Limits of neoliberalism: HIV, COVID-19, and the importance of healthcare systems in Malawi

References

• Adams, V. (2016). Metrics: What counts in global health. Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Allen, T., & Parker, M. (2011). The ‘other diseases’ of the Millennium Development Goals: Rhetoric and reality of free drug distribution to cure the poor’s parasites. Third World Quarterly, 32(1), 91–117. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2011.543816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashforth, A., & Watkins, S. (2015). Narratives of death in rural Malawi in the time of AIDS. Africa, 85(2), 245–268. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/s0001972015000017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banda, J. (2020, October 15). Behavioral change in response to the COVID–19 pandemic in Malawi: Evidence from panel data [Paper presentation]. Population Association of America.
   Google Scholar
• Basilico, M., Weigel, J., Motgi, A., Bor, J., & Keshavjee, S. (2013). Health for all? Competing theories and geopolitics. In P. Farmer, J. Y. Kim, A. Kleinman, & M. Basilico (Eds.), Reimagining global health: An introduction (pp. 74–110). University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Benton, A. (2015). HIV exceptionalism: Development through disease in Sierra Leone. University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bergen, N., & Labonté, R. (2020). “Everything is perfect, and we have no problems”: Detecting and limiting social desirability bias in qualitative research. Qualitative Health Research, 30(5), 783–792. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732319889354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bickton, F. M., & Lillie, T. (2019). Strengthening human resources for health in resource-limited countries: The case of medic to medic in Malawi. Malawi Medical Journal, 31(1), 99–101. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4314/mmj.v31i1.17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biesma, R., Brugha, R., Harmer, A., Walsh, A., Spicer, N., & Walt, G. (2009). The effects of global health initiatives on country health systems: A review of the evidence from HIV/AIDS control. Health Policy and Planning, 24(4), 239–252. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czp025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birn, A.-E. (2009). The stages of international (global) health: Histories of success or successes of history? Global Public Health, 4(1), 50–68. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17441690802017797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birn, A.-E. (2018). Back to Alma-Ata, from 1978 to 2019 and beyond. American Journal of Public Health, 108(9), 1153–1155. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birn, A. E, Nervi, L., & Siqueira, E. (2016). Neoliberalism Redux: The global Health Policy agenda and the politics of cooptation in Latin America and beyond. Development and Change, 47(4), 734–759. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12247
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birn, A.-E., Zimmerman, S., & Garfield, R. (2000). To decentralize or not to decentralize, is that the question? Nicaraguan health policy under structural adjustment in the 1990s. International Journal of Health Services, 30(1), 111–128. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2190/C6TB-B16Y-60HV-M3QW
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt, A. M. (2013). How AIDS invented global health. The New England Journal of Medicine, 368(23), 2149–2152. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmp1305297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brass, J. N. (2016). Allies or adversaries: NGOs and the state in Africa. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brass, J. N., Longhofer, W., Robinson, R. S., & Schnable, A. (2018). NGOs and international development: A review of thirty-five years of scholarship. World Development, 112, 136–149. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.07.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, T. M., Cueto, M., & Fee, E. (2006). The World health organization and the transition from “international” to “global” public health. American Journal of Public Health, 96(1), 62–72. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2004.050831
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burchardt, M. (2015). The self as capital in the narrative economy: How biographical testimonies move activism in the global south. Sociology of Health and Illness, 38(4), 592–609. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.12381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centeno, M. A., & Cohen, J. N. (2012). The arc of neoliberalism. Annual Review of Sociology, 38(1), 317–340. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-081309-150235
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comaroff, J. (2007). Beyond bare life: AIDS, (Bio)Politics, and the neoliberal order. Public Culture, 19(1), 197–219. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-2006-030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conroy, A., Yeatman, S., & Dovel, K. (2013). The social construction of AIDS during a time of evolving access to antiretroviral therapy in rural Malawi. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 15(8), 924–937. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-011-0089-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cueto, M. (2004). The origins of primary health care and selective primary health care. American Journal of Public Health, 94(11), 1864–1874. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.94.11.1864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cueto, M. (2013). A return to the magic bullet?: Malaria and global health in the twenty-first century. In J. Biehl & A. Petryna (Eds.), When People Come First: Critical Studies in global health (pp. 30–53). Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dieleman, J. L., Graves, C. M., Templin, T., Johnson, E., Baral, R., Leach-Kemon, K., Haakenstad, A. M., & Murray, C. J. L. (2014). Global health development assistance remained steady in 2013 but did not align with recipients’ disease burden. Health Affairs, 33(5), 878–886. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2013.1432
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dionne, K. Y. (2012). Local demand for a global intervention: Policy priorities in the time of AIDS. World Development, 40(12), 2468–2477. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.05.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dionne, K. Y. (2018). Doomed interventions: The failure of global responses to AIDS in Africa. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• El-Sadr, W. M., & Justman, J. (2020). Africa in the path of covid-19. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(3), e11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmp2008193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• England, R. (2007). Are we spending too much on HIV? BMJ, 334(7589), 344. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39113.402361.94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erikson, S. L. (2016). Metrics and market logics of global health. In V. Adams (Ed.), Metrics: What counts in global health (pp. 147–162). Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Esser, D. E., & Bench, K. K. (2011). Does global health funding respond to Recipients’ needs? Comparing public and private donors’ allocations in 2005–2007. World Development, 39(8), 1271–1280. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.12.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, J. (2006). Global shadows: Africa in the neoliberal World order. Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson, J., & Gupta, A. (2002). Spatializing states: Toward an ethnography of neoliberal governmentality. American Ethnologist, 29(4), 981–1002. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.2002.29.4.981
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferree, K. E., Harris, A. S., Dulani, B., Kao, K., Lust, E., & Metheney, E. (2021). Stigma, trust, and procedural integrity: Covid-19 testing in Malawi. World Development, 141, 105351. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foley, E. (2009). Your pocket is what cures you: The politics of health in Senegal. Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2021, February 2). Vaccine Nationalism Harms Everyone and Protects No One. https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/02/02/vaccine-nationalism-harms-everyone-and-protects-no-one/
   Google Scholar
• Hafner, T., & Shiffman, J. (2013). The emergence of global attention to health systems strengthening. Health Policy and Planning, 28(1), 41–50. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czs023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaler, A. (2004). AIDS-talk in everyday life: The presence of HIV/AIDS in men’s informal conversation in southern Malawi. Social Science & Medicine, 59(2), 285–297. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.10.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaler, A., Watkins, S. C., & Angotti, N. (2015). Making meaning in the time of AIDS: Longitudinal narratives from the Malawi Journals project. African Journal of AIDS Research, 14(4), 303–314. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2989/16085906.2015.1084342
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalipeni, E. (2004). Structural adjustment and the health-care crisis in Malawi. Proteus, 21(1), 23–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamat, S. (2004). The privatization of public interest: Theorizing NGO discourse in a neoliberal era. Review of International Political Economy, 11(1), 155–176. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/0969229042000179794
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenworthy, N., Thomann, M., & Parker, R. (2018). From a global crisis to the ‘end of AIDS’: New epidemics of signification. Global Public Health, 13(8), 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2017.1365373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keshavjee, S. (2014). Blind spot: How neoliberalism infiltrated global health. University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Koch, D.-J., Dreher, A., Nunnenkamp, P., & Thiele, R. (2009). Keeping a Low profile: What determines the Allocation of aid by non-governmental organizations? World Development, 37(5), 902–918. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.09.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohler, I. (2020, October 15). It takes a village- response to covid-19 in Malawi and its implications for public health and social policies [Paper presentation]. Population Association of America.
   Google Scholar
• Kohler, H.-P., Behrman, J. R., & Watkins, S. C. (2007). Social networks and HIV/AIDS risk perceptions. Demography, 44(1), 1–33. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2007.0006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolko, G. (1999). Ravaging the poor: The international monetary fund indicted by its own data. International Journal of Health Studies, 29(1), 51–57. https://doi.org/10.2190/JG57-QQUD-MJ3G-291T
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause, M. (2014). The good project: Humanitarian relief NGOs and the fragmentation of reason. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kyaddondo, D., & Whyte, S. R. (2003). Working in a decentralized system: A threat to health workers’ respect and survival in Uganda. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 18(4), 329–342. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loembé, M. M., Tshangela, A., Salyer, S. J., Varma, J. K., Ouma, A. E. O., & Nkengasong, J. N. (2020). COVID-19 in Africa: The spread and response. Nature Medicine, 26(7), 999–1003. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0961-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKellar, L. (2005). Priorities in global assistance for health, AIDS, and population. Population and Development Review, 31(2), 293–312. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2005.00066.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malawi Ministry of Health. (2020). COVID-19 National Information Dashboard. https://covid19.health.gov.mw/?fbclid=IwAR3o91QivQRRhVl4Ra2dcvTU3moeeJAJFqfCtnFr3kqQP4C4BTv1-xSZweo
   Google Scholar
• Marchal, B., Cavalli, A., & Kegels, G. (2009). Global health actors claim to support health system strengthening—Is this reality or rhetoric? PLoS Medicine, 6(4), e1000059. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000059.s002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masina, L. (2020, August 8). Malawi Makes Masks Mandatory in COVID-19 Fight. VOA. https://www.voanews.com/covid-19-pandemic/malawi-makes-masks-mandatory-covid-19-fight
   Google Scholar
• Mattes, D. (2011). “We Are just supposed to be quiet”: The production of adherence to antiretroviral treatment in urban Tanzania. Medical Anthropology, 30(2), 158–182. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1387.2009.01034.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCoy, D., Chand, S., & Sridhar, D. (2009). Global health funding: How much, where it comes from and where it goes. Health Policy and Planning, 24(6), 407–417. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czp026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meinert, L., Mogensen, H. O., & Twebaze, J. (2009). Tests for life chances: CD4 miracles and obstacles in Uganda. Anthropology & Medicine, 16(2), 195–209. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13648470902940697
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Messac, L., & Prabhu, K. (2013). Redefining the possible: The global AIDS response. In P. Farmer, J. Y. Kim, A. Kleinman, & M. Basilico (Eds.), Reimagining Global Health: an introduction (pp. 111–132). University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moran-Thomas, A. (2013). A salvage ethnography of the Guinea worm: Witchcraft, oracles and magic in a disease eradication program. In J. Biehl & A. Petryna (Eds.), When people come first: Critical studies in global health (pp. 207–240). Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Morfit, N. S. (2011). “AIDS is money”: How donor preferences reconfigure local realities. World Development, 39(1), 64–76. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.09.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller, D. H., Lungu, D., Acharya, A., & Palmer, N. (2011). Constraints to implementing the essential health package in Malawi. PLoS One, 6(6), e20741. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020741.t005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munharo, S., Nayupe, S., Mbulaje, P., Patel, P., Banda, C., Gacutno, K. J. A., Lin, X., Shawa, I. T., & Lucero-Prisno III, D. E. (2020). Challenges of COVID-19 testing in low-middle income countries (LMICs): The case of Malawi. Journal of Laboratory and Precision Medicine, 5. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21037/jlpm-20-84
   Google Scholar
• Mwai, P. (2021, May 10). Coronavirus: New variants are causing growing concern in Africa. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53181555
   Google Scholar
• Nachega, J. B., Sam-Agudu, N. A., Mellors, J. W., Zumla, A., & Mofenson, L. M. (2021). Scaling up covid-19 vaccination in Africa — Lessons from the HIV pandemic. The New England Journal of Medicine. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2103313
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen, V. K. (2009). Government-by-exception: Enrolment and experimentality in mass HIV treatment programmes in Africa. Social Theory & Health, 7(3), 196–217. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1057/sth.2009.12
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen, V. K. (2010). The republic of therapy: Triage and sovereignty in West Africa’s time of AIDS. Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ooms, G., Damme, W. V., & Temmerman, M. (2007). Medicines without doctors: Why the global fund must fund salaries of health workers to expand AIDS treatment. PLoS Medicine, 4(4), 605–608. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040128.g001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packard, R. M. (2016). A history of global health: Interventions into the lives of other peoples. Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pfeiffer, J. (2013). The struggle for a public sector: PEPFAR in Mozambique. In J. Biehl & A. Petryna (Eds.), When People Come First: Critical Studies in global health (pp. 166–181). Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pfeiffer, J., & Chapman, R. (2010). Anthropological perspectives on structural adjustment and public health. Annual Review of Anthropology, 39(1), 149–165. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.105101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prince, R. J., & Otieno, P. (2014). In the shadowlands of global health: Observations from health workers in Kenya. Global Public Health, 9(8), 927–945. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2014.941897
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravishankar, N., Gubbins, P., Cooley, R. J., Leach-Kemon, K., Michaud, C. M., Jameson, D. T., & Murray, C. J. L. (2009). Financing of global health: Tracking development assistance for health from 1990 to 2007. Lancet, 373(9681), 2113–2124. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60881-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, R. S. (2017). Intimate interventions in global health: Family Planning and HIV prevention in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316117033
   Google Scholar
• Rowden, R. (2009). The deadly ideas of neoliberalism: How the IMF has undermined public health and the Fight against AIDS. Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Salyer, S. J., Maeda, J., Sembuche, S., Kebede, Y., Tshangela, A., Moussif, M., Ihekweazu, C., Mayet, N., Abate, E., Ouma, A. O., & Nkengasong, J. (2021). The first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa: A cross-sectional study. The Lancet, 397(10281), 1265–1275. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00632-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schouten, E. J., Jahn, A., Midiani, D., Makombe, S. D., Mnthambala, A., Chirwa, Z., Harries, A. D., Oosterhout, J. J. v., Meguid, T., Ben-Smith, A., Zachariah, R., Lynen, L., Zolfo, M., Damme, W. V., Gilks, C. F., Atun, R., Shawa, M., & Chimbwandira, F. (2011). Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and the health-related Millennium Development Goals: Time for a public health approach. Lancet, 378(9787), 282–284. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62303-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiffman, J. (2006). Donor funding priorities for communicable disease control in the developing world. Health Policy and Planning, 21(6), 411–420. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czl028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonenthal, P. D., Masiye, J., Kasomekera, N., Marsh, R. H., Wroe, E. B., Scott, K. W., Li, R., Murray, M. B., Bukhman, A., Connolly, E., Minyaliwa, T., Katete, M., Banda, G., Nyirenda, M., & Rouhani, S. A. (2020). COVID-19 preparedness in Malawi: A national facility-based critical care assessment. The Lancet Global Health, 8(7), e890–e892. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30250-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparke, M. (2017). Austerity and the embodiment of neoliberalism as ill-health: Towards a theory of biological sub-citizenship. Social Science & Medicine, 187, 287–295. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.12.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storeng, K. T. (2014). The GAVI alliance and the ‘gates approach’ to health system strengthening. Global Public Health, 9(8), 865–879. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2014.940362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storeng, K. T., & Béhague, D. P. (2014). “Playing the numbers game”: evidence-based advocacy and the technocratic narrowing of the safe motherhood initiative. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 28(2), 260–279. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/maq.12072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, N. (2011). Mediating abundance and scarcity: Implementing an HIV/AIDS-targeted Project within a government hospital in Tanzania. Medical Anthropology, 30(2), 202–221. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2011.552453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swidler, A., & Watkins, S. C. (2017). A fraught embrace: The romance and Reality of AIDS altruism in Africa. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• The Global Fund. (2020, March 20). Global Fund Supports 11 Countries in Response to COVID-19. The Global Fund: News & Stories. https://www.theglobalfund.org/en/news/2020-03-20-global-fund-supports-11-countries-in-response-to-covid-19/
   Google Scholar
• The Global Fund. (2021). The Global Fund Data Explorer. https://data.theglobalfund.org/investments/location/MWI#allocation
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. (2020). Resources and financing. https://www.unaids.org/en/topic/resources
   Google Scholar
• UNC Project. (2020, July 29). UNC Project hands over DRI aid to Kamuzu Central Hospital and Bwaila Hospital. https://globalhealth.unc.edu/malawi/unc-project-hands-over-dri-aid-to-kamuzu-central-hospital-and-bwaila-hospital/
   Google Scholar
• Usuf, E., & Roca, A. (2021). Seroprevalence surveys in sub-Saharan Africa: What do they tell us? The Lancet Global Health, 9(6), e724–e725. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(21)00092-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van de Ruit, C. (2019). Unintended consequences of community health worker programs in South Africa. Qualitative Health Research, 29(11), 1535–1548. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732319857059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vernooij, E., & Hardon, A. (2013). ‘What mother wouldn’t want to save her baby?’ HIV testing and counselling practices in a rural Ugandan antenatal clinic. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 15(5), 553–566. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2012.758314
   Google Scholar
• Wahlberg, A., & Rose, N. (2015). The governmentalization of living: Calculating global health. Economy and Society, 44(1), 60–90. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/03085147.2014.983830
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins, S. C., & Swidler, A. (2009). Hearsay ethnography: Conversational journals as a method for studying culture in action. Poetics, 37(2), 162–184. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2009.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins, S. C., Swidler, A., & Hannan, T. (2012). Outsourcing social transformation: Development NGOs as organizations. Annual Review of Sociology, 38(1), 285–315. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-071811-145516
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wendland, C. L. (2010). A heart for the work: Journeys through an African medical school. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Whitacre, R. (2019). From advocacy to austerity: The new role of the U.S. Public sector in HIV drug development and access. Global Public Health, 15(5), 1–11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2019.1704820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteside, A., & Smith, J. (2009). Exceptional epidemics: AIDS still deserves a global response. Globalization and Health, 5(1), 15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-5-15
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WHO. (2020). Essential medicines and health products. https://www.who.int/medicines/services/essmedicines_def/en/
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2021a). WHO Health Emergency Dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/region/afro/country/mw
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2021b). Regional Office for Africa: Coronavirus (COVID-19). https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus-covid-19
   Google Scholar
• Whyte, S. R., Whyte, M., Meinert, L., Twebaze, J., Biehl, J., & Petryna, A. (2013). Therapeutic clientship: Belonging in Uganda’s projectified landscape of AIDS care. In J. Biehl & A. Petryna (Eds.), When People come first: Critical studies in global health (pp. 140–165). Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2020). The World Bank Data. data.worldbank.org.
   Google Scholar