Access to medicines, market failure and market intervention: A tale of two regimes

References

• Abbott , F.M. 2002 . The TRIPS agreement, access to medicines and the Doha Ministerial Conference . The journal of world intellectual property , 5 ( 1 ) : 15 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Baker , D. , 2004 . Financing drug research: what are the issues? 2008 Industry Studies Conference paper. Available from: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1134983 [Accessed 1 Aug 2011] .
   Google Scholar
• Barder , O. , Kremer , M. , and Williams , H. , 2006 . Advanced market commitments: a policy to stimulate investment in vaccines and neglected diseases . Economists’ voice , 1–5 Feb , 1 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Barton , J.H. and Emanuel , E.J. 2005 . The patents-based pharmaceutical development process: rationale, problems, and potential reform . Journal of the American medical association , 294 ( 16 ) : 2075 – 2082 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birn , A.-E. 2005 . Gate's grandest challenge: transcending technology as a public health ideology . The Lancet , 366 ( 9484 ) : 514 – 519 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black , R.E. , Bhan , M. , Chopra , M. , Rudan , I. and Victoria , C. 2009 . Accelerating the health impact of the Gates Foundation . The Lancet , 373 ( 9675 ) : 1584 – 1585 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braga , C.A.P. 1989 . Economics of intellectual property rights and the GATT: a view from the South . Vanderbilt journal of transnational law , 22 : 243 – 264 .
   Google Scholar
• Braga , C.A.P. , Fink , C. , and Sepulveda , C.P. , 2000 . Intellectual property rights and economic development . World Bank discussion paper, number 412 , Washington , DC : World Bank .
   Google Scholar
• Caines , K. 2004 . Global health partnerships and neglected diseases , London : DFID Health Resource Centre .
   Google Scholar
• Chattaway , J. , Hanlin , R. , Mugwagwa , J. , and Muraguri , I. , 2009 . Global health social technologies: reflections on evolving theories and landscapes . Innogen Working Paper, 76. Available from: http://oro.open.ac.uk/29783 [Accessed 14 Dec 2011] .
   Google Scholar
• Danzon , P. and Towse , A. 2003 . Differential pricing for pharmaceuticals: reconciling access, R&D and patents . International journal of health care finance and economics , 3 : 183 – 205 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drahos , P. , 2003 . Expanding intellectual property's empire: the role of FTAs . Available from: http://ictsd.net/downloads/2008/08/drahos-fta-2003-en.pdf [Accessed 11 Aug 2011] .
   Google Scholar
• Drahos , P. and Braithwaite , J. 2002 . Information feudalism: who owns the knowledge economy? , London : Earthscan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ecks , S. 2008 . Global pharmaceutical markets and corporate citizenship: the case of Novartis’ anti-cancer drug Glivec . BioSocieties , 3 ( 2 ) : 165 – 181 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• England , R. 2008 . The writing is on the wall for UNAIDS . British medical journal , 336 ( 7652 ) : 1072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faunce , T.A. and Lexchin , J. 2007 . ‘Linkage’ pharmaceutical evergreening in Australia and Canada . Australia and New Zealand health policy , 4 ( 8 ) : 1 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Flynn , S. , Hollis , A. and Palmedo , M. 2009 . An economic justification for open access to essential medicine patents in developing countries . The Journal of law and medicine , 37 ( 2 ) : 184 – 208 .
   Google Scholar
• Grabowski , H. 2002 . Patents, innovation and access to new pharmaceuticals . Journal of international economic law , 5 ( 4 ) : 849 – 860 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hecht , R. , Wilson , P. and Palriwala , A. 2009 . Improving health R&D financing for developing countries: a menu of innovative policy options . Health affairs , 28 ( 4 ) : 974 – 985 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helfer , L.R. 2004 . Regime shifting: the TRIPS agreement and new dynamics of international intellectual property law making . Yale journal of international law , 29 ( 1 ) : 1 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Hollis A. , 2005 . An efficient reward system for pharmaceutical innovation . Available from: http://www.who.int/intellectualproperty/news/en/Submission-Hollis.pdf [Accessed 10 Aug 2011] .
   Google Scholar
• Hollis , A. and Pogge , T. , 2010 . The Health Impact Fund: making new medicines accessible for all. Incentives for Global Health . Available from: http://www.healthimpactfund.org [Accessed 5 Aug 2011] .
   Google Scholar
• Hubbard , T. and Love , J. , 2004 A new trade framework for global healthcare R&D . PLoS Biology , 2 2 , e52 . doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020052 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston , J. and Wasunna , A. 2007 . Patents, biomedical research and treatments: examining concerns, canvassing solutions . Hastings center report , 37 : S1 – S36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapczynski , A. 2009 . Harmonization and its discontents: a case study of TRIPS implementation in India's pharmaceutical sector . California law review , 97 : 1571 – 1649 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazatchkine , M.D. , Atun , R. and Lansang , M.-A. 2009 . Global health partnerships: a ‘pull’ mechanism for innovation and new products . Global forum update on research for health , 6 : 138 – 141 .
   Google Scholar
• Kinsella , N.S. 2001 . Against intellectual property . Journal of libertarian studies , 15 ( 2 ) : 1 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Kremer , M. 2002 . Pharmaceuticals and the developing world . Journal of economic perspectives , 16 ( 4 ) : 67 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kremer , M. and Glennerster , R. 2004 . Strong medicine: creating incentives for pharmaceutical research on neglected diseases , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lanjouw , J.O. , 1998 . The introduction of product pharmaceutical patents in India . “Heartless exploitation of the poor and suffering” NBER Working Paper No. 6366 . Available from: http://www.nber.org/papers/w6366.pdf?new_window=1 [Accessed 1 Sept 2011] .
   Google Scholar
• Mansfield , E. 1986 . Patents and innovation: an empirical study . Management science , 32 ( 2 ) : 173 – 181 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCoy , D. , Kembhavi , G. , Patel , J. and Luintel , A. 2009 . The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation's grant-making programme for global health . The Lancet , 373 ( 9675 ) : 1645 – 1653 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran , M. , Ropars , A.-L. , Guzman , J. , Diaz , J. and Garrison , C. 2005 . The new landscape of neglected disease drug development , London : LSE/Wellcome Trust .
   Google Scholar
• Moran , M. , Ropars , A.-L. , Guzman , J. , Jorgensen , M. , McDonald , A. , Potter , S. and Salassie , H.H. 2007 . The malaria product pipeline; planning for the future , Sydney : Health Policy Division, George Institute for International Health .
   Google Scholar
• Muzaka , V. 2010 . Linkages, contests and overlaps in the global intellectual property rights regime . European journal of international relations , 20 ( 10 ) : 1 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Odell , J.S. and Sell , S.K. 2006 . “ Reframing the issue: the WTO coalition on intellectual property and public health, 2001 ” . In Negotiating trade: Developing countries in the WTO and NAFTA , Edited by: Odell , J.S. 85 – 113 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Oxfam . 2007 . Investing for life. Meeting poor people's needs for access to medicines through responsible business practices . Oxford : Oxfam .
   Google Scholar
• Pogge , T. 2009 . The Health Impact Fund: boosting pharmaceutical innovation without obstructing free access . Cambridge quarterly of healthcare ethics , 18 ( 1 ) : 78 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravishankar , N. , Gubbins , P. , Cooley , R.J. , Leach-Kemon , K. , Michaud , C.M. , Jamison , D.T. and Murray , C.J.L. 2009 . Financing of global health: tracking development assistance for health from 1990 to 2007 . The Lancet , 373 ( 9681 ) : 2113 – 2124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravvin , M. 2008 . Incentivizing access and innovation for essential medicines: a survey of the problem and proposed solutions . Public health ethics , 2 ( 1 ) : 110 – 123 .
   Google Scholar
• Rosiello , A. and Smith , J. 2004 . A sociological economy of HIV(AIDS vaccine partnerships: case studies from Africa and India . International review of sociology , 18 ( 2 ) : 283 – 299 .
   Google Scholar
• Rushton , S. and Williams , O.D. , 2011 . Partnerships and foundations in global health governance . Basingstoke : Palgrave .
   Google Scholar
• Selgelid , M.J. 2008 . A full-pull program for the provision of pharmaceuticals: practical issues . Public health ethics , 1 ( 2 ) : 134 – 145 .
   Google Scholar
• Sell , S.K. 2002 . TRIPS and the access to medicines campaign . Wisconsin international law journal , 20 ( 3 ) : 481 – 522 .
   Google Scholar
• Sell , S.K. and Prakash , A. 2004 . Using ideas strategically: the contest between business and NGO networks in intellectual property rights . International studies quarterly , 48 ( 1 ) : 143 – 175 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiffman , J. 2008 . Has donor prioritization of HIV(AIDS displaced aid for other health issues? . Health policy and planning , 23 ( 2 ) : 95 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiglitz , J.E. , 2007 . Prizes, not patents . Project Syndicate . Available from: http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/stiglitz81/English [Accessed 19 Jul 2011] .
   Google Scholar
• Stiglitz , J.E. 1999 . “ Knowledge as a global public good ” . In Global public goods , Edited by: Kaul , I. , Grunberg , I. and Stern , M.A. 308 – 328 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stiglitz , J.E. 2008 . Economic foundations of intellectual property rights . Duke law journal , 57 : 1693 – 723 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trouiller , P. , Olliaro , P. , Torreele , E. , Orbinski , J. , Laing , R. and Ford , N. 2002 . Drug development for neglected diseases: a deficient market and a public-health policy failure . The Lancet , 359 ( 9324 ) : 2188 – 2194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNAIDS . 2012 . Together we will end AIDS . Available from: http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/epidemiology/2012/20120718_togetherwewillendaids_en.pdf [Accessed 5 Jul 2012] .
   Google Scholar
• UNITAID . 2007 . UNITAID Mission . Available from: http://www.unitaid.eu/index.php/en/UNITAID-Mission.html [Accessed 23 Mar 2011] .
   Google Scholar
• UN Millennium Project . 2005 . Prescription for healthy development: increasing access to essential medicines . Report of the Taskforce on HIV/AIDS, Malaria, TB, and Access to Medicines, Working Group on Access to Essential Medicines . Sterling , VA : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Waning , B. , Kaplan , W. , King , A.C. , Lawrence , D.A. , Luefkens , H.G. and Fox , M.P. 2009 . Global strategies to reduce the price of antiretroviral medicines: evidence from transactional databases . Bulletin of the world health organization , 87 : 520 – 528 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO , 1999 . Guidelines for drug donations . Geneva : WHO . Available from: http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jwhozip52e [Accessed 14 Dec 2011] .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , O.D. and Rushton , S. 2011 . Are the ‘good times’ over? Looking to the future of Global Health Governance . Global health governance , 5 ( 1 ) : 1 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Woodling , M. , Williams , O.D. , and Rushton , S. , 2012 . New life in old frames: HIV, development and the ‘AIDS plus MDGs’ approach . Global public health , 7 10 , Supplement 3 (this volume) .
   Google Scholar
• WTO . 1994 . Agreement on trade related aspects of intellectual property rights, Marrakesh Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1C, Legal instruments-results of the Uruguay round, 1869 U.N.T.S. 299, 33 J.L.M. 1197 .
   Google Scholar
• WTO . 2001 . Doha Declaration on TRIPS and public health . Geneva : WTO . Available from: http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min01_e/mindecl_trips_e.htm [Accessed 14 Dec 2011] .
   Google Scholar
• Youde , J. 2011 . “ The Clinton Foundation and Global Health Governance ” . In Partnerships and foundations in Global Health Governance , Edited by: Rushton , S. and Williams , O.D. 164 – 181 . Basingstoke : Palgrave .
   Google Scholar