‘So hurt and broken’: A qualitative study of experiences of violence and HIV outcomes among Zambian youth living with HIV

References

• Abramsky, T., Devries, K., Kiss, L., Nakuti, J., Kyegombe, N., Starmann, E., … Watts, C. (2014). Findings from the SASA! study: A cluster randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of a community mobilization intervention to prevent violence against women and reduce HIV risk in Kampala, Uganda. BMC Medicine, 12(1), 122. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-014-0122-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. A., Campbell, J., Glass, N., Decker, M., Perrin, N., & Farley, J. (2018). Impact of intimate partner violence on clinic attendance, viral suppression and CD4 cell count of women living with HIV in an urban clinic setting. AIDS Care, 30(4), 399–408. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2018.1428725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anti-Gender-Based Violence Act. (2011). https://www.zambialii.org/zm/legislation/act/2011/1/Anti-Gender-Based_Violence_Act%5B1%5D.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ashaba, S., Cooper-Vince, C., Maling, S., Krukundo, G., Akena, D., & Tsai, A. (2018). Internalized HIV stigma, bullying, major depressive disorder, and high-risk suicidality among HIV-positive adolescents in rural Uganda. Global Mental Health, 5(e22). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2018.15
   Google Scholar
• Auld, A. F., Agolory, S. G., Shiraishi, R. W., Wabwire-Mangen, F., Kwesigabo, G., Mulenga, M., Hachizovu, S., Asadu, E., Tuho, M. Z., Ettiegne-Traore, V., Mbofana, F., Okello, V., Azih, C., Denison, J. A., Tsui, S., Koole, O., Kamiru, H., Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha, H., Alfredo, C., … Ellerbrock, T. V. (2014). Antiretroviral therapy enrollment characteristics and outcomes Among HIV-infected adolescents and young adults compared with older adults — seven African countries, 2004–2013. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 63(47), 1097–1118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beres, L. K., Merrill, K. G., McGready, J., Denison, J. A., Schwartz, S., Sikazwe, I., & Decker, M. R. (2020). Intimate partner violence polyvictimisation and HIV among coupled women in Zambia: Analysis of a population-based survey. Global Public Health, 15(4), 558–570. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2019.1686532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhana, A., Mellens, C., Petersen, I., Alicea, S., Myeza, N., Holst, H., & McKay, M. (2014). The VUKA family program: Piloting a family-based psychosocial intervention to promote health and mental health among HIV infected early adolescents in South Africa. AIDS Care, 26(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2013.806770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond, V., Chilikwela, L., Clay, S., Kafuma, T., Nyblade, L., & Bettega, N. (2003). Kanayaka “The light is on”: Understanding HIV and AIDS related Stigma in Urban and Rural Zambia. Lusaka, Zambia.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Casale, M., Boyes, M., Pantelic, M., Toska, E., & Cluver, L. (2019). Suicidal thoughts and behaviour among South African adolescents living with HIV: Can social support buffer the impact of stigma? Journal of Affective Disorders, 245, 82–90. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.10.102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clinicaltrials.gov. (2019, October). Project YES! Youth Engaging for Success (Project YES!), ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04115813. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04115813
   Google Scholar
• Cluver, L., Meinck, F., Toska, E., Orkin, F., Hodes, R., & Sherr, L. (2018). Multitype violence exposure and adolescent antiretroviral nonadherence in South Africa. Aids (London, England), 32(8), 975–983. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conroy, A., Leddy, A., Johnson, M., Ngubane, T., Van Rooyen, H., & Darbes, L. (2017). ‘I told her this is your life': Relationship dynamics, partner support and adherence to antiretroviral therapy among South African couples. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 19(11), 1239–1253. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2017.1309460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denison, J., Banda, H., Dennis, A., Packer, C., Namakau, N., Stalter, R., & McGCarraher, D. (2015a). “The sky is the limit”: Adhering to antiretroviral therapy and HIV self-management from the perspectives of adolescents living with HIV and their adult caregivers. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 18(19358), 1–6. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.18.1.19358
   Google Scholar
• Denison, J., Burke, V., Miti, S., Nonyane, B., Frimpong, C., Merrill, K., & Mwansa, J. (2020). Project YES! youth engaging for success: A randomized controlled trial assessing the impact of a clinic-based peer mentoring program on viral suppression, adherence and internalized stigma among HIV-positive youth (15-24 years) in Ndola, Zambia. PLos One, 15(4). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232488
   Google Scholar
• Denison, J., Koole, O., Tsui, S., Menten, J., Torpey, K., Praag, E., … Bangsberg, D. (2015b). Incomplete adherence among treatment-experienced adults on antiretroviral therapy in Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia. AIDS, 29(3), 361–371. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000000543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denison, J., Packer, C., Stalter, R., Banda, H., Mercer, S., Nyambe, N., … McCarraher, D. (2018). Factors related to incomplete adherence to antiretroviral therapy among adolescents attending three HIV clinics in the Copperbelt, Zambia. AIDS & Behavior, 22(3), 996–1005. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1944-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devries, K. M., Knight, L., Miriembe, A., Child, J. C., Nakuti, J., Jones, R., … Naker, D. (2015). The good school Toolkit for reducing physical violence from school staff to primary school students: A cluster-randomised controlled trial in Uganda. Lancet Global Health, 3(7), E378–E386. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00060-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dow, D., Turner, E., Shayo, A., Mmbaga, B., Cunningham, C., & O'Donnell, K. (2016). Evaluating mental health difficulties and associated outcomes among HIV-positive adolescents in Tanzania. AIDS Care, 28(7), 825–833. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2016.1139043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espino, S., Fletcher, J., Gonzalez, M., Precht, A., Xavier, J., & Matoff-Stepp, S. (2015). Violence screening and viral load suppression among HIV-positive women of color. AIDS Patient Care & Stds, 29(1), S36–S41. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2014.0275
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• EU. (2019). European Union-Zambia Development Partnership: Factsheet 2018/19. https://eeas.euoropa.eu/sites/eeas/files/factsheet_2019_final.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Goodman, M., Raimer-Goodman, C. C., Grouls, A., Gitari, A., Gitari, S., & Keiser, P. (2017). Testing and testing positive: Childhood adversities and later life HIV status among Kenyan women and their partners. Journal of Public Health, 39(4), 720–729. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdw135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamby, S. (2014). Intimate partner and sexual violence research: Scientific progress, scientific challenges, and gender. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 15(3), 149–158. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838014520723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampanda, K. (2016). Intimate partner violence and HIV-positive women's non-adherence to antiretroviral medication for the purpose of prevention of motherto- child transmission in Lusaka, Zambia. Social Science & Medicine, 153, 123–130. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.02.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatcher, A., Smout, E., Turan, J., Christofides, N., & Stockl, H. (2015). Intimate partner violence and engagement in HIV care and treatment among women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aids (london, England), 29(16), 2183–2194. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000000842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heise, L. (2011). What works to prevent partner violence? An evidence overview. https://www.oecd.org/derec/49872444.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Jewkes, R. (2010). Emotional abuse: A neglected dimension of partner violence. Lancet, 376(9744), 851–852. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61079-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jina, R., Jewkes, R., Hoffman, S. N., Dunkle, K., Nduna, M., & Shai, N. (2012). Adverse mental Health outcomes associated With emotional abuse in young rural South African women: A Cross-sectional study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(5), 862–880. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260511423247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, C., Soler-Hampejsek, E., Mensch, B., & Hewett, P. (2013). Social desirability bias in sexual Behavior reporting: Evidence from an interview mode experiment in rural Malawi. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 39(1), 14–21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1363/3901413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidman, R., & Violari, A. (2018). Dating violence against HIV-infected youth in South Africa: Associations with sexual risk behavior, medication adherence, and mental health. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 77(1), 64–71. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, M., Mazenga, A., Yu, X., Ahmed, S., Paul, M., Kazembe, P., & Abrams, E. (2017). High self-reported non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy amongst adolescents living with HIV in Malawi: Barriers and associated factors. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 20(21427). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.20.1.21437
   Google Scholar
• Kim, M., Mazenga, A., Yu, X., Devandra, A., Nguyen, C., Ahmed, S., & Sharp, C. (2015). Factors assocaited with depression among adolescents living with HIV in Malawi. BMC Psychiatry, 15(264), 2–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0649-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kosia, A., Kakoko, D., Semakafu, A., Nyamhanga, T., & Frumence, G. (2016). Intimate partner violence and challenges facing women living with HIV/AIDS in accessing antiretroviral treatment at Singida Regional Hospital, central Tanzania. Global Health Action, 9(32307). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v9.32307
   Google Scholar
• Li, R., Jaspan, H., O'Brien, V., Rabie, H., Cotton, M., & Nattrass, N. (2010). Positive futures: A qualitative study on the needs of adolescents on antiretroviral therapy in South Africa. AIDS Care, 22(6), 751–758. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120903431363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meinck, F., Cluver, L., Boyes, M., & Loening-Voysey, H. (2016). Physical, emotional and sexual adolescent abuse victimisation in South Africa: Prevalence, incidence, perpetrators and locations. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 70(9), 910–916. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2015-205860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merrill, K., Burke, V., Abrams, E., Mwansa, J., Miti, S., Frimpong, C., & Denison, J. (2019, December 2–7). Implementation of a safety protocol within a randomized controlled trial to support HIV-positive adolescent and young adult victims of violence in Ndola, Zambia. Paper presented at the International Conference on AIDS and STIs in Africa, Kigali, Rwanda.
   Google Scholar
• Merrill, K., Campbell, J., Decker, M., McGready, J., Burke, V., Mwansa, J., … Denison, J. (2020a). Past-year violence victimization is associated with viral load failure among youth living with HIV in Zambia. AIDS & Behavior, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02958-3
   Google Scholar
• Merrill, K., Campbell, J., Decker, M., McGready, J., Burke, V., Mwansa, J., … Denison, J. (2020b). Prevalence of physical and sexual violence and psychological abuse among adolescents and young adults living with HIV in Zambia. PLos One, 15(6), https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235203
   Google Scholar
• Merrill, K., Merrill, J., Hershow, R., Barkley, C., Rakosa, B., DeCelles, J., & Harrison, A. (2018). Linking at-risk South African girls to sexual violence and reproductive health services: A mixed-methods assessment of a soccer-based HIV prevention program and pilot SMS campaign. Evaluation and Program Planning, 70, 12–24. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2018.04.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Midtbo, V., Shirima, V., Skovdal, M., & Daniel, M. (2012). How disclosure and antiretroviral therapy help HIV infected adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa cope with stigma. African Journal of AIDS Research, 11(3), 261–271. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2989/16085906.2012.734987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOH. (2018). Zambia consolidated guidelines for treatment and prevention of HIV infection. http://www.hivst.org/files1/Final-Zambia-Consolidated-Guidelines_2018-Print.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mutwa, P., Van Nuil, J., Asiimwe-Kateera, B., Kestelyn, E., Vyankandondera, J., Pool, R., … Boer, K. (2013). Living situation affects adherence to combination antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected adolescents in Rwanda: A qualitative study. PLos One, 8(4). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060073
   Google Scholar
• The National Health Research Act, 2013. (2013). National Assembly of Zambia. http://www.parliament.gov.zm/sites/default/files/documents/acts/Health%20%20Research%20%20Act%202013.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Pantelic, M., Boyes, M., Cluver, L., & Meinck, F. (2017). HIV, violence, blame and shame: Pathways of risk to internalized HIV stigma among South African adolescents living with HIV. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 20(21771). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.20.1.21771
   Google Scholar
• PHIA. (2016). Zambia population-based HIV impact assessment (ZAMPHIA), 2015-16. Summary sheet: preliminary findings. https://phia.icap.columbia.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/FINAL-ZAMPHIA-First-Report_11.30.17_CK.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Raissi, S., Krentz, H., Siemieniuk, R., & Gill, M. (2015). Implementing an intimate partner violence (IPV) screening protocol in HIV care. AIDS Patient Care & Stds, 29(3), 133–141. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2014.0306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramaiya, M., Sullivan, K., O'Donnell, K., Cunningham, C., Shayo, A., Mmbaga, B., & Dow, D. (2016). A qualitative exploration of the mental health and psychosocial contexts of HIV-positive adolescents in Tanzania. PLos One, 11(11). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165936
   Google Scholar
• Saldana, J. M. (2016). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (3rd ed.). Sage Publications Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Sanders, R. (2013). Adolescent psychosocial, social, and cognitive development. Pediatrics in Review, 34(8), 354–359. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.34-8-354
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Strasser, S., & Gibbons, S. (2014). The development of HIV-related mental health and psychosocial services for children and adolescents in Zambia: The case for learning by doing. Children and Youth Services Review, 45(150-157). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.03.032
   Google Scholar
• Tobin, G., & Begley, C. (2004). Methodological rigour within a qualitative framework. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48(4), 388–396. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03207.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNICEF. (2020). Turning the tide against AIDS will require more concentrated focus on adolescents and young people. https://data.unicef.org/topic/hivaids/adolescents-young-people/#.
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF/UNAIDS. (2018). All In to End Adolescent AIDS in Eastern and Southern Africa: Catalysing the HIV Response for Adolescents. https://www.unicef.org/esa/media/126/file/ALL-IN-in-Eastern-and-Southern-Africa-2018.pdf
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2001). Putting women first: Ethical and safety recommendations for research on domestic violence against women. https://www.who.int/gender/violence/womenfirtseng.pdf
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2005). WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence against women: summary report of initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women’s responses. https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/violence/24159358X/en/
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2013). HIV and adolescents: Guidance for HIV testing and counselling and care for adolescents living with HIV. https://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/adolescents/en/
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2016). Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: Recommendations for a public health approach. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/208825/9789241549684_eng.pdf?sequence=1
   Google Scholar
• Willis, N., Mavhu, W., Wogrin, C., Mutsinze, A., & Kagee, A. (2018). Understanding the experience and manifestation of depression in adolescents living with HIV in Harare, Zimbabwe. PLos One, 13(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190423
   Google Scholar
• Woollett, N., Cluver, L., Bandeira, M., & Brahmbhatt, H. (2017). Identifying risks for mental health problems in HIV positive adolescents accessing HIV treatment in Johannesburg. Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health, 29(1), 11–26. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2989/17280583.2017.1283320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshihama, M., Horrocks, J., & Kamano, S. (2008). The role of emotional abuse in intimate partner violence and Health Among women in Yokohama, Japan. American Journal of Public Health, 99(4), 647–653. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.118976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zolotor, A. J., Runyan, D. K., Dunne, M. P., Jain, D., Péturs, H. R., Ramirez, C., … Isaeva, O. (2009). ISPCAN child abuse screening tool children’s version (ICAST-C): Instrument development and multi-national pilot testing. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33(11), 833–841. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar