A systematic review of factors influencing the psychological health of conflict-affected populations in low- and middle-income countries

References

• Ahearn , F. and Noble , J. 2004 . Post-civil war adaptation and need in Managua, Nicaragua . Journal of Biosocial Science , 36 ( 4 ) : 401 – 415 .
   Google Scholar
• Almedom , A.M. , 2008 . Editorial: resilience to disasters: a paradigm shift from vulnerability to strength . African Health Sciences , 8 ( Special issue ), S1 – S4 .
   Google Scholar
• Araya , M. , Chotai , J. , Komproe , I.H. and de Jong , J.T. 2007 . Effect of trauma on quality of life as mediated by mental distress and moderated by coping and social support among postconflict displaced Ethiopians . Quality of Life Research , 16 ( 6 ) : 915 – 927 .
   Google Scholar
• Bowden , A. and Fox-Rushby , J.A. 2003 . A systematic and critical review of the process of translation and adaptation of generic health-related quality of life measures in Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, South America . Social Science and Medicine , 57 ( 7 ) : 1289 – 1306 .
   Google Scholar
• Brune , N.E. and Bossert , T. 2009 . Building social capital in post-conflict communities: evidence from Nicaragua . Social Science and Medicine , 68 ( 5 ) : 885 – 893 .
   Google Scholar
• Coker , E.M. 2004 . Travelling pains”: embodied metaphors of suffering among Southern Sudanese refugees in Cairo . Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry , 28 ( 1 ) : 15 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Commission on Social Determinants of Health , 2008 . Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health: final report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health . Geneva : Commission on Social Determinants of Health, World Health Organisation .
   Google Scholar
• de Jong , J. , 2002 . Public mental health, traumatic stress and human rights violations in low-income countries: a culturally appropriate model in times of conflict, disaster and peace . In : J. de Jong , Trauma, war, and violence: public mental health in socio-cultural context . New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum , 1 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• de Jong , J.P. , Scholte , W.F. , Koeter , M.W. and Hart , A.A. 2000 . The prevalence of mental health problems in Rwandan and Burundese refugee camps . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 102 ( 3 ) : 171 – 177 .
   Google Scholar
• de Jong, K., Kam, S., Ford, N., Lokuge, K., Fromm, S., Van Galen, R., Reilley, B., and Kleber, R., 2008. Conflict in the Indian Kashmir Valley II: psychosocial impact. Conflict and Health, 2, 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Deng , F. 1998 . Guiding principles on internal displacement , New York : United Nations .
   Google Scholar
• Desjarlais , R. , Eisenberg , L. , Good , B. , and Kleinman , A. , 1995 . World mental health: problems and priorities in low-income countries . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Eljedi, A., Mikolajczyk, R.T., Kraemer, A., and Laaser, U., 2006. Health-related quality of life in diabetic patients and controls without diabetes in refugee camps in the Gaza strip: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 6, 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Ellsberg , M. , Jansen , H.A. , Heise , L. , Watts , C.H. and Garcia-Moreno , C. 2008 . Intimate partner violence and women's physical and mental health in the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence: an observational study . Lancet , 371 ( 9619 ) : 1165 – 1172 .
   Google Scholar
• Eyers , J.E. 1998 . Searching bibliographic databases effectively . Health Policy and Planning , 13 ( 3 ) : 339 – 342 .
   Google Scholar
• Fryers , T. , Melzer , D. and Jenkins , R. 2003 . Social inequalities and the common mental disorders: a systematic review of the evidence . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology , 38 ( 5 ) : 229 – 237 .
   Google Scholar
• Giacaman , R. , Mataria , A. , Nguyen-Gillham , V. , Safieh , R.A. , Stefanini , A. and Chatterjee , S. 2007 . Quality of life in the Palestinian context: an inquiry in war-like conditions . Health Policy , 81 ( 1 ) : 68 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Gold , J.H. 1998 . Gender differences in psychiatric illness and treatments: a critical review . The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 186 ( 12 ) : 769 – 775 .
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg , D.P. , Gater , R. , Sartorious , N. , Ustun , T.B. , Piccinelli , M. , Gureje , O. and Rutter , C. 1997 . The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care . Psychological Medicine , 27 ( 1 ) : 191 – 197 .
   Google Scholar
• Hollifield , M. , Warner , T.D. , Lian , N. , Krakow , B. , Jenkins , J.H. , Kesler , J. , Stevenson , J. and Westermeyer , J. 2002 . Measuring trauma and health status in refugees: a critical review . JAMA , 288 ( 5 ) : 611 – 621 .
   Google Scholar
• Hourani , L.L. , Armenian , H. , Zurayk , H. and Afifi , L. 1986 . A population-based survey of loss and psychological distress during war . Social Science and Medicine , 23 ( 3 ) : 269 – 275 .
   Google Scholar
• Inter-Agency Standing Committee , 2007 . IASC guidelines on mental health and psychosocial support in emergency settings . Geneva : IASC .
   Google Scholar
• Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre , 2009 . Internal displacement: global overview of trends and developments in 2008 . Geneva : Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre .
   Google Scholar
• Kalafi , Y. , Hagh-Shenas , H. and Ostovar , A. 2002 . Mental health among Afghan refugees settled in Shiraz, Iran . Psychological Reports , 90 ( 1 ) : 262 – 266 .
   Google Scholar
• Kleinman , A. and Good , B. , 1977 . Culture and depression: studies in the anthropology and cross-cultural psychiatry of affect and disorder . Berkeley, CA and Los Angeles, CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lopes Cardozo , B. , Vergara , A. , Agani , F. and Gotway , C.A. 2000 . Mental health, social functioning, and attitudes of Kosovar Albanians following the war in Kosovo . JAMA , 284 ( 5 ) : 569 – 577 .
   Google Scholar
• Mathers , C.D. , and Loncar , D. , 2006 . Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030 . PLoS Medicine , 3 ( 11 ), 2011 – 2030 .
   Google Scholar
• Meffert , S.M. and Marmar , C.R. 2008 . Darfur refugees in Cairo: mental health and interpersonal conflict in the aftermath of genocide . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 24 ( 11 ) : 1835 – 1848 .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , K.E. , Omidian , P. , Rasmussen , A. , Yaqubi , A. and Daudzai , H. 2008 . Daily stressors, war experiences, and mental health in Afghanistan . Transcultural Psychiatry , 45 ( 4 ) : 611 – 638 .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , K.E. and Rasmussen , A. 2010 . War exposure, daily stressors, and mental health in conflict and post-conflict settings: bridging the divide between trauma-focused and psychosocial frameworks . Social Science and Medicine , 70 ( 1 ) : 7 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Mirowski , J. and Ross , C. 2003 . Social causes of psychological distress , Hawthorne, NY : Aldine De Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Mollica , R.F. , Cardozo , B.L. , Osofsky , H.J. , Raphael , B. , Ager , A. and Salama , P. 2004 . Mental health in complex emergencies . Lancet , 364 ( 9450 ) : 2058 – 2067 .
   Google Scholar
• Montgomery , E. and Fodspang , A. 2008 . Discrimination, mental problems and social adaptation in young refugees . European Journal of Public Health , 18 ( 2 ) : 156 – 161 .
   Google Scholar
• Muhwezi , W.W. and Sam , D.L. 2004 . Adaptation of urban refugees in Uganda: a study of their socio-cultural and psychological well being in Kampala City . Journal of Psychology in Africa , 14 ( 1 ) : 37 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Murray , C. and Lopez , A. , 1996 . The global burden of disease . Boston, MA : Harvard School of Public Health, WHO & World Bank .
   Google Scholar
• Panter-Brick , C. , Eggerman , M. , Mojadidi , A. and McDade , T.W. 2008 . Social stressors, mental health, and physiological stress in an urban elite of young Afghans in Kabul . American Journal of Human Biology , 20 ( 6 ) : 627 – 641 .
   Google Scholar
• Patel , V. , Araya , R. , Chatterjee , S. , Chisholm , D. , Cohen , A. , De Silva , M. , Hosman , C. , McGuire , H. , Rojas , G. and Van Ommeren , M. 2007 . Treatment and prevention of mental disorders in low-income and middle-income countries . Lancet , 370 ( 9591 ) : 991 – 1005 .
   Google Scholar
• Patel , V. , Araya , R. , de Lima , M. , Ludermir , A. and Todd , C. 1999 . Women, poverty and common mental disorders in four restructuring societies . Social Science and Medicine , 49 ( 11 ) : 1461 – 1471 .
   Google Scholar
• Patel , V. , Garrison , P. , de Jesus Mari , J. , Minas , H. , Prince , M. and Saxena , S. 2008 . The Lancet's series on global mental health: 1 year on . Lancet , 372 ( 9646 ) : 1354 – 1357 .
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen , D. , Tremblay , J. , Errazuriz , C. and Gamarra , J. 2008 . The sequelae of political violence: assessing trauma, suffering and dislocation in the Peruvian highlands . Social Science and Medicine , 67 ( 2 ) : 205 – 217 .
   Google Scholar
• Pevalin , D.J. and Robson , K. 2007 . Social determinants of health inequalities in Bosnia and Herzegovina . Public Health , 121 ( 8 ) : 588 – 595 .
   Google Scholar
• Porter , M. and Haslam , N. 2005 . Predisplacement and postdisplacement factors associated with mental health of refugees and internally displaced persons: a meta-analysis . JAMA , 294 ( 5 ) : 602 – 612 .
   Google Scholar
• Prince , M. , Patel , V. , Saxena , S. , Maj , M. , Maselko , J. , Phillips , M.R. and Rahman , A. 2007 . No health without mental health . Lancet , 370 ( 9590 ) : 859 – 877 .
   Google Scholar
• Puertas , G. , Rios , C. and del Valle , H. 2006 . Prevalencia de trastornos mentales comunes en barrios marginales urbanos con población desplazada en Colombia [The prevalence of common mental disorders in urban slums with displaced persons in Colombia] . Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública , 20 ( 5 ) : 324 – 330 .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , B. , Felix Ocaka , K. , Browne , J. , Oyok , T. and Sondorp , E. 2009 . Factors associated with the health status of internally displaced persons in northern Uganda . Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , 63 ( 3 ) : 227 – 232 .
   Google Scholar
• Salama , P. , Spiegel , P. , Van Dyke , M. , Phelps , L. and Wilkinson , C. 2000 . Mental health and nutritional status among the adult Serbian minority in Kosovo . JAMA , 284 ( 5 ) : 578 – 584 .
   Google Scholar
• Scientific Advisory Committee of the Medical Outcomes Trust, 2002. Assessing health status and quality-of-life instruments: attributes and review criteria. Quality of Life Research, 11, 193–205.
   Google Scholar
• Silove , D. 2005 . “ From trauma to survival and adaptation: towards a frameworks for guiding mental health initiatives in post-conflict societies ” . In Forced migration and mental health , Edited by: Ingleby , D. New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Steel , Z. , Chey , T. , Silove , D. , Marnane , C. , Bryant , R.A. and Van Ommeren , M. 2009 . Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental health outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis . JAMA , 302 ( 5 ) : 537 – 549 .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations, 1951. The 1951 convention relating to the status of refugees. Resolution 2198 (XXI). New York: United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees , 2008 . UNHCR statistical yearbook 2007 . Geneva : United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees .
   Google Scholar
• Van Ommeren , M. 2003 . Validity issues in transcultural epidemiology . The British Journal of Psychiatry , 182 : 376 – 378 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Ommeren , M. , Saxena , S. , and Saraceno , B. , 2005 . Mental and social health during and after acute emergencies: emerging consensus? Bulletin of the World Health Organisation , 83 ( 1 ), 71 – 75 ; discussion 75 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Ommeren, M. and Wessells, M., 2007. Inter-agency agreement on mental health and psychosocial support in emergency settings. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation, 85 (11), 822–823.
   Google Scholar
• Von Elm, E., Altman, D.G., Egger, M., Pocock, S.J., Gotzsche, P.C., and Vandenbroucke, J.P., 2007. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Lancet, 370, 1453–1457.
   Google Scholar
• Wagner , A.K. , Gandek , B. , Aaronson , N.K. , Acquadro , C. , Alonso , J. , Apolone , G. , Bullniger , M. , Bjorner , J. , Fukuhara , S. , Kaasa , S. , Leplege , A. , Sullivan , M. , Wood-Dauphinee , S. and Ware , J.E. Jr . 1998 . Cross-cultural comparisons of the content of SF-36 translations across 10 countries: results from the IQOLA project. International Quality of Life Assessment . Journal of Clininical Epidemiology , 51 ( 11 ) : 925 – 932 .
   Google Scholar
• WHO , 1994 . A User's Guide to the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ) . Geneva : World Health Organisation .
   Google Scholar
• WHO , 2001 . The world health report 2001 – mental health: new understanding, new hope . Geneva : World Health Organisation .
   Google Scholar