Publication Cover
Global Public Health
An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice
Volume 6, 2011 - Issue 6
409
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Moving beyond behaviour: Advancing HIV risk prevention epistemologies and interventions (A report on the state of the literature)

&
Pages 577-592 | Received 17 Jul 2009, Accepted 11 Mar 2011, Published online: 16 Jun 2011

References

  • Abbott , F.M. 2005 . The WTO medicines decision: world pharmaceutical trade and the protection of public health . American Journal of International Law , 99 ( 2 ) : 317 – 358 .
  • Aggleton , P. 1996 . Bisexualities and AIDS: international perspectives , Philadelphia, PA : Taylor & Francis .
  • Aggleton , P. 2004 . Sexuality, HIV prevention, vulnerability and risk . Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality , 16 ( 1 ) : 1 – 11 .
  • Aggleton, P. and Rivers, K., 1998. Behavioural interventions for adolescents. In: L. Gibney, R. DiClemente, and S. Vermund, eds. Preventing HIV in developing countries. New York: Plenum Publications, 231–256.
  • Agha , S. and Nchima , M.C. 2004 . Life-circumstances, working conditions and HIV risk among street and nightclub-based sex workers in Lusaka, Zambia. Culture . Health & Sexuality , 6 ( 4 ) : 283 – 299 .
  • Altman , D. 2004 . Sexuality and globalization . Sexuality Research and Social Policy: Journal of NSRC , 1 ( 1 ) : 63 – 68 .
  • Amaro , H. 1995 . Love, sex, and power. Considering women's realities in HIV prevention . American Psychologist , 50 ( 6 ) : 437 – 447 .
  • Amaro , H. and Raj , A. 2000 . On the margin: power and women's HIV risk reduction strategies . Sex Roles , 42 ( 7–8 ) : 723 – 749 .
  • Asthana , S. and Oostvogels , R. 2001 . The social construction of male ‘homosexuality’ in India: implications for HIV transmission and prevention . Social Science & Medicine , 52 ( 5 ) : 707 – 721 .
  • Barker , G. , Ricardo , C. , Nascimento , M. , Olukoya , A. and Santos , C. 2010 . Questioning gender norms with men to improve health outcomes: evidence of impact . Global Public Health , 5 ( 5 ) : 539 – 553 .
  • Barnett , T. 2009 . AIDS, security and conflict initiative synthesis paper: HIV/AIDS and state fragility , New York : Social Science Research Council .
  • Barnighausen, T., Bangre, O., Tanser, F., Cooke, G., and Newell, M.L., 2009. HIV incidence time trend and characteristics of recent seroconverters in a rural community with high HIV prevalence: South Africa. CROI, 8–11 February 2009, Montréal, Canada.
  • Bishanga, D. and Mlawa, Y., 2010. Community action teams: a cost effective, culturally-sensitive strategy to increase the scope and quality of HIV prevention. AIDS 2010 XVIII International AIDS Conference, 18–23 July 2010, Vienna, Austria.
  • Bourdieu, P., 1990. The logic of practice. Trans. Richard Nice. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Burgers , W.A. and Williamson , C. 2005 . The challenges of HIV vaccine development and testing . Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology , 19 ( 2 ) : 277 – 291 .
  • Bwayo , J. , Plummer , F. , Omari , M. , Mutere , A. , Moses , S. , Ndinya-Achola , J. , Velentgas , P. and Kreiss , J. 1994 . Human-Immunodeficiency-Virus infection in long-distance truck drivers in East-Africa . Archives of Internal Medicine , 154 ( 12 ) : 1391 – 1396 .
  • Caldwell , J. 2000 . Rethinking the African AIDS epidemic . Population and Development Review , 26 ( 1 ) : 117 – 135 .
  • Calhoun , C. and Sennett , R. 2007 . Practicing culture , London : Routledge .
  • Campbell , C.A. 1995 . Male gender-roles and sexuality-implications for women's AIDS risk and prevention . Social Science & Medicine , 41 ( 2 ) : 197 – 210 .
  • Campbell , C. 1998 . Representations of gender, respectability and commercial sex in the shadow of AIDS: a South African case study . Social Science Information , 37 ( 4 ) : 687 – 707 .
  • Campbell , C. and Mzaidume , Z. 2001 . Grassroots participation, peer education, and HIV prevention by sex workers in South Africa . American Journal of Public Health , 91 ( 12 ) : 1978 – 1986 .
  • Campbell , C. and Williams , B. 1999 . Understanding the impact of a community-led HIV prevention program in South Africa: context, conceptual framework and methodology . Australian Journal of Primary Health – Interchange , 5 ( 4 ) : 9 – 23 .
  • Castro , A. and Westerhaus , M. 2007 . Access to generic antiretrovirals: inequality, intellectual property law, and international trade agreements . Cadernos de Saúde Pública , 23 : 85 – 96 .
  • Charlesworth , D. 2003 . Transmitters, caregivers, and flowerpots: rhetorical constructions of women's early identities in the AIDS pandemic . Women’s, Studies in Communication , 26 ( 1 ) : 60 – 87 .
  • Chirambo, K. and Steyn, J., 2009. AIDS and state fragility: the challenge of increased deaths among councillors in local government in South Africa [online]. ASCI Research Report No. 25. Available from: http://asci.researchhub.ssrc.org/working-papers/ASCI%20Research%20Paper%2025-IDASA.pdf [Accessed 30 July 2010].
  • Coetzee, D. and Boulle, A., 2009. Epidemiology of HIV in Cape Town, South Africa. CROI, 8–11 February 2009, Montréal, Canada.
  • Coovadia, H.M. and Hadingham, J., 2005. HIV/AIDS: global trends, global funds and delivery bottlenecks. Global Health, 1 (1), 13.
  • de Waal , A. 2010 . Reframing governance, security and conflict in the light of HIV/AIDS: a synthesis of findings from the AIDS, security and conflict initiative . Social Science & Medicine , 70 : 114 – 120 .
  • Dixon , S. , McDonald , S. and Roberts , J. 2001 . HIV/AIDS and development in Africa . Journal of International Development , 13 ( 4 ) : 381 – 389 .
  • Downe , P.J. 1997 . Constructing a complex of contagion: the perceptions of AIDS among working prostitutes in Costa Rica . Social Science and Medicine , 44 ( 10 ) : 1575 – 1583 .
  • Dowsett , G.W. 2003 . Some considerations on sexuality and gender in the context of AIDS . Reproductive Health Matters , 11 ( 22 ) : 21 – 29 .
  • Dunkle , K.L. and Jewkes , R.K. 2007 . Effective HIV prevention requires gender-transformative work with men . Sexually Transmitted Infections , 83 : 173 – 174 .
  • Dunkle , K.L. , Jewkes , R.K. , Brown , H.C. , Gray , G.E. , McIntryre , J.A. and Harlow , S.D. 2004a . Gender-based violence, relationship power, and risk of HIV infection in women attending antenatal clinics in South Africa . Lancet , 363 ( 9419 ) : 1415 – 1421 .
  • Dunkle , K.L. , Jewkes , R.K. , Brown , H.C. , Gray , G.E. , McIntryre , J.A. and Harlow , S.D. 2004b . Transactional sex among women in Soweto, South Africa: prevalence, risk factors and association with HIV infection . Social Science & Medicine , 59 ( 8 ) : 1581 – 1592 .
  • Dutta, I. and Barnett, T., 2007. HIV and state fragility: is HIV a security risk? [online]. ASCI Research Report No. 7. Available from: http://asci.researchhub.ssrc.org/hiv-and-state-failure-is-hiv-a-security-risk [Accessed 30 July 2010].
  • Dworkin , S.L. and Ehrhardt , A.A. 2007 . Going beyond “ABC” to include ‘GEM’: critical reflections on progress in the HIV/AIDS epidemic . American Journal of Public Health , 97 ( 1 ) : 13 – 18 .
  • Epstein , D. , Morrell , R. , Moletsane , R. and Unterhalter , E. 2004 . Gender and HIV/AIDS in Africa south of the Sahara: interventions, activism, identities . Transformation , 54 : 1 – 16 .
  • Evans , C. , Jana , S. and Lambert , H. 2009 . What makes a structural intervention? Reducing vulnerability to HIV in community settings, with particular reference to sex work . Global Public Health , 5 ( 5 ) : 449 – 461 .
  • Farmer , P. 2001 . Infections and inequalities: the modern plagues , Berkeley : University of California Press .
  • Filippi , V. , Ronsmans , C. , Campbell , O.M. , Graham , W.J. , Mills , A. , Borghi , J. , Koblinsky , M. and Osrin , D. 2006 . Maternal health in poor countries: the broader context and a call for action . Lancet , 368 ( 9546 ) : 1535 – 1541 .
  • Fox , M.P. , Rosen , S. , MacLeod , W.B. , Wasunna , M. , Bii , M. , Foglia , G. and Simon , J.L. 2004 . The impact of HIV/AIDS on labour productivity in Kenya . Tropical Medicine and International Health , 9 ( 3 ) : 318 – 324 .
  • Friedman , S.R. , Jarlais , D.C.D. and Goldsmith , D.S. 1989 . Overview of AIDS prevention efforts aimed at intravenous drug users circa 1987 . Journal of Drug Issues , 19 ( 1 ) : 93 – 112 .
  • Gausset , Q. 2001 . AIDS and cultural practices in Africa: the case of the Tonga (Zambia) . Social Science & Medicine , 52 ( 4 ) : 509 – 518 .
  • Graham , W.J. and Newell , M.L. 1999 . Seizing the opportunity: collaborative initiatives to reduce HIV and maternal mortality . Lancet , 353 ( 9155 ) : 836 – 839 .
  • Granich, R., 2009. HAART as prevention. In: Program and abstracts of the 5th International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention, 19–22 July 2009, Cape Town, South Africa. Abstract MOPL101.
  • Granich, R.M., Gilks, C.F., Dye, C., De Cock, K.M., and Williams, B.G., 2009. Universal voluntary HIV testing with immediate antiretroviral therapy as a strategy for elimination of HIV transmission: a mathematical study. Lancet, 373 (9657), 48–57.
  • Gupta , G.R. 2000 . Gender, sexuality, and HIV/AIDS: the what, the why, and the how . Canadian HIV AIDS Policy & Law Review , 5 ( 4 ) : 86 – 93 .
  • Harries , A.D. , Schouten , E.J. , Makombe , S.D. , Libamba , E. , Neufville , H.N. , Some , E. , Kadewere , G. and Lungu , D. 2007 . Ensuring uninterrupted supplies of antiretroviral drugs in resource-poor settings: an example from Malawi . Bulletin of the World Health Organization , 85 ( 2 ) : 152 – 155 .
  • Høg, E, 2008. States of HIV fragility: capacity, vulnerabilities, and epidemic evolution in Mozambique [online]. ASCI Research Report No. 11. Available from: http://asci.researchhub.ssrc.org/states-of-hiv-fragility-capacity-vulnerabilities-and-epidemic-evolution-in-mozambique [Accessed 30 July 2010].
  • Hulton , L.A. , Cullen , R. and Khalokho , S.W. 2000 . Perceptions of the risks of sexual activity and their consequences among Ugandan adolescents . Studies in Family Planning , 31 ( 1 ) : 35 – 46 .
  • Human Rights Watch, 2001. Scared at school: sexual violence against girls in South African schools. New York: Human Rights Watch.
  • Kane , S.C. 1993 . Prostitution and the military: planning AIDS intervention in Belize . Social Science and Medicine , 36 ( 7 ) : 965 – 979 .
  • Kelly , J.A. , Amirkhanian , Y.A. , McAuliffe , T.L. , Granskaya , J.V. , Borodkina , O.I. , Dyatlov , R.V. , Kukharsky , A. and Kozlov , A.P. 2002 . HIV risk characteristics and prevention needs in a community sample of bisexual men in St. Petersburg, Russia . AIDS Care , 14 ( 1 ) : 63 – 76 .
  • Khin, O., 2008. ‘First, what is harm?’ The political dilemmas of humanitarian aid to Burma (Myanmar) [online]. ASCI Research Report No. 14. Available from: http://asci.researchhub.ssrc.org/working-papers/ASCI%20Paper%2014-Ohnmar%20Khin.pdf [Accessed 30 July 2010].
  • Krieger , N. 2003 . Genders, sexes, and health: what are the connections – and why does it matter? . International Journal of Epidemiology , 32 ( 4 ) : 652 – 657 .
  • Krishnan , S. , Dunbar , M.S. , Minnis , A.M. , Medlin , C.A. , Gerdts , C.E. and Padian , N.S. 2007 . Poverty, gender inequities and women's risk of HIV/AIDS . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 1136 : 101 – 110 .
  • Krueger , L.E , Wood , R.W. , Diehr , P.H. and Maxwell , C.L. 1990 . Poverty and HIV seropositivity – the poor are more likely to be infected . AIDS , 4 ( 8 ) : 811 – 814 .
  • Lawless , S. , Kippax , S. and Crawford , J. 1996 . Dirty, diseased and undeserving: the positioning of HIV positive women . Social Science & Medicine , 43 ( 9 ) : 1371 – 1377 .
  • Leach , F. 2003 . Learning to be violent: the role of the school in developing adolescent gendered behaviour . Compare: A Journal of Comparative Education , 33 ( 3 ) : 385 – 400 .
  • Leach , F. , Machakanja , P. and Mandoga , J. 2000 . Preliminary investigation of the abuse of girls in Zimbabwean junior secondary schools , London : Department for International Development .
  • Leader, N. and Colenso, P., 2005. Aid instruments in fragile states. PRDE Working Paper 5. London: Department for International Development.
  • LeClerc-Madlala , S. 2001 . Demonising women in the era of AIDS: on the relationship between cultural constructions of both HIV/AIDS and femininity . Society in Transition , 32 ( 1 ) : 38 – 46 .
  • Liguori , A.L. , Block , M.G. , Aggleton , P. and Aggleton , P. 1996 . Bisexuality and HIV/AIDS in Mexico , Philadelphia, PA : Taylor & Francis .
  • Lorway , R. 2006 . Dispelling ‘heterosexual African AIDS’ in Namibia: same-sex sexuality in the township of Katutura . Culture, Health and Sexuality , 8 ( 5 ) : 435 – 449 .
  • Luke , N. and Kurz , K. 2002 . Cross-generational and transactional sexual relations in sub-Saharan Africa , Washington, DC : AIDSMark Project .
  • Luo , C. , Akwara , P. , Ngongo , N. , Doughty , P. , Gass , R. , Ekpini , R. , Crowley , S. and Hayashi , C. 2007 . Global progress in PMTCT and paediatric HIV care and treatment in low- and middle-income countries in 2004–2005 . Reproductive Health Matters , 15 ( 30 ) : 179 – 189 .
  • MacPhail , C. and Campbell , C. 2001 . I think condoms are good but, aai, I hate those things’: condom use among adolescents and young people in a Southern African township . Social Science & Medicine , 52 ( 11 ) : 1613 – 1627 .
  • Maine , D. , Kamara , A. , Wray , J. , Aniteye , P. , Collison , A.H.K. and Richardson , D. 1992 . Barriers to treatment of obstetric emergencies in rural communities of West Africa . Studies in Family Planning , 23 ( 5 ) : 279 – 291 .
  • Mantell , J.E. , Harrison , A. , Hoffman , S. , Smit , J.A. , Stein , Z.A. and Exner , T.M. 2006 . The Mpondombili Project: preventing HIV/AIDS and unintended pregnancy among rural South African school-going adolescents . Reproductive Health Matters , 14 ( 28 ) : 113 – 122 .
  • Mbi-Njifor, C., Mfalapitsa, M., and Sharpe, J. 2010. Transforming harmful male gender norms through constructive male involvement in HIV/AIDS and gender-based violence prevention – the Men as Partners® strategy. AIDS 2010 XVIII International AIDS Conference, 18–23 July 2010, Vienna, Austria.
  • McCarthy , J. and Maine , D. 1992 . A framework for analyzing the determinants of maternal mortality . Studies in Family Planning , 23 ( 1 ) : 23 – 33 .
  • McPherson, M.F., 2003. Non-Linear impacts of HIV/AIDS on economic growth: an overview. Cambridge, MA: Center for Business & Government, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.
  • Mirembe , R. and Davies , L. 2001 . Is schooling a risk? Gender, power relations, and school culture in Uganda . Gender and Education , 13 ( 4 ) : 401 – 416 .
  • Mugoni, P., Mojapele, M., Chingandu, L., and Chibukire, N. 2010. ‘Changing the river's flow’: challenging gender dynamics in a cultural context to address HIV. AIDS 2010 XVIII International AIDS Conference, 18–23 July 2010, Vienna, Austria.
  • Musheno , M. 1995 . Legal consciousness on the margins of society: struggles against stigmatization in the AIDS crisis . Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power , 2 ( 1–2 ) : 101 – 122 .
  • National Academy of Sciences, 2007. PEPFAR implementation: progress and promise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
  • Nattrass, N., 2004. The moral economy of AIDS in South Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Nguyen, V.K., Klot, J., Phillips, A., and Pirkle, C., 2006. Culture, HIV & AIDS: an annotated bibliography. New York: Social Science Research Council Report to UNESCO.
  • Niang , C.I. , Tapsoba , P. , Weiss , E. , Diagne , M. , Niang , Y. , Moreau , AM. , Gomis , D. , Wade , A.S. , Seck , K. and Castle , C. 2003 . It's raining stones’: stigma, violence and HIV vulnerability among men who have sex with men in Dakar, Senegal . Culture, Health & Sexuality , 5 ( 6 ) : 499 – 512 .
  • Nyanzi , S. , Pool , R. and Kinsman , J. 2001 . The negotiation of sexual relationships among school pupils in south-western Uganda . AIDS Care , 13 ( 1 ) : 83 – 98 .
  • Oomman, N., Bernstein, M., and Rosenzweig, S., 2007. Following the funding for HIV/AIDS: a comparative analysis of the funding practices of PEPFAR, the Global Fund and World Bank MAP in Mozambique, Uganda and Zambia. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development.
  • Parker , R. 2001 . Sexuality, culture, and power in HIV/AIDS research . Annual Review of Anthropology , 30 : 163 – 179 .
  • Parker , R. 2002a . Change of sexuality: masculinity and male homosexuality in Brazil . Alteridades , 12 ( 23 ) : 49 – 62 .
  • Parker , R. 2002b . The global HIV/AIDS pandemic, structural inequalities, and the politics of international health . American Journal of Public Health , 93 ( 3 ) : 343 – 347 .
  • Parker , R. and Aggleton , P. 2003 . HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: a conceptual framework and implications for action . Social Science & Medicine , 57 ( 1 ) : 13 – 24 .
  • Parker , R.G. , Easton , D. and Klein , C.H. 2000 . Structural barriers and facilitators in HIV prevention: a review of international research . AIDS , 14 : S22 – S32 .
  • Peltzer , K. , Mosala , T. , Shisana , O. , Nqueko , A. and Mngqundaniso , N. 2007 . Barriers to prevention of HIV transmission from mother to child (PMTCT) in a resource poor setting in the Eastern Cape, South Africa . African Journal of Reproductive Health , 11 ( 1 ) : 57 – 66 .
  • Philpott , A. , Knerr , W. and Boydell , V. 2006a . Pleasure and prevention: when good sex is safer sex . Reproductive Health Matters , 14 ( 28 ) : 23 – 31 .
  • Philpott , A. , Knerr , W. and Maher , D. 2006b . Promoting protection and pleasure: amplifying the effectiveness of barriers against sexually transmitted infections and pregnancy . Lancet , 368 ( 9551 ) : 2028 – 2031 .
  • PLUSNEWS, 2005. South Africa: men falling through the cracks. PLUSNEWS, 25 July.
  • Pronyk , P. , Hargreaves , J. , Kim , J. , Morison , L. , Phetla , G. , Watts , C. , Busza , J. and Porter , J. 2006 . Effect of a structural intervention for the prevention of intimate-partner violence and HIV in rural South Africa: a cluster randomised trial . Lancet , 368 ( 9551 ) : 1973 – 1983 .
  • Pulerwitz , J. , Barker , G. , Segundo , M. and Nascimento , M. 2006 . Promoting more gender-equitable norms and behaviors among young men as an HIV/AIDS prevention strategy , Washington, DC : Population Council, Horizons .
  • Pulerwitz, J., Widyono, M., Mehta, M., Shityuwete, J., Verani, F., and Keulder, C., 2010. Promoting gender equity for HIV and violence prevention: the male norms initiative in Ethiopia. AIDS 2010 XVIII International AIDS Conference, 18–23 July, Vienna, Austria.
  • Rahman , A. 1998 . Microcredit initiatives for equitable and sustainable development: who pays? . World Development , 26 ( 12 ) : 67 – 82 .
  • Rahman , A. 1999 . Women and microcredit in rural Bangladesh , Boulder, CO : Westview Press .
  • Rehle, T., Hallett, T., Olive, S., Pillay-van Wyk, V., Zuma, K., Carrara, H., and Jooste, S., 2010. A decline in new HIV infections in South Africa: estimating HIV incidence from three national HIV surveys in 2002, 2005 and 2008. PloS One, 5 (6), e11094.
  • Ronsmans , C. and Graham , W.J. 2006 . Maternal mortality: who, when, where, and why . Lancet , 368 ( 9542 ) : 1189 – 1200 .
  • Rose , J. 2002 . Sick individuals and sick populations . International Journal of Epidemiology , 30 : 427 – 432 .
  • Rose , G. 2008 . Rose's strategy of preventive medicine , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Ross , T. 2002 . Using and dealing on Calle 19: a high risk street community in Central Bogota . International Journal of Drug Policy , 13 ( 1 ) : 45 – 56 .
  • Runganga , A.O. , Sundby , J. and Aggleton , P. 2001 . Culture, identity and reproductive failure in Zimbabwe . Sexualities , 4 ( 3 ) : 315 – 332 .
  • Sato, A., 2008. Is HIV/AIDS a threat to security in fragile states? [online]. ASCI Research Report No. 10. Available from: http://asci.researchhub.ssrc.org/is-hiv-aids-a-threat-to-security-in-fragile-states [Accessed 30 July 2010].
  • Schifter , J. , Madrigal , J. , Aggleton , P. and Aggleton , P. 1996 . Bisexual communities and cultures in Costa Rica , Philadelphia, PA : Taylor & Francis .
  • Seidel , G. 2000 . Reconceptualising issues around HIV & breastfeeding advice: findings from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa . Review of African Political Economy , 27 ( 86 ) : 501 – 518 .
  • Shadlen , K. 2004 . Challenges to treatment: the price-infrastructure trap and access to HIV/AIDS drugs . Journal of International Development , 16 ( 8 ) : 1169 – 1180 .
  • Shapiro , K. and Benatar , S.R. 2005 . HIV prevention research and global inequality: steps towards improved standards of care . Journal of Medical Ethics , 31 ( 1 ) : 39 – 47 .
  • Shari , L.D. and Anke , A.E. 2007 . Going beyond ‘ABC’ to include ‘GEM’: critical reflections on progress in the HIV/AIDS epidemic . American Journal of Public Health , 97 ( 1 ) : 13 – 18 .
  • Silenzio , V.M.B. 2003 . Anthropological assessment for culturally appropriate interventions targeting men who have sex with men . American Journal of Public Health , 93 ( 6 ) : 867 – 871 .
  • Silverman , J.G. , Decker , M.R. , Kapur , N.A. , Gupta , J. and Raj , A. 2007 . Violence against wives, sexual risk and sexually transmitted infection among Bangladeshi men . Sexually Transmitted Infections , 83 : 211 – 215 .
  • Singh , Y.N. and Malaviya , A.N. 1994 . Long-distance truck drivers in India-HIV-infection and their possible role in disseminating HIV into rural-areas . International Journal of STD & AIDS , 5 ( 2 ) : 137 – 138 .
  • Skinner , D. and Mfecane , S. 2004 . Stigma, discrimination and the implications for people living with HIV/AIDS in South Africa . Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS/Journal de Aspects Sociaux du VIH/SIDA , 1 ( 3 ) : 157 – 164 .
  • Smith-Estelle , A. and Gruskin , S. 2003 . Vulnerability to HIV/STIs among rural women from migrant communities in Nepal: a health and human rights framework . Reproductive Health Matters , 11 ( 22 ) : 142 – 151 .
  • Spronk , R. 2005 . Female sexuality in Nairobi: flawed or favoured? . Culture, Health and Sexuality , 7 ( 3 ) : 267 – 277 .
  • Storer, G.A., 2001. Night out with the boys: the discursive and sexual practices surrounding bar-based male sex work in Bangkok, Thailand. Unpublished thesis. The University of New South Wales.
  • Tan , M.L. 1995 . Tita Aida and emerging communities of gay men: two case studies from metro Manila, the Philippines . Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services , 3 ( 3 ) : 31 – 48 .
  • Temmerman , M. , Quaghebeur , A. , Mwanyumba , F. and Mandaliya , K. 2003 . Mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource poor settings: how to improve coverage? . AIDS , 17 ( 8 ) : 1239 – 1242 .
  • Thaddeus , S. and Maine , D. 1994 . Too far to walk: maternal mortality in context . Social Science & Medicine , 38 ( 8 ) : 1091 – 1110 .
  • Turmen , T. 2003 . Gender and HIV/AIDS . International Journal of Gynaecology Obstetrics , 82 ( 3 ) : 411 – 418 .
  • UNAIDS, 2009. Universal access to HIV treatment, prevention, care and support [online]. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/en/CountryResponses/UniversalAccess/default.asp [Accessed 18 November 2010].
  • UNAIDS, 2010. Twenty-two of the most affected countries in sub-Saharan Africa have reduced new HIV infections by more than 25% [online]. UNAIDS Today. Available from: http://unaidstoday.org/?=819 [Accessed 18 November 2010].
  • UNESCO, 1982. Mexico City declaration on cultural policies. World Conference on Cultural Policies, 26 July–6 August 1982, Mexico City, Mexico. Available from: http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/files/12762/11295421661mexico_en.pdf/mexico_en.pdf [Accessed 18 November 2010].
  • UNICEF , 2006 . How does HIV/AIDS affect girls and women? New York UNICEF .
  • Van Griensven , G.J.P. , Limanonda , B. , Chongwatana , N. , Tirasawat , P. and Coutinho , R.A. 1995 . Socio-economic and demographic characteristics and HIV-1 infection among female commercial sex workers in Thailand . AIDS Care , 7 ( 5 ) : 557 – 565 .
  • Vanwesenbeeck , I. 2001 . Another decade of social scientific work on sex work: a review of research 1990–2000 . Annual Review of Sex Research , 12 : 242 – 289 .
  • Walsh , S. and Mitchell , C. 2006 . I'm too young to die’: HIV, masculinity, danger and desire in urban South Africa . Gender and Development , 14 ( 1 ) : 57 – 68 .
  • Weigel , J. , 2008 . Neither will nor capacity: a review of the challenges of responding to AIDS in fragile states [online] . ASCI Research Report No. 15. Available from: http://asci.researchhub.ssrc.org/working-papers/ASCI%20Paper%2015-Jon%20Weigel.pdf [Accessed 30 July 2010] .
  • Westerhaus, M. and Castro, A., 2006. How do intellectual property law and international trade agreements affect access to antiretroviral therapy? PLoS Medicine, 3 (8), e332.
  • Wingood , G.M. and DiClemente , R.J. 1997a . Child sexual abuse, HIV sexual risk and gender relations of African-American women . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 13 ( 5 ) : 380 – 384 .
  • Wingood , G.M. and DiClemente , R.J. 1997b . The effects of an abusive primary partner on the condom use and sexual negotiation practices of African-American women . American Journal of Public Health , 87 ( 6 ) : 1016 – 1018 .
  • Wingood , G.M. and DiClemente , R.J. 2000 . Application of the theory of gender and power to examine HIV-related exposures, risk factors, and effective interventions for women . Health Education & Behavior , 27 ( 5 ) : 539 – 565 .
  • Wolffers , I. , Adjei , S. and van der Drift , R. 1998 . Health research in the tropics . Lancet , 351 ( 9116 ) : 1652 – 1654 .
  • Wolffers , I. , Triyoga , R.S. , Basuki , E. , Yudhi , D. , Deville , W. and Hargono , R. 1999 . Pacar and Tamu: Indonesian women sex workers’ relationships with men . Culture, Health & Sexuality , 1 ( 1 ) : 39 – 53 .
  • World Bank , 2007 . Global monitoring report 2007 millennium development goals: confronting the challenges of gender equality and fragile states . Washington, DC The World Bank .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.