Antimicrobial overuse in India: A symptom of broader societal issues including resource limitations and financial pressures

References

• Agrawal, V., Shrivastava, T. P., Adusumilli, P. K., Vivekanandan, K., Thota, P., & Bhushan, S. (2019). Pivotal role of pharmacovigilance programme of India in containment of antimicrobial resistance in India. Perspectives in Clinical Research, 10(3), 140–144. https://doi.org/10.4103/picr.PICR_29_18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahmad, M., & Khan, A. U. (2019). Global economic impact of antibiotic resistance: A review. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, 19, 313–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2019.05.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balarajan, Y., Selvaraj, S., & Subramanian, S. V. (2011). Health care and equity in India. The Lancet, 377(9764), 505–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61894-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker, A. K., Brown, K., Ahsan, M., Sengupta, S., & Safdar, N. (2017). Social determinants of antibiotic misuse: A qualitative study of community members in Haryana, India. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 333. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4261-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baubie, K., Shaughnessy, C., Kostiuk, L., Varsha Joseph, M., Safdar, N., Singh, S. K., Siraj, D., Sethi, A., & Keating, J. (2019). Evaluating antibiotic stewardship in a tertiary care hospital in Kerala, India: A qualitative interview study. BMJ Open, 9(5), e026193. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broom, J., Broom, A., Adams, K., & Plage, S. (2016b). What prevents the intravenous to oral antibiotic switch? A qualitative study of hospital doctors' accounts of what influences their clinical practice Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 71(8), 2295–2299. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkw129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broom, A., Broom, J., & Kirby, E. (2014). Cultures of resistance? A Bourdieusian analysis of doctors' antibiotic prescribing Social Science & Medicine, 110, 81–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.03.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broom, J., Broom, A., & Kirby, E. (2018). Context-sensitive antibiotic optimization: A qualitative interviews study of a remote Australian hospital setting. Journal of Hospital Infection, 100(3), 265–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2018.06.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broom, J., Broom, A., & Kirby, E. (2019). The drivers of antimicrobial use across institutions, stakeholders and economic settings: A paradigm shift is required for effective optimization. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 74(9), 2803–2809. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broom, A., Broom, J., Kirby, E., & Scambler, G. (2015). The path of least resistance? Jurisdictions, responsibility and professional asymmetries in pharmacists' accounts of antibiotic decisions in hospitals Social Science & Medicine, 146, 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.10.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broom, A., Broom, J., Kirby, E., & Scambler, G. (2016a). Nurses as antibiotic Brokers: Institutionalized Praxis in the hospital. Qualitative Health Research, 27(13), 1924–1935. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732316679953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broom, J., Broom, A., Plage, S., Adams, K., & Post, J. J. (2016c). Barriers to uptake of antimicrobial advice in a UK hospital: A qualitative study. Journal of Hospital Infection, 93(4), 418–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2016.03.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandler, C. R. (2019). Current accounts of antimicrobial resistance: Stabilisation, individualisation and antibiotics as infrastructure. Palgrave Communications, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0263-4
   Google Scholar
• Charani, E., Smith, Ingrid, Skodvin, Brita, Perozziello, Anne, Lucet, Jean-Christophe, Lescure, François-Xavier, Birgand, Gabriel, Poda, Armel, Ahmad, Raheelah, Singh, Sanjeev, Holmes, Alison Helen, & Cartelle Gestal, Monica. (2019). Investigating the cultural and contextual determinants of antimicrobial stewardship programmes across low-, middle- and high-income countries—a qualitative study. PLoS One, 14(1), e0209847. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209847
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daum, L., Fischer, G. W., Sromek, J., Khubbar, M., Hunter, P., Gradus, M. S., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2014). Characterisation of multi-drug resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis from immigrants residing in the USA using Ion Torrent full-gene sequencing. Epidemiology and Infection, 142(6), 1328–1333. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268813002409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixit, A., Kumar, N., Kumar, S., & Trigun, V. (2019). Antimicrobial resistance: Progress in the decade since emergence of New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase in India. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 44(1), 4–8. DoI: 10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_217_18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandra, S., Tseng, K. K, Arora, A., Bhowmik, B., Robinson, M. L., Panigrahi, B., Laxminarayan, R., & Klein, E. Y. (2019). The mortality burden of multidrug-resistant pathogens in India: A retrospective, observational study. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 69(4), 563–570. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy955
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goossens, H. (2013). The Chennai declaration on antimicrobial resistance in India. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 13(2), 105–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70346-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haenssgen, M., Charoenboon, N., Zanello, G., Mayxay, M., Reed-Tsochas, F., Lubell, Y., Wertheim, H., Lienert, J., Xayavong, T., Khine Zaw, Y., Thepkhamkong, A., Sithongdeng, N., Khamsoukthavong, N., Phanthavong, C., Boualaiseng, S., Vongsavang, S., Wibunjak, K., Chai-in, P., Thavethanutthanawin, P., … Ariana, P. (2019). Antibiotic knowledge, attitudes and practices: New insights from cross-sectional rural health behaviour surveys in low-income and middle-income South-East Asia. BMJ Open, 9(8), e028224. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joelving, F. (2018). India's antibiotic combinations thwart efforts to curb drug resistance, say researchers. BMJ, 360, k560. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotwani, A., Wattal, C., Joshi, P., & Holloway, K. (2016). Knowledge and perceptions on antibiotic use and resistance among high school students and teachers in New Delhi, India: A qualitative study. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 48(4), 365–371. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.186208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maltezou, H. C., Theodoridou, M., & Daikos, G. L. (2017). Antimicrobial resistance and the current refugee crisis. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, 10, 75–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2017.03.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mave, V., Chandanwale, A., Kagal, A., Khadse, S., Kadam, D., Bharadwaj, R., Dohe, V., Robinson, M. L., Kinikar, A., Joshi, S., Raichur, P., McIntire, K., Kanade, S., Sachs, J., Valvi, C., Balasubramanian, U., Kulkarni, V., Milstone, A. M., Marbaniang, I., … Gupta, A. (2017). High burden of antimicrobial resistance and mortality among adults and children with community-onset bacterial infections in India. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 215(8), 1312–1320. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jix114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabarro, L. E. B., Shankar, C., Pragasam, A. K., Mathew, G., Jeyaseelan, V., Veeraraghavan, B., & Verghese, V. P. (2017). Clinical and bacterial risk factors for mortality in children with carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae bloodstream infections in India. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 36(6), e161–e1e6. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000001499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope, C., Ziebland, S., & Mays, N. (2000). Qualitative research in health care: Analysing qualitative data. BMJ, 320(7227), 114–116. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7227.114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, S., Charani, E., Wattal, C., Arora, A., Jenkins, A., & Nathwani, D. (2019). The state of education and training for antimicrobial stewardship programs in Indian hospitals. Antibiotics (Basel), 8(1): 11. DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8010011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srinivasan, M., Sindhu, K., John, J., & Kang, G. (2019). Opportunities for typhoid vaccination in India. Indian Pediatrics, 56(6), 453–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13312-019-1566-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stalsby Lundborg, C., Diwan, V., Pathak, A., Purohit, M. R., Shah, H., Sharma, M., Mahadik, V. K., Tamhankar, A. J. (2015). Protocol: A ‘one health’ two year follow-up, mixed methods study on antibiotic resistance, focusing children under 5 and their environment in rural India. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1321. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2632-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewardson, A. J., Marimuthu, K., Sengupta, S., Allignol, A., El-Bouseary, M., Carvalho, M. J., Hassan, B., Delgado-Ramirez, M. A., Arora, A., Bagga, R., Owusu-Ofori, A. K., Ovosi, J. O., Aliyu, S., Saad, H., Kanj, S. S., Khanal, B., Bhattarai, B., Saha, S. K., Uddin, J., … Harbarth, S. (2019). Effect of carbapenem resistance on outcomes of bloodstream infection caused by enterobacteriaceae in low-income and middle-income countries (PANORAMA): a multinational prospective cohort study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 19(6), 601–610. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30792-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taneja, N., & Sharma, M. (2019). Antimicrobial resistance in the environment: The Indian scenario. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 149(2), 119–128. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_331_18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travasso, C. (2016). India draws a red line under antibiotic misuse. BMJ, 352, i1202. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i1202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Boeckel, T. P., Gandra, S., Ashok, A., Caudron, Q., Grenfell, B. T., Levin, S. A., & Laxminarayan, R. (2014). Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: An analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 14(8), 742–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70780-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar