Publication Cover
Global Public Health
An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice
Volume 14, 2019 - Issue 1
543
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Understanding of for whom, under what conditions and how the compulsory licensing of pharmaceuticals works in Brazil and Thailand: A realist synthesis

ORCID Icon, &
Pages 122-134 | Received 17 Oct 2017, Accepted 22 Apr 2018, Published online: 08 May 2018

References

  • Abbott, F. M., & Reichman, J. H. (2007). The Doha round’s public health legacy: Strategies for the production and diffusion of patented medicines under the amended TRIPS provisions. Journal of International Economic Law, 10(4), 921–987. doi: 10.1093/jiel/jgm040
  • Almeida, M. H. T. d. (2005). The social policies of Lula’s administration. Novos Estudos-CEBRAP, 1(SE), 1–11.
  • Bermudez, J., & Hoen, E. t. (2010). The UNITAID patent pool initiative: Bringing patents together for the common good. The Open AIDS Journal, 4, 37–40. doi: 10.2174/1874120701004010037
  • Cerón, A., & Godoy, A. S. (2009). Intellectual property and access to medicines: An analysis of legislation in Central America. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 87(10), 787–793. doi: 10.2471/BLT.08.056010
  • Chaves, G. C., & Oliveira, M. A. (2007). A proposal for measuring the degree of public health - sensitivity of patent legislation in the context of the WTO TRIPS agreement. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 85(1), 49–56. doi: 10.2471/BLT.06.033274
  • Chaves, G. C., Vieira, M. F., & Reis, R. (2008). Access to medicines and intellectual property in Brazil: Reflections and strategies of civil society. Sur - International Journal on Human Rights, 5, 163.
  • Cohen, J. C. (2006). Expanding drug access in Brazil: Lessons for Latin America and Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 97(6), I15.
  • Cohen, S. D. (2000). The making of United States international economic policy: Principles, problems, and proposals for reform. New York: Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • Cox, K. L. (2012). The medicines patent pool: Promoting access and innovation for life-saving medicines through voluntary licenses. Hastings Science and Technology Law Journal, 4, 291.
  • Damrongplasit, K., & Melnick, G. A. (2009). Early results from Thailand’s 30 baht health reform: Something to smile about. Health Affairs, 28(3), w457–w466. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.28.3.w457
  • De Goeij, M. C., Suhrcke, M., Toffolutti, V., van de Mheen, D., Schoenmakers, T. M., & Kunst, A. E. (2015). How economic crises affect alcohol consumption and alcohol-related health problems: A realist systematic review. Social Science & Medicine, 131, 131–146. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.02.025
  • Dieleman, M., Kane, S., Zwanikken, P., Gerretsen, B., & Organization, W. H. (2011). Realist review and synthesis of retention studies for health workers in rural and remote areas.
  • Feddersen, T., Gottschalk, J., & Peters, L. (2017). Roche and Tamiflu®: doing business in the shadow of pandemic. Kellogg School of Management Cases. doi: 10.1108/case.kellogg.2016.000286
  • Flynn, M. (2013). Origins and limitations of state-based advocacy: Brazil’s AIDS treatment program and global power dynamics. Politics & Society, 41(1), 3–28. doi: 10.1177/0032329212473086
  • Ford, N., Wilson, D., Bunjumnong, O., & von Schoen Angerer, T. (2004). The role of civil society in protecting public health over commercial interests: Lessons from Thailand. The Lancet, 363(9408), 560–563. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15545-1
  • Ford, N., Wilson, D., Chaves, G. C., Lotrowska, M., & Kijtiwatchakul, K. (2007). Sustaining access to antiretroviral therapy in the less-developed world: Lessons from Brazil and Thailand. Aids, 21, S21–S29. doi: 10.1097/01.aids.0000279703.78685.a6
  • Fraser, N. (2009). Scales of justice: Reimagining political space in a globalizing world. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Fukuyama, F. (2001). Social capital, civil society and development. Third World Quarterly, 22(1), 7–20. doi: 10.1080/713701144
  • Gragnolati, M., Lindelow, M., & Couttolenc, B. (2013). Twenty years of health system reform in Brazil. An assessment of the sistema νnico de saúde. (World Bank, ed., pp. 1–112) Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Greco, D. B., & Simao, M. (2007). Brazilian policy of universal access to AIDS treatment: Sustainability challenges and perspectives. Aids, 21, S37–S45. doi: 10.1097/01.aids.0000279705.24428.a3
  • Hall, A. (2006). From Fome Zero to Bolsa Família: Social policies and poverty alleviation under Lula. Journal of Latin American Studies, 38(04), 689–709. doi: 10.1017/S0022216X0600157X
  • Holloway, K. A. (2012). Drug policy and use of pharmaceuticals in health care delivery. Mission Report, 17–31.
  • Hughes, D., & Leethongdee, S. (2007). Universal coverage in the land of smiles: Lessons from Thailand’s 30 baht health reforms. Health Affairs, 26(4), 999–1008. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.26.4.999
  • Kopecký, P., & Mudde, C. (2003). Rethinking civil society. Democratization, 10(3), 1–14. doi: 10.1080/13510340312331293907
  • Kuek, V., Phillips, K., & Kohler, J. (2011). Access to medicines and domestic compulsory licensing: Learning from Canada and Thailand. Global Public Health, 6(2), 111–124. doi: 10.1080/17441690903575255
  • Lagarde, M., & Palmer, N. (2008). The impact of user fees on health service utilization in low- and middle-income countries: How strong is the evidence? Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 86(11), 839–848. doi: 10.2471/BLT.07.049197
  • Luo, J., Oliveira, M. A., Ramos, M. B., Maia, A., & Osorio-de-Castro, C. G. (2014). Antiretroviral drug expenditure, pricing and judicial demand: An analysis of federal procurement data in Brazil from 2004–2011. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 367. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-367
  • Marten, R., McIntyre, D., Travassos, C., Shishkin, S., Longde, W., Reddy, S., & Vega, J. (2014). An assessment of progress towards universal health coverage in Brazil, russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS). The Lancet, 384(9960), 2164–2171. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60075-1
  • Maybarduk, P., & Rimmington, S. (2009). Compulsory licenses: A tool to improve global access to the HPV vaccine? American Journal of Law & Medicine, 35(2–3), 323–350. doi: 10.1177/009885880903500205
  • McClelland, J. S. (2005). A history of western political thought. London: Routledge.
  • Milner, H. V. (1997). Interests, institutions, and information: Domestic politics and international relations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Mohara, A., Yamabhai, I., Chaisiri, K., Tantivess, S., & Teerawattananon, Y. (2012). Impact of the introduction of government use licenses on the drug expenditure on seven medicines in Thailand. Value in Health, 15(1), S95–S99. doi: 10.1016/j.jval.2011.11.016
  • Molnar, A., O’Campo, P., Ng, E., Mitchell, C., Muntaner, C., Renahy, E., … Shankardass, K. (2015). Protocol: Realist synthesis of the impact of unemployment insurance policies on poverty and health. Evaluation and Program Planning, 48, 1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2014.09.002
  • NaRanong, V., & NaRanong, A. (2006). Universal health care coverage: Impacts of the 30-baht health-care scheme on the poor in Thailand. TDRI Quarterly Review, 21(3), 3–10.
  • Nicolau, J., & Stadler, J. (2016). The Brazilian electoral system. In D. de la Fontaine, & T. Stehnken (Eds.), The political system of Brazil (pp. 103–120). Berlin: Springer.
  • Nunn, A. S., Fonseca, E. M., Bastos, F. I., Gruskin, S., & Salomon, J. A. (2007). Evolution of antiretroviral drug costs in Brazil in the context of free and universal access to AIDS treatment. PLoS Medicine, 4(11), e305. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040305
  • O’Campo, P., Molnar, A., Ng, E., Renahy, E., Mitchell, C., Shankardass, K., … Muntaner, C. (2015). Social welfare matters: A realist review of when, how, and why unemployment insurance impacts poverty and health. Social Science & Medicine, 132, 88–94. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.03.025
  • Office of the United States Trade Representative. (2007). 2007 special 301 report. Retrieved from http://www.ipophil.gov.ph/images/IPEnforcement/Special301Review/2007USTRSpecial301Report.pdf
  • Oliveira, M. A., Bermudez, J. A. Z., Chaves, G. C., & Velásquez, G. (2004). Has the implementation of the TRIPS agreement in Latin America and the Caribbean produced intellectual property legislation that favours public health? Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 82(11), 815–821.
  • Orsi, F., D’Almeida, C., Hasenclever, L., Camara, M., Tigre, P., & Coriat, B. (2007). TRIPS post-2005 and access to new antiretroviral treatments in southern countries: Issues and challenges. Aids, 21(15), 1997–2003. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328273bbe4
  • Osorio-de-Castro, C. G. S., Azeredo, T. B., Pepe, V. L. E., Lopes, L. C., Yamauti, S., Godman, B., & Gustafsson, L. L. (2018). Policy change and the national essential medicines list development process in Brazil between 2000 and 2014: Has the essential medicine concept been abandoned? Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 122, 402–412. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.12932
  • Over, M., Revenga, A., Masaki, E., Peerapatanapokin, W., Gold, J., Tangcharoensathien, V., & Thanprasertsuk, S. (2007). The economics of effective AIDS treatment in Thailand. Aids, 21, S105–S116. doi: 10.1097/01.aids.0000279713.39675.1c
  • Pawson, R. (2006). Evidence-based policy: A realist perspective. London: Sage publications.
  • Pawson, R. (2013). The science of evaluation: A realist manifesto. London: Sage publications.
  • Pawson, R., Greenhalgh, T., Harvey, G., & Walshe, K. (2005). Realist review - a new method of systematic review designed for complex policy interventions. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 10(suppl 1), 21–34. doi: 10.1258/1355819054308530
  • Persson, T., & Tabellini, G. (1999). Political economics and macroeconomic policy. Handbook of Macroeconomics, 1, 1397–1482. doi: 10.1016/S1574-0048(99)10035-1
  • Ramani, S. V., & Urias, E. (2015). Access to critical medicines: When are compulsory licenses effective in price negotiations? Social Science & Medicine, 135, 75–83. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.04.023
  • Reich, M. R., Harris, J., Ikegami, N., Maeda, A., Cashin, C., Araujo, E. C., … Evans, T. G. (2016). Moving towards universal health coverage: Lessons from 11 country studies. The Lancet, 387(10020), 811–816. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60002-2
  • Robert, E., Ridde, V., Marchal, B., & Fournier, P. (2012). Protocol: A realist review of user fee exemption policies for health services in Africa. BMJ Open, 2(1), e000706. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000706
  • Rogowski, R. (1987). Trade and the variety of democratic institutions. International Organization, 41(02), 203–223. doi: 10.1017/S0020818300027442
  • Rootes, C., & Sotirakopoulos, N. (2013). Global justice movement: The wiley-blackwell encyclopedia of social and political movements. London: Wiley Online Library.
  • Rosenberg, S. T. (2014). Asserting the primacy of health over patent rights: A comparative study of the processes that led to the use of compulsory licensing in Thailand and Brazil. Developing World Bioethics, 14(2), 83–91. doi: 10.1111/dewb.12050
  • Savedoff, W. D., de Ferranti, D., Smith, A. L., & Fan, V. (2012). Political and economic aspects of the transition to universal health coverage. The Lancet, 380(9845), 924–932. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61083-6
  • Selway, J. S. (2011). Electoral reform and public policy outcomes in Thailand: The politics of the 30-baht health scheme. World Politics, 63(01), 165–202. doi: 10.1017/S0043887110000316
  • Skees, S. (2007). Thai-ing up the TRIPS agreement: Are compulsory licenses the answer to Thailand’s AIDS epidemic. Pace International Law Review, 19, 233.
  • Son, K. B., & Lee, T. J. (2017). Compulsory licensing of pharmaceuticals reconsidered: Current situation and implications for access to medicines. Global Public Health. doi: 10.1080/17441692.2017.1407811
  • Stavropoulou, C., & Valletti, T. (2015). Compulsory licensing and access to drugs. The European Journal of Health Economics, 16(1), 83–94. doi: 10.1007/s10198-013-0556-2
  • Stirner, B., & Thangaraj, H. (2013). Learning from practice: Compulsory licensing cases and access to medicines. Pharmaceutical Patent Analyst, 2(2), 195–213. doi: 10.4155/ppa.12.91
  • The Ministry of Public Health and The National Health Security Office Thailand. (2007). Facts and evidences on the 10 burning issues related to the government use of patents on three patented essential drugs in Thailand. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s18718en/s18718en.pdf
  • Towse, A., Mills, A., & Tangcharoensathien, V. (2004). Learning from Thailand’s health reforms. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 328(7431), 103–105. doi: 10.1136/bmj.328.7431.103
  • UNAIDS. (2000). REPORT on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic.
  • World Health Organization. (2013). The World Health Report 2013.
  • World Trade Organization (n.d.a). Compulsory licensing of pharmaceuticals and TRIPS. Retrieved from https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/public_health_faq_e.htm
  • World Trade Organization (n.d.b). The WTO. Retrieved from https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/thewto_e.htm
  • Yamabhai, I., Mohara, A., Tantivess, S., Chaisiri, K., & Teerawattananon, Y. (2011). Government use licenses in Thailand: An assessment of the health and economic impacts. Globalization and Health, 7(1), 28. doi: 10.1186/1744-8603-7-28

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.