Community perceptions of transactional sex with children and adolescent girls, a qualitative study in favelas of Rio de Janeiro

References

• Aded, N., Dalan, B., & Cavalcanti, M. (2007). Estudo da incidência de abuso sexual contra crianças no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil [Study of the incidence of sexual abuse against children in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 23(8), 1971–1975. doi: 10.1590/S0102-311X2007000800024
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alcázar, L., & Rodrigo, L. (2006). Perspectivas socio-antropológicas sobre la adolescencia, la juventud y el embarazo [Socio-anthropological perspectives on adolescence, youth and pregnancy]. In M. Gogna (Ed.), Embarazo y maternidad en la adolescencia: Estereotipos, evidencias y propuestas para políticas públicas [Pregnancy and motherhood in adolescence: Stereotypes, evidence and proposals for public policies] (pp. 33–65). Buenos Aires: CEDES.
   Google Scholar
• Andrade, L. F. (2004). Prostituição infanto-juvenil na mídia: Estigmatização e ideologia [Child and youth prostitution in the media: Stigmatization and ideology]. São Paulo: Educ.
   Google Scholar
• Biderman, I. (2018). Exploração sexual é uma coisa, prostituição é outra, dizem ativistas [Sexual exploitation is one thing, prostitution is another, says activists]. Folha de S. Paulo. Retrieved from https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/seminariosfolha/2018/05/exploracao-sexual-e-uma-coisa-prostituicao-e-outra-dizem-ativistas.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Borges, A., & Nakamura, E. (2009). Normas sociais de iniciação sexual entre adolescentes [Social norms of sexual initiation among adolescents]. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 17(1), 94–100. doi: 10.1590/S0104-11692009000100015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buller, A. M., & Schulte, M. C. (2018). Aligning human rights and social norms for adolescent sexual and reproductive health and rights. Reproductive Health Matters, 26(52), 38. doi: 10.1080/09688080.2018.1542914
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chedraui, P., Hidalgo, L., Chávez, M., & San Miguel, G. (2004). Determinant factors in Ecuador related to pregnancy among adolescents aged 15 or less. Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 32(4), 337–341. doi: 10.1515/JPM.2004.063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cialdini, R., Kallgren, C., & Reno, R. (1991). A focus theory of normative conduct: A theoretical refinement and reevaluation of the role of norms in human behavior. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 201–234. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60330-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cislaghi, B., & Heise, L. (2018a). Theory and practice of social norms interventions: Eight common pitfalls. Globalization and Health, 14(83). doi: 10.1186/s12992-018-0398-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cislaghi, B., & Heise, L. (2018b). Four avenues of normative influence: A research agenda for health promotion in low and mid-income countries. Health Psychology, 37(6), 562–573. doi: 10.1037/hea0000618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cockcroft, A., Kunda, J., Kgakole, L., Masisi, M., Laetsang, D., Ho-Foster, A., & Andersson, N. (2010). Community views of inter-generational sex: Findings from focus groups in Botswana, Namibia and Swaziland. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 15(5), 507–514. doi: 10.1080/13548506.2010.487314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fielding-Miller, R., & Dunkle, K. (2017). Constrained relationship agency as the risk factor for intimate partner violence in different models of transactional sex. African Journal of AIDS Research, 16(4), 283–293. doi: 10.2989/16085906.2017.1345768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fielding-Miller, R., Dunkle, K., Jama-Shai, N., Windle, M., Hadley, C., & Cooper, H. (2016). The feminine ideal and transactional sex: Navigating respectability and risk in Swaziland. Social Science & Medicine, 158, 24–33. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.04.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florez, C. (2005). Factores Socioeconómicos y Contextuales que Determinan la Actividad Reproductiva de las Adolescentes en Colombia [Socioeconomic and contextual factors that determine the reproductive activity of adolescents in Colombia]. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 18(6), 388–402. Retrieved from http://iris.paho.org/xmlui/handle/123456789/8018 doi: 10.1590/S1020-49892005001000002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fulu, E., Miedema, S., Roselli, T., McCook, S., Chan, K., Haardorfer, R., & Jewkes, R. (2017). Pathways between childhood trauma, intimate partner violence, and harsh parenting: Findings from the UN multi-country study on men and violence in Asia and the Pacific. The Lancet Global Health, 5(5), e512–e522. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30103-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbons, J. L., & Luna, S. E. (2015). For men life is hard, for women life is harder: Gender roles in Central America. In S. Safdar, & N. Kosakowska-Berezecka (Eds.), Psychology of gender through the lens of culture: Theories and applications (pp. 307–325). Switzerland: Springer International Press.
   Google Scholar
• Giovagnoli, P., & Vezza, P. (2009). Early childbearing and educational outcomes: A quantitative assessment. Washington, DC: IADB.
   Google Scholar
• Gomes, R. (1994). Prostituição infantil: Uma questão de saúde pública [Child prostitution: A public health issue]. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 10(1), 58–66. doi: 10.1590/S0102-311X1994000100007
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guijarro, S., Naranjo, J., Padilla, M., Gutiérrez, R., Lammers, C., & Blum, R. (1999). Family risk factors associated with adolescent pregnancy: Study of group of adolescent girls and their families in Ecuador. Journal of Adolescent Health, 25(2), 166–172. doi: 10.1016/S1054-139X(99)00020-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guimarães, J. A. T. L., & Villela, W. V. (2011). Characteristics of physical and sexual violence against children and adolescents examined at the Forensic Medicine Institute in Maceió, Alagoas state, Brazil. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 27, 1647–1653. doi: 10.1590/S0102-311X2011000800019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guzman, J., Hakker, R., Contreras, J., & Falconier de Moyano, M. (2001). Diagnóstico sobre salud sexual y reproductivo de adolescentes en américa Latina y el Caribe. New York, NY: UNFPA.
   Google Scholar
• Hawkins, K., Price, N., & Mussá, F. (2009). Milking the cow: Young women’s construction of identity and risk in age-disparate transactional sexual relationships in Maputo, Mozambique. Global Public Health, 4(2), 169–182. doi: 10.1080/17441690701589813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazeu, M., & Van Kranen, F. (2014). Sexual exploitation of children in Brazil: Putting a spot on the problem. An investigation on the scope and magnitude of a social problem still in the dark. Amsterdam: ECPAT. Terre des Hommes, Free a Girl, Plan Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPEA). (2018). Atlas de Vulnerabilidade Social. Retrieved from http://ivs.ipea.gov.br/index.php/pt/
   Google Scholar
• Kruger, D., Berhelon, M., & Navia, R. (2009). Adolescent motherhood and secondary schooling in Chile (IZA Discussion Paper No. 4552). Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
   Google Scholar
• Leclerc-Madlala, S. (2008a). Age-disparate and intergenerational sex in Southern Africa: The dynamics of hyper-vulnerability. AIDS, 22, S17–S25. doi: 10.1097/01.aids.0000341774.86500.53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leclerc-Madlala, S. (2008b, June). Intergenerational/age-disparate sex. Technical meeting on young women in HIV hyper-endemic countries of Southern Africa, Muldersdrift. Retrieved from http://www.hsrc.ac.za/en/research-outputs/ktree-doc/3025
   Google Scholar
• Libório, R. M. C. (2005). Adolescentes em situação de prostituição: Uma análise sobre a exploração sexual comercial na sociedade contemporânea [Adolescents in prostitution: An analysis of commercial sexual exploitation in contemporary society]. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 18(3), 413–420. doi: 10.1590/S0102-79722005000300016
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd, C., & Mensch, B. (2008). Marriage and childbirth as factors in dropping out from school: An analysis of DHS data from sub-Saharan Africa. Population Studies, 62(1), 1–13. doi: 10.1080/00324720701810840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzi, M. (1987). Prostituição infantil no Brasil e outras infâmias [Child prostitution in Brazil and other infamies]. Tché: Porto Alegre.
   Google Scholar
• Luke, N. (2003). Age and economic asymmetries in the sexual relationships of adolescent girls in sub-Saharan Africa. Studies in Family Planning, 34(2), 67–86. doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4465.2003.00067.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackie, G., Moneti, F., Denny, E., & Shakya, H. (2015). What are social norms? How are they measured? San Diego: University of California at UNICEF Press.
   Google Scholar
• Meade, C., Kershaw, T., & Ickovics, J. (2008). The intergenerational cycle of teenage motherhood: An ecological approach. Health Psychology, 27(4), 419–429. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.27.4.419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nydegger, L. A., DiFranceisco, W., Quinn, K., & Dickson-Gomez, J. (2017). Gender norms and age-disparate sexual relationships as predictors of intimate partner violence, sexual violence, and risky sex among adolescent gang members. Journal of Urban Health, 94(2), 266–275. doi: 10.1007/s11524-016-0068-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paluck, E., & Ball, L. (2010). Social norms marketing aimed at gender-based violence: A literature review. International Rescue Committee. Retrieved from https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5186d08fe4b065e39b45b91e/t/52d1f24ce4b07fea759e4446/1389490764065/Paluck+Ball+IRC+Social+Norms+Marketing+Long.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Pantelides, E. (2004). Aspectos sociales del embarazo y la fecundidad adolescente en américa Latina [Social aspects of pregnancy and adolescent fertility in Latin America]. Notas de Población, 31(78), 7–34. Retrieved from https://repositorio.cepal.org/handle/11362/12759
   Google Scholar
• Peña, R., Liljestrand, J., Zelaya, E., & Persson, L. A. (1999). Fertility and infant mortality trends in Nicaragua 1964-1993. The role of women's education. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 53(3), 132–137. doi: 10.1136/jech.53.3.132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porras, J. (2003). Transferencias intergeneracionales de la pobreza: Maternidad adolescente, ¿determinante o resultado? Una aproximación en Lima metropolitana [Intergenerational transfers of poverty: Adolescent motherhood, determinant or outcome? An approach in metropolitan Lima]. In E. Vásquez (Ed.), Buscando el bienestar de los pobres: ¿cuán lejos estamos? [Looking for the welfare of the poor: How far are we?] (pp. 209–256). Lima: Fondo Editorial, Universidad del Pacífico.
   Google Scholar
• Potgieter, C., Strebel, A., Shefer, T., & Wagner, C. (2012). Taxi ‘sugar daddies’ and taxi queens: Male taxi driver attitudes regarding transactional relationships in the Western Cape, South Africa. Sahara-J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS, 9(4), 192–199. doi: 10.1080/17290376.2012.745286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulerwitz, J., & Barker, G. (2008). Measuring attitudes toward gender norms among young men in Brazil. Men and Masculinities, 10(3), 322–338. doi: 10.1177/1097184X06298778
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rights4Girls. (n.d.). No such thing campaign media recommendations. Retrieved from http://rights4girls.org/wp-content/uploads/r4g/2016/09/NST-One-Pager-Media-Recs.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Rios-Neto, E., & Miranda-Ribeiro, P. (2009). Intra- and intergenerational consequences of teenage childbearing in two Brazilian cities: Exploring the role of age at Menache and Sexual Debut. Proceedings of the XXVI IUSSP International Population Conference. Marrakech: International Union for the Scientific Study Population.
   Google Scholar
• Segundo, M., Araújo, D., Nascimento, M., & Moura, T. (2012). Men, women and the commercial sexual exploitation of children and adolescents (CSECA) in four Brazilian cities: Results from a qualitative and quantitative study. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Promundo/ Oak Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Sousa, S. M. G. (2001). Prostituição infantil e juvenil: uma análise psicossocial do discurso de depoentes da CPI [Child and juvenile prostitution: A psychosocial analysis of the testimony of the Parliamentary Committee of Inquiry] (Doctoral dissertation). São Paulo: PUC-SP. Retrieved from https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/17392#preview-link0
   Google Scholar
• Sousa, S. M. G. (2002). Pesquisas e estudos brasileiros sobre prostituição infantil e juvenil. Psicologia em Revista, 8(11), 11-31. Retrieved from http://periodicos.pucminas.br/index.php/psicologiaemrevista/article/view/135
   Google Scholar
• Stoebenau, K., Heise, L., Wamoyi, J., & Bobrova, N. (2016). Re-visiting the understanding of ‘transactional sex’ in sub-Saharan Africa: A review and synthesis of the literature. Social Science and Medicine, 168, 186–197. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.09.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, A. Y., Lauro, G., Segundo, M., & Greene, M. E. (2015). ‘She goes with me in my boat.’ Child and adolescent marriage in Brazil. Results from mixed-methods research. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Promundo and Promundo-US.
   Google Scholar
• United Kingdom Department for Education. (2017). Child sexual exploitation: Definition and a guide for practitioners, local leaders and decision makers working to protect children from child sexual exploitation. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/591903/CSE_Guidance_Core_Document_13.02.2017.pdf
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2008). Background note: Sexual exploitation of children. Proceedings of 3rd World Congress Against Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents. New York, NY: UNICEF.
   Google Scholar
• Wamoyi, J., Fenwick, A., Urassa, M., Zaba, B., & Stones, W. (2011). ‘Women’s bodies are shops’: Beliefs about transactional sex and implications for understanding gender power and HIV prevention in Tanzania. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(1), 5–15. doi: 10.1007/s10508-010-9646-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wodon, Q., Male, C., Nayihouba, A., Onagoruwa, A., Savadogo, A., Yedan, A., & Petroni, S. (2017). Economic impacts of child marriage: Global synthesis report. Washington, DC: World Bank. Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/530891498511398503/pdf/116829-WP-P151842-PUBLIC-EICM-Global-Conference-Edition-June-27.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Zembe, Y., Townsend, L., Thorson, A., Silberschmidt, M., & Ekstrom, A. (2015). Intimate partner violence, relationship power inequity and the role of sexual and social risk factors in the production of violence among young women who have multiple sexual partners in a peri-urban setting in South Africa. PLoS One, 10(11), e0139430. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar