Quality, not just quantity: Lessons learned from HIV testing in Salvador, Brazil

References

• Abdool Karim, Q., Abdool Karim, S. S., Coovadia, H. M., & Susser, M. (1998). Informed consent for HIV testing in a South African hospital: Is it truly informed and truly voluntary? American Journal of Public Health, 88, 637–640. doi:10.2105/AJPH.88.4.637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angotti, N. (2010). Working outside of the box: How HIV counselors in sub-Saharan Africa adapt Western HIV testing norms. Social Science & Medicine, 71, 986–993. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.05.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angotti, N. (2012). Testing differences: The implementation of Western HIV testing norms in sub-Saharan Africa. Culture Health & Sexuality, 14, 365–378. doi:10.1080/13691058.2011.644810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angotti, N., Dionne, K. Y., & Gaydosh, L. (2011). An offer you can't refuse? Provider-initiated HIV testing in antenatal clinics in rural Malawi. Health Policy and Planning, 26, 307–315. doi:10.1093/heapol/czq066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong, R. (2008). Mandatory HIV testing in pregnancy: Is there ever a time? Developing World Bioethics, 8(1), 1–10. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8847.2007.00214.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, E., Mthembu, P., O'Sullivan, S., & Moody, K. (2007). Sexual and reproductive health services and HIV testing: Perspectives and experiences of women and men living with HIV and AIDS. Reproductive Health Matters, 15, 113–135. doi:10.1016/S0968-8080(07)29029-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, M. S., Chen, Y. Q., McCauley, M., Gamble, T., Hosseinipour, M. C., Kumarasamy, N., … Fleming, T. R., HPTN 052 Study Team. (2011). Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. New England Journal of Medicine, 365, 493–505. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1105243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekanem, E. E., & Gbadegesin, A. (2004). Voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) for human immunodeficiency virus: A study on acceptability by Nigerian women attending antenatal clinics. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 8, 91–100. doi:10.2307/3583183
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Evans, C., & Ndirangu, E. (2011). Implementing routine provider-initiated HIV testing in public health care facilities in Kenya: A qualitative descriptive study of nurses' experiences. AIDS Care, 23, 1291–1297. doi:10.1080/09540121.2011.555751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groves, A., Maman, S., Msomi, S., Makhanya, N., & Moodley, D. (2010). The complexity of consent: Women's experiences testing for HIV at an antenatal clinic in Durban, South Africa. AIDS Care, 22, 538–544. doi:10.1080/09540120903311508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruskin, S., Ahmed, S., & Ferguson, L. (2008). Provider-initiated HIV testing and counseling in health facilities – What does this mean for the health and human rights of pregnant women?Developing World Bioethics, 8(1), 23–32. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8847.2007.00222.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guenter, D., Barbara, A. M., Shaul, R. Z., Yudin, M. H., Remis, R. S., & King, S. M. (2008). Prenatal HIV testing: Women's experiences of informed consent in Toronto, Ontario. Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology Canada, 30(1), 17–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Halpern, S. D., Metkus, T. S., Fuchs, B. D., Ward, N. S., Siegel, M. D., Luce, J. M., et al. (2007). Nonconsented human immunodeficiency virus testing among critically ill patients: Intensivists' practices and the influence of state laws. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167, 2323–2328. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.21.2323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanh, N. T. T., Rasch, V., Chi, B. K., & Gammeltoft, T. (2009). Posttest counseling and social support from health staff caring for HIV-infected pregnant women in Vietnam. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 20, 193–202. doi:10.1016/j.jana.2009.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardon, A., Kageha, E., Kinsman, J., Kyaddondo, D., Wanyenze, R., & Obermeyer, C. M. (2011). Dynamics of care, situations of choice: HIV tests in times of ART. Medical Anthropology, 30, 183–201. doi:10.1080/01459740.2011.552455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardon, A., Vernooij, E., Bongololo-Mbera, G., Cherutich, P., & Desclaux, A. (2012). Women's views on consent, counseling and confidentiality in PMTCT: A mixed-methods study in four African countries. BMC Public Health, 12, 1–30. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamieson, D. J., Chasela, C. S., Hudgens, M. G., King, C. C., Kourtis, A. P., Kayira, D., … van der Horst, C. (2012). Maternal and infant antiretroviral regimens to prevent postnatal HIV-1 transmission: 48-week follow-up of the BAN randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 379, 2449–2458. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60321-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, N., Mullings, A. A., Harvey, K. M., Alexander, G., McDonald, D., Smikle, M. F., … Christie, C. D. (2004). HIV seroprevalence, uptake of interventions to reduce mother-to-child transmission and birth outcomes in greater Kingston, Jamaica. West Indian Medical Journal, 53, 297–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, E. J., Maman, S., Wyckoff, S. C., Pierce, M. W., & Groves, A. K. (2013). HIV testing for pregnant women: A rights-based analysis of national policies. Global Public Health, 8, 326–341. doi:10.1080/17441692.2012.745010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maman, S., Mbwambo, J. K., Hogan, N. M., Kilonzo, G. P., Campbell, J. C., Weiss, E., & Sweat, M. D. (2002). HIV-positive women report more lifetime partner violence: Findings from a voluntary counseling and testing clinic in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 1331–1337. doi:10.2105/AJPH.92.8.1331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Politicas de Saúde, & Coordenacao Nacional de DST e Aids [Ministry of Health, Secretary of Health Policy, and the National Coordination of STDs and AIDS]. (1997). Aconselhamento em DST, HIV e Aids: diretrizes e procedimentos básicos [Counseling for STDs, HIV and AIDS: Basic guidelines and procedures]. Brasília-DF: O Ministério.
   Google Scholar
• Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Politicas de Saúde, & Coordenacao Nacional de DST e Aids [Ministry of Health, Secretary of Health Policy, and the National Coordination of STDs and AIDS]. (2006). Protocolo para a prevenção de transmissão vertical de HIV e sífilis [Protocol for preventing the vertical transmission of HIV and syphilis]. Brasília-DF: O Ministério.
   Google Scholar
• Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Politicas de Saúde, & Coordenacao Nacional de DST e Aids [Ministry of Health, Secretary of Health Policy, and the National Coordination of STDs and AIDS]. (2008). Centros de Testagem e Aconselhamento do Brasil: Desafios para a Equiidade e o Acesso [Centers for testing and counseling in Brazil: Challenges to achieve equity and access]. Brasília-DF: O Ministério.
   Google Scholar
• Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilancia em Saúde, & Departamento de DST, Aids e Hepatites Virais [Ministry of Health, the Secretariat of Health Surveillance, and the Department of STDs, AIDS and Viral Hepatitis]. (2013). Boletim Epidemiológico: HIV/AIDS [Epidemiological bulletin: HIV/AIDS]. Brasília-DF: O Ministério.
   Google Scholar
• Napravnik, S., Royce, R., Walter, E., & Lim, W. (2000). HIV-1 infected women and prenatal care utilization: Barriers and facilitators. AIDS Patient Care and STDS, 14, 411–420. doi:10.1089/108729100416623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Njeru, M. K., Blystad, A., Shayo, E. H., Nyamongo, I. K., & Fylkesnes, K. (2011). Practicing provider-initiated HIV testing in high prevalence settings: Consent concerns and missed preventive opportunities. BMC Health Services Research, 11(1), 87. doi:10.1023/A:1025338013629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obermeyer, C. A., Verhulst C., & Asmar, K. (2014). Could you have said no? A mixed-methods investigation of consent to HIV tests in four African countries. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 17(1). Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24647205
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights & Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. (2006). International guidelines on HIV/AIDS and human rights. Geneva: Author. Retrieved from http://data.unaids.org/publications/irc-pub03/3797_en.html#top
   Google Scholar
• Omuemu, V. O., Akemokwe, F. M., & Ahanmisi, I. E. (2008). Attitude and practice of antenatal HIV screening among pregnant women attending a secondary health facility in Benin-city. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, 11, 324–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oosterhoff, P., Hardon, A. P., Nguyen, T. A., Pham, N. Y., & Wright, P. (2008). Dealing with a positive result: Routine HIV testing of pregnant women in Vietnam. AIDS Care, 20, 654–659. doi:10.1080/09540120701687026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paiva, V., Latorre Mdo, R., Gravato, N., Lacerda, R., Ayres, J. R., Segurado, A., … Salomão, M. L.; Enhancing Care Initiative – Brazil. (2002). Sexualidade de mulheres vivendo com HIV/AIDS em São Paulo [Sexuality of women living with HIV/AIDS in Sao Paulo]. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 18, 1609–1620. doi:10.1590/S0102-311X2002000600015
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pool, R., Nyanzi, S., & Whitworth, J. A. G. (2001). Attitudes to voluntary counselling and testing for HIV among pregnant women in rural south-west Uganda. AIDS Care, 13, 605–615. doi:10.1080/09540120120063232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rennie, S, & Behets, F. (2006). Desperately seeking targets: The ethics of routine HIV testing in low-income countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 84(1), 52–57. doi:10.2471/BLT.05.025536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, A., Meundi, A., Amma, A., Rao, A., Shetty, P., Antony, J., … Shetty, A. K. (2006). HIV-related knowledge, attitudes, perceived benefits, and risks of HIV testing among pregnant women in rural Southern India. AIDS Patient Care and STDS, 20, 803–811. doi:10.1089/apc.2006.20.803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherr, L., Bergenstrom, A., & Hudson, N. (2000). Consent and antenatal HIV testing: The limits of choice and issues of consent in HIV and AIDS. AIDS Care, 12, 307–312. doi:10.1080/09540120050042963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siziya, S., Muula, A. S., Rudatsikira, E., & Mataya, R. H. (2008). Correlates of HIV testing among women in Malawi: Results from the 2006 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 13, 1351–1356. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02155.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Task Team for the Global Thematic Consultation on Health in the Post-2015 Development Agenda. (2013). What do people want for health in the post-2015 agenda? Lancet, 381, 1441–1443. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60765-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turan, J. M., Bukusi, E. A., Cohen, C. R., Sande, J., & Miller, S. (2008). Effects of HIV/AIDS on maternity care providers in Kenya. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 37, 588–595. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2008.00281.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turan, J. M., Bukusi, E. A., Onono, M., Holzemer, W. L., Miller, S., & Cohen, C. R. (2011). HIV/AIDS stigma and refusal of HIV testing among pregnant women in rural Kenya: Results from the MAMAS Study. AIDS and Behavior, 15, 1111–1120. doi:10.1007/s10461-010-9798-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ujiji, O. A., Rubenson, B., Ilako, F., Marrone, G., Wamalwa, D., Wangalwa, G., & Ekström, A. M. (2011). Is ‘Opt-Out HIV Testing’ a real option among pregnant women in rural districts in Kenya? BMC Public Health, 11, 151. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. (1996). Second international consultation on HIV/AIDS and human rights – Report of the secretary-general (Fifty-third session, Item 9 (a) of the provisional agenda). Geneva: Author. Retrieved from http://data.unaids.org/publications/irc-pub03/3797_en.html
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. (2012). UNAIDS world AIDS day report. Geneva:Author. Retrieved from http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/epidemiology/2012/gr2012/jc2434_worldaidsday_results_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. (2013). Global report. Geneva: Author. Retrieved from http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/epidemiology/2013/gr2013/UNAIDS_Global_Report_2013_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS & World Health Organization. (2004). UNAIDS/WHO policy statement on HIV testing. Geneva: Author. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/vct/statement/en/
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. (1994). Report of the International Conference on Population and Development, UN Doc. A/Conf.171/13.
   Google Scholar
• Veloso, V. G., Portela, M. C., Vasconcellos, M. T., Matzenbacher, L. A., Vasconcelos, A. L., Grinsztejn, B., & Bastos, F. I. (2008). HIV testing among pregnant women in Brazil: Rates and predictors. Revista de Saúde Pública, 42, 859–867. doi:10.1590/S0034-89102008000500011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2013). Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: Recommendations for a public health approach. Geneva: Author. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/arv2013/en/
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization & UNAIDS. (2007). HIV/AIDS Programme: Guidance on provider-initiated HIV testing and counseling in health facilities. Geneva: Author. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/vct/pitc2007/en/
   Google Scholar