunn, digital recording .
  • Folha de São Paulo , 1991 . OMS prevê Índice Africano de AIDS no país World Health Organization predicts African-level rates of AIDS in Brazil . Folha de são paulo, 6 de Agosto .
  • Fonseca , M. and Bastos , F. 2007 . Twenty-five years of AIDS in Brazil: main epidemiological findings Brazil will help Africa combat AIDS . Cadernos da Saúde Pública , 23 ( Suppl ) : S333 – S344 .
  • Ford , N. , Wilson , D. , Costa Chaves , G. , Lotrowska , M. and Kijtiwatchakul , K. 2007 . Sustaining access to antiretroviral therapy in the less-developed world: lessons from Brazil and Thailand . AIDS , 21 ( Suppl. 4 ) : S21 – S29 .
  • Global Fund , 2008 . The global fund monthly progress update: January 2008 . Geneva, , Switzerland : The Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria .
  • Guedes , C. , 2000 . Brazil Ajudará Africa a Combater Avanço da AIDS , O Globo, 3 de Julio .
  • Hacker , M. , Petersen , M. , Enriquez , M. and Bastos , F. 2004 . Highly active antiretroviral therapy in Brazil: the challenge of universal access in a context of social inequality . Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública , 16 : 78 – 83 .
  • Hunt , P. , 2006 . Interview by Amy Nunn .
  • Lei 9.313 , 1996 . Disp[otilde]e sobre a distribuição gratuita de medicamentos aos portadores do HIV e doentes de AIDS . Provision of Free Antiretroviral Medicines for people living with and affected by HIV/AIDS .
  • Love , J. , 2005 . Interview by Amy Nunn, digital recording. Consumer Project on Technology , Washington, DC .
  • Love , J. , 2007 . Knowledge ecology international statement on Thailand compulsory licenses [online]. Washington, DC. Available from: http://www.cptech.org/ip/health/c/thailand/kei-thaicl-statement.html [Accessed 20 July 2007] .
  • Marins , J.R. , Jamal , L. , Chen , S. , Barros , M. , Hudes , E. , Barbosa , A. , Chequer , P. , Teixeira , P. and Hearst , N. 2003 . Dramatic improvement in survival among adult Brazilian AIDS patients . AIDS , 17 : 1675 – 1682 .
  • Matida , L.H. , Da Silva , M.H. , Tayra , A. , Succi , R.C. , Gianna , M.C. , Goncalves , A. , De Carvalho , H.B. and Hearst , N. 2005 . Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in São Paulo state, Brazil: an Update . AIDS , 19 ( Suppl. 4 ) : S37 – S41 .
  • McFayden , J. 2005 . International drug price indicator guide . Arlington, VA : WHO and Management Sciences for Health .
  • McNeil , D. , 2000 . Patent holders fight proposal on generic AIDS drugs for poor . The New York Times, 18 May, A5 .
  • Meyer , F. , 2005 . Interview by Amy Nunn, digital recording . Mission of Brazil to the United Nations, New York .
  • MSF , 2000 . MSF summary of the 53rd World Health Assembly, 15–21, May 2000 . In: Médicins Sans Frontières Frontières . Geneva, , Switzerland : Médicins Sans Frontières .
  • MSF , 2002 . Untangling the web of price reductions: a pricing guide for the purchase of ARVs for developing countries . 2nd ed. Geneva, , Switzerland : Médicins Sans Frontières .
  • MSF , 2007 . Untangling the web of price reductions: a pricing guide for the purchase of ARVs for developing countries . 8th ed. Geneva, , Switzerland : Médicins Sans Frontières .
  • Nunn , A. 2008 . The politics and history of AIDS treatment in Brazil , New York : Springer International .
  • Nunn , A.S. , Fonseca , E.M. , Bastos , F.I. , Gruskin , S. , and Salomon , J.A. , 2007 . Evolution of antiretroviral drug costs in Brazil in the context of free and universal access to AIDS treatment . PLoS Med , 4 , e305 .
  • O Globo , 2001 . Brasil defende política anti-AIDS nos EUA . O Globo, 21 de Junio .
  • PEPFAR , 2008 . The power of partnerships: fourth annual report to congress on PEPFAR . Washington, DC : The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief .
  • Pincock , S. , 2001 . WHO to adopt HIV/AIDS resolution . Reuters, 18 May .
  • Serra , J. , 2001 . Statement by minister of health Jose Serra at UNGASS. UN General Assembly special session on HIV/AIDS . New York, NY .
  • Serra , J. , 2005 . Interview by Amy Nunn, digital recording . City Hall, São Paulo .
  • Smith , R. and Ciplon , P. 2006 . Drugs into bodies: a history of AIDS treatment activism , Westport, CT : Praeger .
  • Souza-Junior , P. , Szwarcwald , C. , Barbosa , J.A. , Carvalho , M. , and De Castilho , Ea C. , 2004 . HIV infection during pregnancy: the sentinel surveillance project, Brazil 2002 . Revista de Saúde Pública , 38 , 764 – 772 .
  • Teixeira , P. 2005 . Interview with Amy Nunn, digital recording , São Paulo : São Paulo State AIDS Program Headquarters .
  • Teixeira , P. , Vitoria , M.A. and Barcarolo , J. 2004 . Antiretroviral treatment in resource-poor settings: the Brazilian experience . AIDS , 18 ( Suppl. 3 ) : S5 – S7 .
  • UNAIDS 2006 . Report on the global AIDS epidemic . Geneva : UNAIDS .
  • UNAIDS , 2007 . Financial resources required to achieve universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support . Geneva, , Switzerland : UNAIDS .
  • UNAIDS , 2008 . Report on the global AIDS epidemic . Geneva, , Switzerland : UNAIDS .
  • UNCHR , 2001 . Access to medications in the context of HIV/AIDS . Geneva, , Switzerland : United Nations Commission on Human Rights .
  • UNCHR , 2002 . Access to medication in the context of pandemics such as HIV/AIDS . Geneva, , Switzerland : UN Commission on Human Rights .
  • UNCHR , 2003 . Access to medication in the context of pandemics such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria . Geneva, , Switzerland : UN Commission on Human Rights .
  • UNCHR , 2004 . Access to medication in the context of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria . Geneva, , Switzerland : UN Commission on Human Rights .
  • UNCHR , 2005 . Access to medications in the context of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria . Geneva, , Switzerland : UN Commission on Human Rights .
  • UNGA , 2005 . 2005 World summit outcome . New York : United Nations General Assembly .
  • UNGASS , 2008 . Targets and commitments made by the member-states at the United Nation General Assembly special session on HIV/AIDS UNGASS – HIV/AIDS: Brazilian response 2005/2007 country progress report . New York : UNGASS .
  • UNHCHR , 2001 . The impact of the agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights on human rights . Geneva, , Switzerland : United Nations Economic and Social Council .
  • UNSCHR , 2001 . Intellectual property rights and human rights: subcommission on human rights resolution 2001/21 . Geneva, , Switzerland : UN Sub-commission on Human Rights .
  • US Public Law NO: 110–293 , 2008 . To authorize appropriations for fiscal years 2009 through 2013 to provide assistance to foreign countries to combat HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, and for other purposes .
  • Viana , J.M. , 2005 . Interview by Amy Nunn, digital recording .
  • WHA , 2003 . Intellectual property rights, innovation and public health Geneva, , Switzerland : World Health Assembly .
  • WHA , 2008 . Global strategy on public health, innovation and intellectual property . Geneva, , Switzerland : World Health Assembly .
  • WHO , 2002 . WHO takes major steps to make HIV treatment accessible: treatment guidelines and AIDS medicines list announced by WHO . Geneva, , Switzerland : World Health Organisation .
  • WHO , 2006a . Public health, innovation and intellectual property rights . In: I.A.P.H . The commission on intellectual property rights . Geneva, , Switzerland : World Health Organisation .
  • WHO , 2006b . World Health Organisation Prequalification System [online]. Publication of the World Health Organisation. Available from: http://mednet3.who.int/prequal/ [Accessed 29 October 2006] .
  • WHO , 2007 . Draft global strategy and plan of action on public health, innovation and intellectual property. Intergovernmental Working Group On Public Health . Geneva, , Switzerland : World Health Organisation .
  • WHO , 2008a . Draft global strategy on public health, innovation and intellectual property . Geneva, , Switzerland : WHO Intergovernmental Working Group on Public Health, Innovation and Intellectual Property .
  • WHO , 2008b . Towards universal access: scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector . Geneva, , Switzerland : World Health Organisation .
  • World Bank , 1993 . Brazil AIDS and STD control project: world bank staff appraisal report . Washington, DC : World Bank .
  • World Bank , 1998 . Project appraisal document on a proposed loan in the amount of $165 million to the federative republic of Brazil for a second AIDS and STD control project . In: B.C.M . World Bank human and social development group and unit . Washington, DC : World Bank .
  • WTO , 1995 . Agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights . Geneva, , Switzerland : World Trade Organisation .
  • WTO , 2001 . Declaration on the TRIPS agreement and public health . Geneva, , Switzerland : World Trade Organisation .
  • WTO , 2003 . Implementation of paragraph 6 of the Doha declaration on the TRIPS agreement and public health: decision of 30 August 2003 .
  • WTO , 2005 . Doha world programme, Hong Kong ministerial declaration . WT/MIN(05)/DEC .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.