The ethics of health systems research in low- and middle-income countries: A call to action

References

• Bennett, S., Adam, T., Zarowsky, C., Tangcharoensathien, V., Ranson, K., Evans, T., & Mills, A. (2008). From Mexico to Mali: Progress in health policy and systems research. Lancet, 372, 1571–1578. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61658-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caney, S. (2001). International distributive justice. Political Studies, 49, 974–997. doi:10.1111/1467-9248.00351
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassell, J., & Young, A. (2002). Why we should not seek individual informed consent for participation in health services research. British Medical Journal, 28, 313–317. doi:10.1136/jme.28.5.313
   Google Scholar
• Conrad, E., & Edwards, S. J. L. (2011). Inequalities and fairness in cluster trials. Research Ethics, 7(2), 58–65. doi:10.1177/174701611100700205
   Google Scholar
• Council for International Organizations of Medical Services (CIOMS). (2002). International ethical guidelines for biomedical research involving human subjects. Geneva: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, S. J. L., Braunholtz, D. A., Lilford, R. J., & Stevens, A. J. (1999). Ethical issues in the design and conduct of cluster randomised controlled trials. British Medical Journal, 318, 1407–1409. doi:10.1136/bmj.318.7195.1407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emanuel, E. J., Wendler, D., Killen, J., & Grady, C. (2004). What makes clinical research in developing countries ethical? The benchmarks of ethical research. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 189, 930–937. doi:10.1086/381709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilson, L. (Ed.). (2012). Health systems and policy research: A methodology reader. Geneva: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• Global Ministerial Forum on Research for Health. (2008). Bamako call to action on research for health. Bamako.
   Google Scholar
• Hafner, T., & Shiffman, J. (2013). The emergence of global attention to health systems strengthening. Health Policy and Planning, 28(1), 41–50. doi:10.1093/heapol/czs023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, S., Røttingen, J.-A., Bennett, S., Lavis, J. N., Edge, J. S., & Frenk, J. (2012). Background paper on conceptual issues related to health systems research to inform a WHO global strategy on health systems research. Retrieved July 14, 2013, from http://www.who.int/alliancehpsr/alliancehpsr_backgroundpaperhsrstrat1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hyder, A. A., Rattani, A., Krubiner, C., Bachani, A. M., & Tran, N. T. (2014). Ethical review of health systems research in low and middle income countries: A conceptual exploration. American Journal of Bioethics, 14(2), 28–37. doi:10.1080/15265161.2013.868950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kass, N. (2001). An ethics framework for public health. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 1776–1782. doi:10.2105/AJPH.91.11.1776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kass, N. E., Faden, R. R., Goodman, S. N., Pronovost, P., Tunis, S., & Beauchamp, T. L. (2013). The research—treatment distinction: A problematic approach for determining which activities should have ethical oversight. Hastings Center Report, 43, S4–S15. doi:10.1002/hast.133
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, A. (2012). Public health ethics theory: Review and path to convergence. Journal of Law, Medicine, & Ethics, 40, 85–98. doi:10.1111/j.1748-720X.2012.00648.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• London, A. J., Borasky Jr., D. A., Bhan, A., & for the Ethics Working Group of the HIV Prevention Trials Network. (2012). Improving ethical review of research involving incentives for health promotion. PLoS Medicine, 9(3), e1001193. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001193
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacQueen, K. M., & Buehler, J. W. (2004). Ethics, practice, and research in public health. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 928–931. doi:10.2105/AJPH.94.6.928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meslin, E. (2006). Shifting paradigms in health services research ethics. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21, 279–280. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00391.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills, A. (2011). Health policy and systems research: Defining the terrain; identifying the methods. Health Policy and Planning, 27(1), 1–7. doi:10.1093/heapol/czr006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministerial Summit on Health Research. (2004). The Mexico statement on health research. Mexico City.
   Google Scholar
• Molyneux, S., Wassenaar, D., Peshu, N., & Marsh, V. (2005). ‘Even if they ask you to stand by a tree all day, you will have to do it (laughter)…!’: Community voices on the notion and practice of informed consent for biomedical research in developing countries. Social Science and Medicine, 61, 443–454. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.12.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, S. S., Flores, R., Olinto, P., & Medina, J. M. (2004). Monetary incentives in primary health care and effects on use and coverage of preventive health care interventions in rural Honduras: Cluster randomised trial. Lancet, 364, 2030–2037. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17515-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC). (2001). Ethical and policy issues in international research: Clinical trials in developing countries. Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Orsin, D., Azad, K., Fernandez, A., Manandhar, D. S., Mwansambo, C. W., Tripathy, P., & Costello, A. M. (2009). Ethical challenges in cluster randomized controlled trials: Experiences from public health interventions in Africa and Asia. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 87, 772–779. doi:10.2471/BLT.08.051060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pogge, T. (2008). World poverty and human rights: Cosmopolitan responsibilities and reforms. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Richards, H. M., & Schwartz, L. J. (2002). Ethics of qualitative research: Are there special issues for health services research? Family Practice, 19, 135–139. doi:10.1093/fampra/19.2.135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal, J. P. (2006). Politics, culture, and governance in the development of prior informed consent in indigenous communities. Current Anthropology, 47, 119–142. doi:10.1086/497670
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, P. (1972). Famine, affluence, and morality. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 1, 229–243.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, P. (2009). The life you can save: Acting now to end world poverty. New York, NY: Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Sheikh, K., Gilson, L., Agyepong, I. A., Hanson, K., Ssengooba, F., & Bennett, S. (2011). Building the field of health policy and systems research: Framing the questions. PLoS Medicine, 8(8), e1001073. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travis, P., Bennett, S., Haines, A., Pang, T., Bhutta, Z, Hyder, A. A., … Evans, T. (2004). Overcoming health-systems constraints to achieve the millennium development goals. Lancet, 364, 900–906. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16987-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNAIDS & WHO. (2007). Ethical considerations in biomedical HIV prevention trials. Geneva: UNAIDS.
   Google Scholar
• Upshur, R. E. G. (2002). Principles for the justification of public health intervention. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 93, 101–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Upvall, M., & Hashwani, S. (2001). Negotiating the informed-consent process in developing countries: A comparison of Swaziland and Pakistan. International Nursing Review, 48, 188–192. doi:10.1046/j.1466-7657.2001.00063.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Olmen, J., Marchal, B., Van Damme, W., Kegels, G., & Hill, P. S. (2012). Health systems frameworks in their political context: Framing divergent agendas. BMC Public Health, 12, 774. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weijer, C., Grimshaw, J. M., Taljaard, M., Binik, A., Boruch, R., Brehaut, J. C., … Zwarenstein, M. (2011). Ethical issues posed by cluster randomized trials in health research. Trials, 12, 100. doi:10.1186/1745-6215-12-100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO Task Force on Health Systems Research. (2005). The millennium development goals will not be attained without new research addressing health system constraints to delivering effective interventions. Geneva: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• World Medical Association (WMA). (2013). Declaration of Helsinki. Seoul: Author.
   Google Scholar