References
- Allotey, P., Davey, T., & Reidpath, D. D. (2014). NCDs in low and middle-income countries-assessing the capacity of health systems to respond to population needs. BMC Public Health, 14(2), S1. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-S2-S1
- Andresen, E. M., Malmstrom, T. K., Miller, D. K., Miller, J. P., & Wolinsky, F. D. (2005). Retest reliability of self-reported function, self-care, and disease history. Medical Care, 43(1), 93–97.
- Arokiasamy, P., Uttamacharya, U., Jain, K., Biritwum, R. B., Yawson, A. E., Wu, F., Guo, Y., Maximova, T., Espinoza, B. M., & Rodríguez, A. S. (2015). The impact of multimorbidity on adult physical and mental health in low-and middle-income countries: What does the study on global ageing and adult health (SAGE) reveal? BMC Medicine, 13(1), 178. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-015-0402-8
- Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., Nuevo, R., Verdes, E., Naidoo, N., & Chatterji, S. (2010). From depressive symptoms to depressive disorders: The relevance of thresholds. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 196(5), 365–371. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.071191
- Basu, S., & King, A. C. (2013). Disability and chronic disease among older adults in India: Detecting vulnerable populations through the WHO SAGE study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 178(11), 1620–1628. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwt191
- Cheung, N., & Wong, T. Y. (2007). Obesity and eye diseases. Survey of Ophthalmology, 52(2), 180–195. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2006.12.003
- Christen, W. G., Glynn, R. J., Manson, J. E., Ajani, U. A., & Buring, J. E. (1996). A prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of age-related macular degeneration in men. Jama, 276(14), 1147–1151. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1996.03540140035023
- Christen, W. G., Liu, S., Schaumberg, D. A., & Buring, J. E. (2005). Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cataract in women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 81(6), 1417–1422. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/81.6.1417
- Cumming, R. G., & Mitchell, P. (1997). Alcohol, smoking, and cataracts: The Blue Mountains eye study. Archives of Ophthalmology, 115(10), 1296–1303. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1997.01100160466015
- DeBlack, S. S. (2003). Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for cataract and age-related macular degeneration: A review of the literature. Optometry (St. Louis, Mo.), 74(2), 99–110.
- Galor, A., & Lee, D. J. (2011). Effects of smoking on ocular health. Current Opinion in Ophthalmology, 22(6), 477–482. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/ICU.0b013e32834bbe7a
- Graw, J., Welzl, G., Ahmad, N., Klopp, N., Heier, M., Wulff, A., Heinrich, J., Döring, A., Karrasch, S., & Nowak, D. (2011). The KORA Eye study: A population-based study on eye diseases in southern Germany (KORA F4). Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 52(10), 7778–7786. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.10-7113
- Gupta, S. K., Murthy, G. V., Morrison, N., Price, G. M., Dherani, M., John, N., Fletcher, A. E., & Chakravarthy, U. (2007). Prevalence of early and late age-related macular degeneration in a rural population in northern India: The INDEYE feasibility study. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 48(3), 1007–1011. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.06-0712
- Hennis, A., Wu, S.-Y., Nemesure, B., & Leske, M. C. (2004). Risk factors for incident cortical and posterior subcapsular lens opacitiesin the Barbados eye studies. Archives of Ophthalmology, 122(4), 525–530. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.122.4.525
- Hosseinpoor, A. R., Bergen, N., Mendis, S., Harper, S., Verdes, E., Kunst, A., & Chatterji, S. (2012). Socioeconomic inequality in the prevalence of noncommunicable diseases in low-and middle-income countries: Results from the World health survey. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 474. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-474
- Jacques, P. F., Moeller, S. M., Hankinson, S. E., Chylack Jr, L. T., Rogers, G., Tung, W., Wolfe, J. K., Willett, W. C., & Taylor, A. (2003). Weight status, abdominal adiposity, diabetes, and early age-related lens opacities. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 78(3), 400–405. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/78.3.400
- Kessler, R. C., & Üstün, T. B. (2004). The world mental health (WMH) survey initiative version of the world health organization (WHO) composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 13(2), 93–121. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.168
- Klein, B. E., Klein, R., Lee, K. E., & Meuer, S. M. (2003). Socioeconomic and lifestyle factors and the 10-year incidence of age-related cataracts. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 136(3), 506–512. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9394(03)00290-3
- Kowal, P., Chatterji, S., Naidoo, N., Biritwum, R., Fan, W., Lopez Ridaura, R., Maximova, T., Arokiasamy, P., Phaswana-Mafuya, N., & Williams, S. (2012). Data resource profile: The World health Organization study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE). International Journal of Epidemiology, 41(6), 1639–1649. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dys210
- Laitinen, A., Laatikainen, L., Härkänen, T., Koskinen, S., Reunanen, A., & Aromaa, A. (2010). Prevalence of major eye diseases and causes of visual impairment in the adult Finnish population: A nationwide population-based survey. Acta Ophthalmologica, 88(4), 463–471. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01566.x
- Landers, J., Henderson, T., & Craig, J. (2010). Prevalence and associations of cataract in indigenous Australians within central Australia: The Central Australian ocular health study. Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology, 38(4), 387–392. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9071.2010.02257.x
- Levesque, J.-F., Mukherjee, S., Grimard, D., Boivin, A., & Mishra, S. (2013). Measuring the prevalence of chronic diseases using population surveys by pooling self-reported symptoms, diagnosis and treatments: Results from the World health survey of 2003 for South Asia. International Journal of Public Health, 58(3), 435–447. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-013-0446-5
- Lindblad, B. E., H\a akansson, N., Philipson, B., & Wolk, A. (2007). Alcohol consumption and risk of cataract extraction: A prospective cohort study of women. Ophthalmology, 114(4), 680–685. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.07.046
- Mares, J. A., Voland, R., Adler, R., Tinker, L., Millen, A. E., Moeller, S. M., Blodi, B., Gehrs, K. M., Wallace, R. B., & Chappell, R. J. (2010). Healthy diets and the subsequent prevalence of nuclear cataract in women. Archives of Ophthalmology, 128(6), 738–749. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/archophthalmol.2010.84
- Mariotti, S. (2012). Global data on visual impairment 2010 (pp. 1–14). WHO. http://www.who.int/blindness/publications/globaldata/en/o.
- Morris, M. S., Jacques, P. F., Hankinson, S. E., Chylack, L. T., Willett, W. C., & Taylor, A. (2004). Moderate alcoholic beverage intake and early nuclear and cortical lens opacities. Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 11(1), 53–65. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1076/opep.11.1.53.26439
- Mukesh, B. N., Le, A., Dimitrov, P. N., Ahmed, S., Taylor, H. R., & McCarty, C. A. (2006). Development of cataract and associated risk factors: The visual impairment Project. Archives of Ophthalmology, 124(1), 79–85. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.124.1.79
- Naidoo, N. (2012). WHO Study on global AGEING and adult health (SAGE) Waves 0 and 1—Sampling information for China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia, and South Africa (SAGE Working Papers No. 5; pp. 1–9). WHO. https://www.who.int/healthinfo/sage/SAGEWorkingPaper5_Wave1Sampling.pdf?ua=1.
- Nirmalan, P. K., Robin, A. L., Katz, J., Tielsch, J. M., Thulasiraj, R. D., Krishnadas, R., & Ramakrishnan, R. (2004). Risk factors for age related cataract in a rural population of southern India: The Aravind Comprehensive Eye study. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 88(8), 989–994. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2003.038380
- Oyebode, O., Pape, U. J., Laverty, A. A., Lee, J. T., Bhan, N., & Millett, C. (2015). Rural, urban and migrant differences in non-communicable disease risk-factors in middle income countries: A cross-sectional study of WHO-SAGE data. PloS One, 10(4), 1-14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122747
- Parati, G., Stergiou, G. S., Asmar, R., Bilo, G., De Leeuw, P., Imai, Y., Kario, K., Lurbe, E., Manolis, A., & Mengden, T. (2008). European Society of hypertension guidelines for blood pressure monitoring at home: A summary report of the second International Consensus Conference on Home blood pressure Monitoring. Journal of Hypertension, 26(8), 1505–1526. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e328308da66
- Pickering, T. G., Hall, J. E., Appel, L. J., Falkner, B. E., Graves, J., Hill, M. N., Jones, D. W., Kurtz, T., Sheps, S. G., & Roccella, E. J. (2005). Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: Part 1: Blood pressure measurement in humans: A statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of professional and public education of the American Heart association council on high blood pressure research. Hypertension, 45(1), 142–161. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000150859.47929.8e
- Pickering, T. G., Miller, N. H., Ogedegbe, G., Krakoff, L. R., Artinian, N. T., & Goff, D. (2008). Call to action on use and reimbursement for home blood pressure monitoring: A joint scientific statement from the American Heart association, American Society of hypertension, and preventive Cardiovascular Nurses association. Hypertension, 52(1), 10–29. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.189010
- Resnikoff, S., Pascolini, D., Etya’ale, D., Kocur, I., Pararajasegaram, R., Pokharel, G. P., & Mariotti, S. P. (2004). Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 82(11), 844–851. 1100009
- Seddon, J. M., Willett, W. C., Speizer, F. E., & Hankinson, S. E. (1996). A prospective study of cigarette smoking and age-related macular degeneration in women. Jama, 276(14), 1141–1146. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1996.03540140029022
- Singh, S., Pardhan, S., Kulothungan, V., Swaminathan, G., Ravichandran, J. S., Ganesan, S., Sharma, T., & Raman, R. (2019). The prevalence and risk factors for cataract in rural and urban India. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, 67(4), 477. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_1478_18
- Sobti, S., & Sahni, B. (2013). Cataract among adults aged 40 years and above in a rural area of Jammu district in India: Prevalence and risk-factors. International Journal of Healthcare & Biomedical Research, 1(4), 284–296.
- Thornton, J., Edwards, R., Mitchell, P., Harrison, R. A., Buchan, I., & Kelly, S. P. (2005). Smoking and age-related macular degeneration: A review of association. Eye, 19(9), 935–944. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.eye.6701978
- Vashist, P., Talwar, B., Gogoi, M., Maraini, G., Camparini, M., Ravindran, R. D., Murthy, G. V., Fitzpatrick, K. E., John, N., & Chakravarthy, U. (2011). Prevalence of cataract in an older population in India: The India study of age-related eye disease. Ophthalmology, 118(2), 272–278. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.05.020
- Vellakkal, S., Millett, C., Basu, S., Khan, Z., Aitsi-Selmi, A., Stuckler, D., & Ebrahim, S. (2015). Are estimates of socioeconomic inequalities in chronic disease artefactually narrowed by self-reported measures of prevalence in low-income and middle-income countries? Findings from the WHO-SAGE survey. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 69(3), 218–225. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2014-204621
- Vellakkal, S., Subramanian, S. V., Millett, C., Basu, S., Stuckler, D., & Ebrahim, S. (2013). Socioeconomic inequalities in Non-communicable diseases prevalence in India: Disparities between self-reported diagnoses and standardized measures. PloS One, 8(7), 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068219
- WHO. (2000). Technical Report Series No 894. Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation. World Health Organization, Geneva.
- WHO. (2006). WHO SAGE Survey Manual: The WHO Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE). Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
- WHO. (n.d.). Priority eye diseases [Blindness and vision impairment prevention]. WHO. Retrieved 4 April 2020, from http://www.who.int/blindness/causes/priority/en/.
- WHO, & International Society of Hypertension Writing Group. (2003). World health Organization/international Society of hypertension statement on management of hypertension. Journal of Hypertension, 21(11), 1983–1992. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/00004872-200311000-00002
- Wu, R., Wang, J. J., Mitchell, P., Lamoureux, E. L., Zheng, Y., Rochtchina, E., Tan, A. G., & Wong, T. Y. (2010). Smoking, socioeconomic factors, and age-related cataract: The Singapore Malay Eye study. Archives of Ophthalmology, 128(8), 1029–1035. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/archophthalmol.2010.147
- Yawson, A. E., Ackuaku-Dogbe, E. M., Seneadza, N. A. H., Mensah, G., Minicuci, N., Naidoo, N., Chatterji, S., Kowal, P., & Biritwum, R. B. (2014). Self-reported cataracts in older adults in Ghana: Sociodemographic and health related factors. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-949
- Ye, J., He, J., Wang, C., Wu, H., Shi, X., Zhang, H., Xie, J., & Lee, S. Y. (2012). Smoking and risk of age-related cataract: A meta-analysis. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 53(7), 3885–3895. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.12-9820