Social norms and child marriage in Cameroon: An application of the theory of normative spectrum

References

• Bankar, S., Collumbien, M., Das, M., Verma, R. K., Cislaghi, B., & Heise, L. (2018). Contesting restrictive mobility norms among female mentors implementing a sport based programme for young girls in a Mumbai slum. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 471. doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-5347-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, B. L. (2001). Qualitative research methods for the social Sciences (4th ed). Needham Heights: Allyn & Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Chandra-Mouli, V., Camacho, A. M., & Michaud, P.-A. (2013). WHO Guidelines on preventing early pregnancy and poor reproductive outcomes among adolescents in developing countries. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52, 517–522. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, A., & Rimal, R. N. (2016). Social norms: A review. Review of Communication Research, 2016(4), 1–28. doi: 10.12840/issn.2255-4165.2016.04.01.008
   Google Scholar
• Cislaghi, B., & Bhattacharjee, P. (2017). Honour and prestige: The influence of social norms on violence against women and girls in Karnatak, South India. Retrieved from http://strive.lshtm.ac.uk/system/files/attachments/STRIVE_Honour20and20Prestige%20paper.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Cislaghi, B., Gillespie, D., & Mackie, G. (2016). Values deliberation and collective action: Community empowerment in rural Senegal. New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Cislaghi, B., & Heise, L. (2017). Measuring gender-related social norms: Report of a meeting, Baltimore Maryland, June 14–15, 2016. London: LSHTM.
   Google Scholar
• Cislaghi, B., & Heise, L. (2018a). Four avenues of normative influence: A research agenda for health promotion in low and mid-income countries. Health Psychology, 37(6), 562–573. doi: 10.1037/hea0000618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cislaghi, B., & Heise, L. (2018b). Using social norms theory for health promotion in low-income countries. Health Promotion International, doi: 10.1093/heapro/day017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cislaghi, B., Nkwi, P., Mackie, G., & Shakya, H. (under review). Why context matters for social norms interventions: The case of child marriage in Cameroon.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative Inquiry & Research design. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Delprato, M., Akyeampong, K., Sabates, R., & Hernandez-Fernandez, J. (2015). On the impact of early marriage on schooling outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa and South West Asia. International Journal of Educational Development, 44, 42–55. doi: 10.1016/j.ijedudev.2015.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenn, N. S., Edmeades, J., Lantos, H., & Onovo, O. (2015). Child marriage, adolescent pregnancy and family formation in West and Central Africa: Patterns, trends and drivers of change. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/wcaro/english/Child_Mariage_Adolescent_Pregnancy_and_Family_Formation_in_WCA.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Fusch, P. I., & Ness, L. R. (2015). Are we there yet? Data saturation in qualitative research. The Qualitative Report, 20(9), 1408–1416. Retrieved from https://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol20/iss9/3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gage, A. J. (2013). Association of child marriage with suicidal thoughts and attempts among adolescent girls in Ethiopia. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.12.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godha, D., Hotchkiss, D. R., & Gage, A. J. (2013). Association between child marriage and reproductive health outcomes and service utilization: A multi-country study from South Asia. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52, 552–558. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.01.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halim, A., Hasking, P., & Allen, F. (2012). The role of social drinking motives in the relationship between social norms and alcohol consumption. Addictive Behaviour, 37(12), 1335–1341. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennink, M. M., Kaiser, B. N., & Marconi, V. C. (2017). Code saturation versus meaning saturation. Qualitative Health Research, 27(4), 591–608. doi: 10.1177/1049732316665344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennink, M. M., Kaiser, B. N., & Weber, M. B. (2019). What Influences saturation? Estimating sample Sizes in focus group research. Qualitative Health Research, 00(0), 1–14. doi: 10.1177/1049732318821692
   Google Scholar
• Henwood, K. L., & Pidgeon, N. F. (2003). Grounded theory in psychology. In P. M. Camic, J. E. Rhodes, & L. Yardley (Eds.), Qualitative research in psychology: Expanding perspectives in methodology and design (pp. 131–155). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press.
   Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch. (2016). “Our Time to Sing and Play” child marriage in Nepal. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/nepal0916_brochure_web.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Jain, S., & Kurz, K. (2007). New insights on preventing child marriage. Retrieved from http://lastradainternational.org/lsidocs/icrw_child_marriage_0607.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Jose, R., Bhan, N., & Raj, A. (2017a). EMERGE measurement guidelines report 2: How to create scientifically valid social and behavioral measures on gender equality and empowerment. Retrieved from http://emerge.ucsd.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/emerge-measurement-guidelines-report-2.-how-create-scientifically-valid-social-and-behavioral-measures-on-gender-equality-and-empowerment.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Jose, R., Bhan, N., & Raj, A. (2017b). EMERGE measurement guidelines report 1: What is measurement and how do we quantitatively measure gender equality and empowerment? Retrieved from http://emerge.ucsd.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/emerge-measurement-guidelines-report-1.-what-is-measurement-and-how-do-we-quantitatively-measure-gender-equality-and-empowerment-2.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mackie, G., Moneti, F., Shakya, H., & Denny, E. (2015). What are social norms? How are they measured? New York, NY: UNICEF and UCSD.
   Google Scholar
• Malhotra, A., Warner, A., McGonagle, A., & Lee-Rife, S. (2011). Solutions to end child marriage: What the evidence shows. Retrieved from Washington, DC. http://www.icrw.org/publications/solutions-end-child-marriage
   Google Scholar
• McDougal, L., Shakya, H., Mackie, G., Nkwi, P., & Cislaghi, B. (2017). Girl child marriage in Cameroon: Data Summary. San Diego, CA: UCSD and UNICEF.
   Google Scholar
• Michau, L., Horn, J., Bank, A., Dutt, M., & Zimmerman, C. (2015). Prevention of violence against women and girls: Lessons from practice. The Lancet, 385, 1672–1684. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61797-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, D. T., & Prentice, D. A. (2016). Changing norms to change behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 339–361. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, D. L. (1996). Focus groups as qualitative research (Vol. 16). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Neal, S., Matthews, Z., Frost, M., Fogstad, H., Camacho, A. V., & Laski, L. (2012). Childbearing in adolescents aged 12–15 years in low resource countries: A neglected issue. New estimates from demographic and household surveys in 42 countries. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 91, 1114–1118. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01467.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niger-Thomas, M., Ayukotang, N. T. Q. M., & Atim, E. T. (2014). A baseline research on tackling early/forced marriage eradicating the ‘money women’ phenomenon. Yaounde: MINPROFF.
   Google Scholar
• Nour, N. M. (2006). Health consequences of child marriage in Africa. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(11), 1644–1649. doi: 10.3201/eid1211.060510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nour, N. M. (2009). Child marriage: A silent health and human rights issue. Women’s Health in The Developing World, 2(1), 51–56.
   Google Scholar
• Perkins, H. W. (2003). The social norms approach to preventing school and college age substance abuse: A handbook for educators, counselors, and clinicians. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Raj, A. (2010). When the mother is a child: The impact of child marriage on the health and human rights of girls. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 95. doi: 10.1136/adc.2009.178707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raj, A., & Boehmer, U. (2013). Girl child marriage and its association with national rates of HIV, maternal health, and infant mortality across 97 countries. Violence Against Women, 19(4), 536–551. doi: 10.1177/1077801213487747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raj, A., Jackson, E., & Dunham, S. (2018). Girl child marriage: A persistent global women’s health and human rights violation. In S. Choudhury, J. T. Erausquin, & M. Withers (Eds.), Global perspectives on women’s sexual and reproductive health across the lifecourse (pp. 1–19). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Raj, A., McDougal, L., & Trivedi, A. (2017). EMERGE project report: Theoretical and definitional basis for identification of measures of gender equality and empowerment. Retrieved from San Diego, CA. https://medschool.ucsd.edu/som/medicine/divisions/idgph/research/center-gender-equity-health/work-impact/gender-empowerment/Documents/EMERGE_Project_Report_Theoretical_and_Definitional_Basis_for_Identification_of_Measures_of_Gender_Equality_and_Empowerment.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Raj, A., Saggurti, N., Winter, M., Labonte, A., Decker, M. R., & Balaiah, D. (2010). The effect of maternal child marriage on morbidity and mortality of children under 5 in India: Cross sectional study of a nationally representative sample. BMJ, 340. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b4258
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Santhya, K. G. (2011). Early marriage and sexual and reproductive health vulnerabilities of young women: A synthesis of recent evidence from developing countries. Current Opinions in Obstetrics Gynecology, 23. doi: 10.1097/GCO.0b013e32834a93d2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shakya, H., Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2014). Association between social network communities and health behavior: An observational sociocentric network study of latrine ownership in rural India. American Journal of Public Health, 104(4), 930–937. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301811
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shakya, H., Mackie, G., Nkwi, P., & Cislaghi, B. (2018). Social norms sustaining child marriage in Cameroon: A qualitative report. Yaounde: UNICEF.
   Google Scholar
• Starmann, E., Heise, L., Kyegombe, N., Devries, K., Abramsky, T., Michau, L., … Collumbien, M. (2018). Examining diffusion to understand the how of SASA!, A violence against women and HIV prevention intervention in Uganda. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 616. doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-5508-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svanemyr, J., Chandra-Mouli, V., Raj, A., Travers, E., & Sundaram, L. (2015). Research priorities on ending child marriage and supporting married girls. Reproductive Health, 12(1), 1–4. doi: 10.1186/s12978-015-0060-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• UNICEF. (2015). Ending child marriage: Progress and prospects. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/media/files/Child_Marriage_Report_7_17_LR.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. (2018). Global database – Child marriage. Retrieved from https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/child-marriage/
   Google Scholar
• UNWOMEN. (2016). Reforming the legislation on the age of marriage: Successful experiences and lessons learned from Latin America and the Caribbean. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/lac/child_marriage_finalversion_23092016.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Vaitla, B., Taylor, A., Horn, J. V., & Cislaghi, B. (2017). Social norms and girls’ well-being. New York, NY: United Nations Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Wamimbi, R. (2018). Understanding social norms to Prevent and respond to violence against children. Kampala: Africhild.
   Google Scholar
• Wetheridge, L., & Antonowicz, L. (2014). Child marriage in West Africa and Cameroon, a desk review Retrieved from https://www.frauenrechte.de/online/images/downloads/fruehehen/Plan-WARO-Child-Marriage.pdf
   Google Scholar