‘Even peacekeepers expect something in return’: A qualitative analysis of sexual interactions between UN peacekeepers and female Haitians

References

• Alexandra, K. (2011). Peacekeepers’ privilege and sexual abuse in post-conflict populations. Peace Review: A Journal for Social Justice, 23(3), 369–376. doi: 10.1080/10402659.2011.596078
   Google Scholar
• Allais, C. (2011). Sexual exploitation and abuse by UN peacekeepers: The psychological context of behaviour change. Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies, 39(1), 1–15. doi: 10.5787/39-1-99
   Google Scholar
• Aspers, P. (2009). Empirical phenomenology: A qualitative research approach. Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology, 9(2), 1–12. doi: 10.1080/20797222.2009.11433992
   Google Scholar
• Baranyi, S. (2011). Canada and the travail of partnership in Haiti. In J. Heine & A. Thompson (Eds.), Fixing Haiti: MINUSTAH and beyond (pp. 205–228). New York, NY: United Nations University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bartels, S., Collier, A., Davison, C., Kelly, J., Parmar, P., Scott, J., & Vahedi, L. (2018). SenseMaker® as a monitoring and evaluation tool for gender-based violence programs and services in lebanon: Lessons learned about feasibility and added value. Kingston. Retrieved from https://www.abaadmena.org/documents/ebook.1548079955.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Diehl, P. F. (2008). Peace operations (War and conflict in the modern world) (1st ed.). Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Donalek, J. (2004). Phenomenology as a qualitative research method. Urologic Nursing, 24(6), 516–518. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006507.pub2.www.cochranelibrary.com
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dupuy, A. (2014). Haiti: From revolutionary slaves to powerless citizens: Essays on the politics and economics of underdevelopment. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• England, K. (1994). Getting personal: Reflexivity, positionality, and feminist research. Professional Geographer, 46(1), 80–89. doi: 10.1111/j.0033-0124.1994.00080.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esbensen, B. A., Swane, C. E., Hallberg, I. R., & Thome, B. (2008). Being given a cancer diagnosis in old age: A phenomenological study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45(3), 393–405. doi: 10.1016/J.IJNURSTU.2006.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fawzi, M. C., Lambert, W., Singler, J. M., Tanagho, Y., Léandre, F., Nevil, P., … Farmer, P. E. (2005). Factors associated with forced sex among women accessing health services in rural Haiti: Implications for the prevention of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases. Social Science and Medicine, 60(4), 679–689. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.06.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girl Hub. (2014). Using Sensemaker® to understand girls’ lives: Lessons learnt. Retrieved from http://old.cognitive-edge.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/GH-SenseMaker-brief.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Higate, P. (2007). Peacekeepers, masculinities, and sexual exploitation. Men and Masculinities, 10(1), 99–119. doi: 10.1177/1097184X06291896
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higate, P., & Henry, M. (2004). Engendering (in)security in peace support operations. Security Dialogue, 35(4), 461–478. doi:10.4324/9781315086859 doi: 10.1177/0967010604049529
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institut Haïtien de l’Enfance. (2018). Haïti: Enquête Mortalité, Morbidité et Utilisation des Services (EMMUS-VI) 2016–2017. Pétion-Ville. Retrieved from https://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR326/FR326.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Jennings, K. M. (2014). Service, sex, and security: Gendered peacekeeping economies in Liberia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Security Dialogue, 45(4), 313–330. doi: 10.1177/0967010614537330
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennings, K. M., & Bøås, M. (2015). Transactions and interactions: Everyday life in the peacekeeping economy. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 9(3), 281–295. doi: 10.1080/17502977.2015.1070022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennings, K., & Nikolić-Ristanović, V. (2009). UN Peacekeeping economies and local sex industries: Connections and implications. MICROCON Research Working Paper 17. Brighton. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1488842
   Google Scholar
• Kanetake, M. (2010). Whose zero tolerance counts? Reassessing a zero tolerance policy against sexual exploitation and abuse by UN peacekeepers. International Peacekeeping, 17(2), 200–214. doi: 10.1080/13533311003625092
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kent, V. L. (2005). Peacekeepers as perpetrators of abuse: Examining the UN’s plans to eliminate and address cases of sexual exploitation and abuse in peacekeeping operations. African Security Review, 12(2), 85–92. doi: 10.1080/10246029.2005.9627358
   Google Scholar
• KOFAVIV. (2008). KOFAVIV: Commission of women victims for victims. Retrieved from https://www.ijdh.org/2006/03/archive/kofaviv-commission-of-women-victims-for-victims/
   Google Scholar
• Kolbe, A. R. (2015). ‘It’s not a gift when it comes with a price’: A qualitative study of transactional sex between UN peacekeepers and Haitian citizens. Stability: International Journal of Security & Development, 4(1), 1–26. doi: 10.5334/sta.gf
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauterbach, A. A. (2018). Hermeneutic phenomenological interviewing: Going beyond semi-structured formats to help participants revisit experience. The Qualitative Report, 23(11), 2883–2898. Retrieved from https://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol23/iss11/16
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S., & Bartels, S. (2019). ‘They put a few coins in your hand to drop a baby in you’: A study of peacekeeper-fathered children in Haiti. International Peacekeeping, doi: 10.1080/13533312.2019.1698297
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundahl, M. (2011). Poverty in Haiti: Essays on underdevelopment and post disaster prospects. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillian.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, S. (2005). Must boys be boys: Ending sexual exploitation and abuse in UN peacekeeping missions. Washington, DC: Refugees International. Retrieved from http://www.pseataskforce.org/uploads/tools/mustboysbeboysendingseainunpeacekeepingmissions_refugeesinternational_english.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Meger, S. (2016). The fetishization of sexual violence in international security. International Studies Quarterly, 60(1), 149–159. doi: 10.1093/isq/sqw003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, C. (2010). Peacekeeping and the sexual exploitation of women and girls in post-conflict societies: A serious enigma to establishing the rule of law. Journal of International Peacekeeping, 14(1–2), 184–212. doi: 10.1163/187541110X12592205205775
   Google Scholar
• Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenology and human science inquiry. Phenomenological Research Methods, 43–68. doi:10.4135/9781412995658.d3 doi: 10.4135/9781412995658.d5
   Google Scholar
• Otto, D. (2007). Making sense of zero tolerance policies in peacekeeping sexual economies. In V. Munro & C. F. Stychin (Eds.), Sexuality and the law: Feminist engagements (pp. 259–282). London: GlassHouse Press. doi: 10.4324/9780203945094
   Google Scholar
• Rehn, E., & Sirleaf, E. (2002). Women, war and peace: The independent experts’ assessment on the impact of armed conflict on women and women’s role in peace-building. New York, NY: United Nations Development Fund for Women.
   Google Scholar
• Jose, J. (2018). The impact of organized crime on peacekeeping operations: The case of MINUSTAH in Haiti. Retrieved from https://www.frstrategie.org/en/publications/notes/impact-of-organized-crime-peacekeeping-operations-case-minustah-haiti-2018
   Google Scholar
• Simić, O. (2009). Rethinking ‘sexual exploitation’ in UN peacekeeping operations. Women’s Studies International Forum, 32(4), 288–295. doi: 10.1016/j.wsif.2009.05.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simić, O. (2012). Regulation of sexual conduct in UN peacekeeping operations. New York, NY: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-28484-7
   Google Scholar
• Simić, O., & O’Brien, M. (2014). ‘Peacekeeper babies’: An unintended legacy of United Nations peace support operations. International Peacekeeping, 21(3), 345–363. doi: 10.1080/13533312.2014.938581
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simm, G. (2013). Sex in peace operations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stoebenau, K., Heise, L., Wamoyi, J., & Bobrova, N. (2016). Revisiting the understanding of ‘transactional sex’ in sub-Saharan Africa: A review and synthesis of the literature. Social Science and Medicine, 168, 186–197. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.09.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The World Bank. (2019). The World Bank in Haiti: Haiti overview. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/haiti/overview
   Google Scholar
• Tracy, S. J. (2010). Qualitative quality: Eight a ‘big-tent’ criteria for excellent qualitative research. Qualitative Inquiry, 16(10), 837–851. doi: 10.1177/1077800410383121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Secretariat. (2003). Special measures for protection from sexual exploitation and sexual abuse. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=ST/SGB/2003/13
   Google Scholar