Mobility among youth in Rakai, Uganda: Trends, characteristics, and associations with behavioural risk factors for HIV

References

• Adepoju, A. (2000). Issues and recent trends in international migration in sub-Saharan Africa. International Social Science Journal, 52(165), 383–394. doi: 10.1111/1468-2451.00267
   Google Scholar
• Aggleton, P., Bell, S. A., & Kelly-Hanku, A. (2014). ‘Mobile men with money’: HIV prevention and the erasure of difference. Global Public Health, 9(3), 257–270. doi: 10.1080/17441692.2014.889736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anglewicz, P. (2012). Migration, marital change, and HIV infection in Malawi. Demography, 49(1), 239–265. doi: 10.1007/s13524-011-0072-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahiigwa, G., Rigby, D., & Woodhouse, P. (2005). Right target, wrong mechanism? Agricultural modernization and poverty reduction in Uganda. World Development, 33(3), 481–496. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.09.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bärnighausen, T., Hosegood, V., Timaeus, I. M., & Newell, M.-L. (2007). The socioeconomic determinants of HIV incidence: Evidence from a longitudinal, population-based study in rural South Africa. AIDS, 21(Suppl. 7), S29. doi: 10.1097/01.aids.0000300533.59483.95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barongo, L. R., Borgdorff, M. W., Mosha, F. F., Nicoll, A., Grosskurth, H., Senkoro, K. P., … Killewo, J. Z. (1992). The epidemiology of HIV-1 infection in urban areas, roadside settlements and rural villages in Mwanza Region, Tanzania. AIDS, 6(12), 1521–1528. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199212000-00016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, M. (1980). Patterns of youth mobility in Uganda. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 15(3–4), 203–216. doi: 10.1177/002190968001500302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum, R. W. (2007). Youth in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(3), 230–238. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.04.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boerma, J. T., Urassa, M., Nnko, S., Ng'weshemi, J., Isingo, R., Zaba, B., & Mwaluko, G. (2002). Sociodemographic context of the AIDS epidemic in a rural area in Tanzania with a focus on people's mobility and marriage. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 78(Suppl. 1), i97–i105. doi: 10.1136/sti.78.suppl_1.i97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booysen, F. (2006). Out-migration in the context of the HIV/AIDS epidemic: Evidence from the free state province. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 32(04), 603–631. doi: 10.1080/13691830600610015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockerhoff, M., & Biddlecom, A. E. (1999). Migration, sexual behavior and the risk of HIV in Kenya. International Migration Review, 33(4), 833–856. doi: 10.2307/2547354
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brummer, D. (2002). Labour migration and HIV/AIDS in southern Africa. International Organization for Migration Regional Office for Southern Africa. Retrieved from: http://wwwisis.unam.na/hivdocs/unicef/namibia/Socio-economic/Migration/SARPN_IOM_2002_Labour_migration_HIV-AIDS_southern%20Africa.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bryceson, D. F. (2002). The scramble in Africa: Reorienting rural livelihoods. World Development, 30(5), 725–739. doi: 10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00006-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryceson, D. F., Mbara, T. C., & Maunder, D. (2003). Livelihoods, daily mobility and poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. Transport Reviews, 23(2), 177–196. doi: 10.1080/01441640309891
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camlin, C. S., Hosegood, V., Newell, M.-L., McGrath, N., Bärnighausen, T., & Snow, R. C. (2010). Gender, migration and HIV in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. PloS ONE, 5(7), e11539. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camlin, C. S., Kwena, Z. A., Dworkin, S. L., Cohen, C. R., & Bukusi, E. A. (2014). ‘She mixes her business’: HIV transmission and acquisition risks among female migrants in western Kenya. Social Science & Medicine, 102, 146–156. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.11.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camlin, C. S., Snow, R. C., & Hosegood, V. (2013). Gendered patterns of migration in rural South Africa. Population, Space and Place, 20(6), 528–551. doi: 10.1002/psp.1794
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassels, S., Manhart, L., Jenness, S. M., & Morris, M. (2013). Short-term mobility and increased partnership concurrency among men in Zimbabwe. PloS ONE, 8(6), e66342. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffee, M. P., Garnett, G. P., Mlilo, M., Voeten, H. A., Chandiwana, S., & Gregson, S. (2005). Patterns of movement and risk of HIV infection in rural Zimbabwe. Journal of Infectious Disease, 191(1), S159–S167. doi: 10.1086/425270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deane, K. D., Parkhurst, J. O., & Johnston, D. (2010). Linking migration, mobility and HIV. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 15(12), 1458–1463. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02647.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolan, C. S. (2004). ‘I sell my labour now’: Gender and livelihood diversification in Uganda. Canadian Journal of Development Studies, 25(4), 643–661. doi: 10.1080/02255189.2004.9669007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, F. (1998). Household strategies and rural livelihood diversification. The Journal of Development Studies, 35(1), 1–38. doi: 10.1080/00220389808422553
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, J. (1987). Introduction: Migration and Health. International Migration Review, 21(3), v–xiv. doi: 10.2307/2546605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldenberg, S. M., Strathdee, S. A., Perez-Rosales, M. D., & Sued, O. (2012). Mobility and HIV in Central America and Mexico: A critical review. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 14(1), 48–64. doi: 10.1007/s10903-011-9505-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gough, K. V. (2008). ‘Moving around’: The social and spatial mobility of youth in Lusaka. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 90(3), 243–255. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0467.2008.290.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gushulak, B. D., & MacPherson, D. W. (2004). Globalization of infectious diseases: The impact of migration. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 38(12), 1742–1748. doi: 10.1086/421268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, C. W. (1989). Migrant labor and sexually transmitted disease: AIDS in Africa. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 30(4), 353–373. doi: 10.2307/2136985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, M. (2005). Cultural politics and masculinities: Multiple-partners in historical perspective in KwaZulu-Natal. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 7(4), 389–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwena, Z. A., Camlin, C. S., Shisanya, C. A., Mwanzo, I., & Bukusi, E. A. (2013). Short-term mobility and the risk of HIV infection among married couples in the fishing communities along Lake Victoria, Kenya. PloS One, 8(1), e54523. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langevang, T., & Gough, K. V. (2009). Surviving through movement: The mobility of urban youth in Ghana. Social & Cultural Geography, 10(7), 741–756. doi: 10.1080/14649360903205116
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langevang, T., Namatovu, R., & Dawa, S. (2012). Beyond necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship: Motivations and aspirations of young entrepreneurs in Uganda. International Development Planning Review, 34(4), 439–460. doi: 10.3828/idpr.2012.26
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laoire, C. N., Carpena-Méndez, F., Tyrrell, N., & White, A. (2010). Introduction: Childhood and migration—mobilities, homes and belongings. Childhood, 17(2), 155–162. doi: 10.1177/0907568210365463
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X., Lin, D., Wang, B., Du, H., Tam, C. C., & Stanton, B. (2014). Efficacy of theory-based HIV behavioral prevention among rural-to-urban migrants in China: A randomized controlled trial. AIDS Education and Prevention, 26(4), 296–316. doi: 10.1521/aeap.2014.26.4.296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lurie, M., Harrison, A., Wilkinson, D., & Abdool Karim, S. (1997). Circular migration and sexual networking in rural KwaZulu/Natal: Implications for the spread of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. Health Transition Review, 7(3), 17–27.
   Google Scholar
• Lurie, M. N., Williams, B. G., Zuma, K., Mkaya-Mwamburi, D., Garnett, G. P., Sturm, A. W., … Karim, S. S. A. (2003). The impact of migration on HIV-1 transmission in South Africa: A study of migrant and nonmigrant men and their partners. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 30(2), 149–156. doi: 10.1097/00007435-200302000-00011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ntozi, J. P. (1997). Widowhood, remarriage and migration during the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Uganda. Health Transition Review, 7, 125–144.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nunn, A., Wagner, H.-U., Kamali, A., Kengeya-Kayondo, J. F., & Mulder, D. W. (1995). Migration and HIV-1 seroprevalence in a rural Ugandan population. AIDS, 9, 503–506. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199509050-00013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyanzi, B., Nyanzi, S., Wolff, B., & Whiteworth, J. (2005). Money, men and markets: Economic and sexual empowerment of market women in southwestern Uganda. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 7(1), 13–26. doi: 10.1080/13691050410001731099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyanzi, S., Nyanzi, B., Kalina, B., & Pool, R. (2004). Mobility, sexual networks and exchange among bodabodamen in southwest Uganda. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 6(3), 239–254. doi: 10.1080/13691050310001658208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Organista, K. C., Carrillo, H., & Ayala, G. (2004). HIV prevention with Mexican migrants: Review, critique, and recommendations. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 37, S227–S239. doi: 10.1097/01.qai.0000141250.08475.91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilgaard Kristensen, S. B., & Birch-Thomsen, T. (2013). Should I stay or should I go? Rural youth employment in Uganda and Zambia. International Development Planning Review, 35(2), 175–201. doi: 10.3828/idpr.2013.12
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter, G., Blaufuss, K., & Owusu Acheampong, F. (2007). Youth, mobility and rural livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa: perspectives from Ghana and Nigeria. Africa Insight, 37(3), 420–431.
   Google Scholar
• Potts, D. (2006). ‘All my hopes and dreams are shattered’: Urbanization and migrancy in an imploding African economy–the case of Zimbabwe. Geoforum, 37(4), 536–551. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2005.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potts, D. (2013). Rural-urban and urban-rural migration flows as indicators of economic opportunity in sub-Saharan Africa: What do the data tell us? Migrating Out of Poverty Research Programme Consortium (Ed.), Working Paper. Brighton, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Quinn, T. C. (1994). Population migration and the spread of types 1 and 2 human immunodeficiency viruses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 91(7), 2407–2414. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.7.2407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robson, E., Ansell, N., Huber, U., Gould, W., & van Blerk, L. (2006). Young caregivers in the context of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa. Population, Space and Place, 12(2), 93–111. doi: 10.1002/psp.392
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santelli, J. S., Edelstein, Z. R., Mathur, S., Wei, Y., Zhang, W., Orr, M. G., … Wawer, M. J. (2013). Behavioral, biological, and demographic risk and protective factors for new HIV infections among youth in Rakai, Uganda. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 63(3), 393–400. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3182926795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serwadda, D., Sewankambo, N., Carswell, J., Bayley, A., Tedder, R., Weiss, R., … Downing, R. G. (1985). Slim disease: A new disease in Uganda and its association with HTLV-III infection. The Lancet, 326(8460), 849–852. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(85)90122-9
   Google Scholar
• Serwadda, D., Wawer, M. J., Musgrave, S. D., Sewankambo, N. K., Kaplan, J. E., & Gray, R. H. (1992). HIV risk factors in three geographic strata of rural Rakai District, Uganda. AIDS, 6(9), 983–990. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199209000-00012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, D. R., Gordon, A., Meadows, K., & Zwick, K. (2001). Livelihood diversification in Uganda: Patterns and determinants of change across two rural districts. Food Policy, 26(4), 421–435. doi: 10.1016/S0306-9192(01)00012-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temin, M., Montgomery, M. R., Engebretsen, S., & Barker, K. M. (2013). Girls on the move: Adolescent girls & migration in the developing world. Population Council (Ed.), Girls Count (i–115). New York, NY: Population Council.
   Google Scholar
• Thorsen, D. (2006). Child migrants in transit: Strategies to assert new identities in rural Burkina Faso. In C. Christiansen, M. Utas, & H. E. Vigh (Eds.), Navigating youth, generating adulthood: Social becoming in an African context (pp. 88–114). Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
   Google Scholar
• Tiruneh, K., Wasie, B., & Gonzalez, H. (2015). Sexual behavior and vulnerability to HIV infection among seasonal migrant laborers in Metema district, northwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 15(122), 1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UBOS [Uganda Bureau of Statistics]. (2014). Uganda National Household Survey 2012/2013. Kampala, Uganda: Author.
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. (2001). UNAIDS technical update: Population mobility and AIDS. Geneva: UNAIDS.
   Google Scholar
• Urassa, M., Boerma, J. T., Isingo, R., Ngalula, J., Ng'weshemi, J., Mwaluko, G., & Zaba, B. (2001). The impact of HIV/AIDS on mortality and household mobility in rural Tanzania. AIDS, 15(15), 2017–2023. doi: 10.1097/00002030-200110190-00015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Blerk, L., & Ansell, N. (2006). Children's experiences of migration in Southern Africa: Moving in the wake of AIDS. Environment and Planning D–Society and Space, 24(3), 449–471. doi: 10.1068/d65j
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wawer, M. J., Serwadda, D., Gray, R. H., Sewankambo, N. K., Li, C., Nalugoda, F., … Konde-Lule, J. K. (1997). Trends in HIV-1 prevalence may not reflect trends in incidence in mature epidemics: Data from the Rakai population-based cohort, Uganda. AIDS, 11(8), 1023–1030. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199708000-00011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wawer, M. J., Serwadda, D., Musgrave, S. D., Konde-Lule, J. K., Musagara, M., & Sewankambo, N. K. (1991). Dynamics of spread of HIV-I infection in a rural district of Uganda. BMJ, 303(6813), 1303–1306. doi: 10.1136/bmj.303.6813.1303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2009). Youth and employment in Africa: The potential, the problem, the promise. Africa Development Indicators 2008/09. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2013). Jobs: Key to prosperity – Main report, Uganda economic update (Vol. 2). Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2015). Data – Uganda. March 2015. Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/country/uganda
   Google Scholar
• Young, L. (2004). Journeys to the street: the complex migration geographies of Ugandan street children. Geoforum, 35(4), 471–488. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2003.09.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuma, K., Gouws, E., Williams, B., & Lurie, M. (2003). Risk factors for HIV infection among women in Carletonville, South Africa: Migration, demography and sexually transmitted diseases. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 14(12), 814–817. doi: 10.1258/095646203322556147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar