Exploring the dynamics of workplace typologies for sex workers in Eastern Ukraine

References

• Ukrainian Code on Administrative Offenses. Article 181.1 “prostitution”. (The Code is supplemented by Article 181-1 in accordance with the Decree of the JHA № 4134-11 of 12.06.87, as amended in accordance with the Law № 55/97-ВР of 07.02.97.) Retrieved May 21, 2021, from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=80731-10#Text
   Google Scholar
• Criminal Code of Ukraine. (2001, April 5). № 2341-III (as amended and supplemented on 23.11.2018 г.). Article 302 “Establishment or maintenance of premises and procuration” and article 303 “Sex trafficking or enticement into prostitution”. http://continent-online.com/Document/? doc_id=30418109#pos=1;-77
   Google Scholar
• NSWP. (2014). Sex work and the law: Understanding legal frameworks and the struggle for sex work law reforms. Retrieved May 31, 2021, from https://www.nswp.org
   Google Scholar
• NSWP. (2017). Policy brief: Sex work as work. Retrieved June 17, 2019, from https://www.nswp.org
   Google Scholar
• UNHCR. (2017). Evaluation of UNHCR’s Ukraine country programme. Retrieved November 8, 2019, from https://www.unhcr.org/5a182d607.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. (2018). Global AIDS monitoring 2018: Ukraine summary. https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/country/documents/UKR_2018_countryreport.pdf
   Google Scholar
• IOM UN Migration. (2019). World migration report 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2020, from https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/wmr_2020.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ukrstat.org: State Statistics Service of Ukraine documents publishing. (2019). Time series of average monthly wages by region (1995–2018). Retrieved January 23, 2020, from https://ukrstat.org/en/operativ/operativ2006/gdn/prc_rik/prc_rik_e/dszpR_e.htm
   Google Scholar
• OHCHR. (2020). Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 16 November 2019 to 15 February 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2021, from https://www.ohchr.org/en/countries/enacaregion/pages/uareports.aspx
   Google Scholar
• UNHCR. (2020). Ukraine: Internally displaced persons (IDP). Retrieved May 31, 2021, from https://www.unhcr.org/ua/en/internally-displaced-persons
   Google Scholar
• Abel, G., & Fitzgerald, L. (2012). ‘The street’s got its advantages’: Movement between sectors of the sex industry in a decriminalised environment. Health, Risk & Society, 14(1), 7–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698575.2011.640664
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abel, G., Fitzgerald, L., & Brunton, C. (2009). The impact of decriminalisation on the number of sex workers in New Zealand. Journal of Social Policy, 38(3), 515. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279409003080
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alschech, J. (2019). Predictors of violence, traumatic stress, and burnout in sex work [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Toronto. https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/97315
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, S., Shannon, K., Li, J., Lee, Y., Chettiar, J., Goldenberg, S., & Krüsi, A. (2016). Condoms and sexual health education as evidence: Impact of criminalization of in-call venues and managers on migrant sex workers access to HIV/STI prevention in a Canadian setting. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 16(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-016-0104-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aral, S., & St Lawrence, J. (2002). The ecology of sex work and drug use in Saratov Oblast, Russia. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 29(12), 798–805. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-200212000-00011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aral, S., St Lawrence, J., Tikhonova, L., Safarova, E., Parker, K., Shakarishvili, A., & Ryan, C. (2003). The social organization of commercial sex work in Moscow, Russia. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 30(1), 39–45. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-200301000-00009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aral, S., St Lawrence, J., & Uusküla, A. (2006). Sex work in Tallinn, Estonia: The sociospatial penetration of sex work into society. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 82(5), 348–353. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2006.020677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argento, E., Goldenberg, S., & Shannon, K. (2019). Preventing sexually transmitted and blood borne infections (STBBIs) among sex workers: A critical review of the evidence on determinants and interventions in high-income countries. BMC Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 212. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3694-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Balakirieva, O., Bondar, T., Loktieva, I., Sazonova, Y., Sereda, Y., & Hudik, M. (2014). Summary of the analytical report “Monitoring the behaviour and HIV-infection prevalence among female sex workers as a component of HIV second generation surveillance”. Retrieved May 31, 2021, from https://aph.org.ua/
   Google Scholar
• Becker, M., Balakireva, O., Pavlova, D., Isac, S., Cheuk, E., Roberts, E., Forget, E., Ma, H., Lazarus, L., Sandstrom, P., Blanchard, J., Mishra, S., Lorway, R., & Pickels, M., on behalf of the Dynamics Study Team. (2019). Assessing the influence of conflict on the dynamics of sex work and the HIV and HCV epidemics in Ukraine: Protocol for an observational, ethnographic, and mathematical modeling study. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 19(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-019-0201-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Becker, M., Balakirieva, O., Isac, S., Cheuk, E., Pavlova, D., McClarty, L., Mishra, S., Pickles, M., Lorway, R., Sandstrom, P., Blanchard, J., & Nugent, Z. (2018). Estimating early HIV risk among at risk adolescent girls and young women in Dnipro, Ukraine. 2018 соціологія ISSN 1681-116X. Ukr. socìum, 4(67), 80–102.
   Google Scholar
• Belmar, J., Stuardo, V., Folch, C., Carvajal, B., Clunes, M. J., Montoliu, A., & Casabona, J. (2018). A typology of female sex work in the metropolitan region of Santiago, Chile. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 20(4), 428–441. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2017.1355478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benoit, C., Jansson, S. M., Smith, M., & Flagg, J. (2018). Prostitution stigma and its effect on the working conditions, personal lives, and health of sex workers. The Journal of Sex Research, 55(4-5), 457–471. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1393652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benoit, C., Maurice, R., Abel, G., Smith, M., Jansson, M., Healey, P., & Magnuson, D. (2019). ‘I dodged the stigma bullet’: Canadian sex workers’ situated responses to occupational stigma. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 22(1), 81–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2019.1576226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodeur, A., Lekfuangfu, W. N., & Zylberberg, Y. (2018). War, migration and the origins of the Thai sex industry. Journal of the European Economic Association, 16(5), 1540–1576. https://doi-org.uml.idm.oclc.org/10.1093/jeea/jvx037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruckert, C., & Parent, C. (2013). The work of sex work. In C. Parent, C. Bruckert, P. Corriveau, M. N. Mensah, & L. Toupin (Eds.), Sex work: Rethinking the job, respecting the workers (pp. 57–80). UBC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bruckert, C., Parent, C., & Robitaille, P. (2003). Erotic service/erotic dance establishments: Two types of marginalized labor. The Law Commission on Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Buzdugan, R., Copas, A., Moses, S., Blanchard, J., Isac, S., Ramesh, B. M., Washington, R., Halli, S. S., & Cowan, F. M. (2010). Devising a female sex work typology using data from Karnataka, India. International Journal of Epidemiology, 39(2), 439–448. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyp351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buzdugan, R., Halli, S., & Cowan, F. (2009). The female sex work typology in India in the context of HIV/AIDS. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 14(6), 673–687. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02278.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabral, A., & Gemmell, N. (2018). Estimating self-employment income-gaps from register and survey data: Evidence for New Zealand (Working Paper Series 7625). Victoria University of Wellington, Chair in Public Finance. http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/handle/10063/7625
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Y., Li, X., Shen, Z., Zhou, Y., Tang, Z., & Huedo-Medina, T. (2015). Contextual influence on condom use in commercial sex venues: A multi-level analysis among female sex workers and gatekeepers in Guangxi, China. Social Science Research, 52, 124–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.01.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheuk, E., Isac, S., Musyoki, H., Pickles, M., Bhattacharjee, P., Gichangi, P., Lorway, R., Mishra, S., Blanchard, J., & Becker, M. (2019). Informing HIV prevention programs for adolescent girls and young women: A modified approach to programmatic mapping and key population size estimation. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 5(2), e11196. https://doi.org/10.2196/11196
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Choi, S., Chen, K., & Jiang, Z. (2008). Client-perpetuated violence and condom failure among female sex workers in southwestern China. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 35(2), 141–146. https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31815407c3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decker, M., McCauley, H., Phuengsamran, D., Janyam, S., Seage, G., 3rd, & Silverman, J. (2010). Violence victimisation, sexual risk and sexually transmitted infection symptoms among female sex workers in Thailand. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 86(3), 236–240. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2009.037846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decker, M., Wirtz, A., Baral, S., Peryshkina, A., Mogilnyi, V., Weber, R., Stachowiak, J., Go, V., & Beyrer, C. (2012). Injection drug use, sexual risk, violence and STI/HIV among Moscow female sex workers. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 88(4), 278–283. https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2011-050171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deering, K., Amin, A., Shoveller, J., Nesbitt, A., Garcia-Moreno, C., Duff, P., Argento, E., & Shannon, K. (2014). A systematic review of the correlates of violence against sex workers. American Journal of Public Health, 104(5), e42–e54. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301909
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deering, K., Lyons, T., Feng, C., Nosyk, B., Strathdee, S., Montaner, J., & Shannon, K. (2013). Client demands for unsafe sex: The socio-economic risk environment for HIV among street and off-street sex workers. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 63(4), 522. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3182968d39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demchenko, I., Bulyha, N., Pyvovarova, N., Artukh, O., Yaremchuk, M., Dorofieieva, N., & Isaieva, N. (2019). Decriminalization of sex work in Ukraine: Public opinion analysis, estimation of difficulties and possibilities. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from https://legalifeukraine.com/en/sexwork-en/decriminalization-of-sex-work-in-ukraine-public-opinion-analysis-estimation-of-difficulties-and-possibilities-3420/
   Google Scholar
• de Wildt, R. (2019). Post-war prostitution: Human trafficking and peacekeeping in Kosovo (Vol. 17). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Duff, P., Shoveller, J., Dobrer, S., Ogilvie, G., Montaner, J., Chettiar, J., & Shannon, K. (2015). The relationship between social, policy and physical venue features and social cohesion on condom use for pregnancy prevention among sex workers: A safer indoor work environment scale. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 69(7), 666–672. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2014-204427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• du Plessis, E., Chevrier, C., Lazarus, L., Reza-Paul, S., Rahman, S. H. U., Ramaiah, M., Avery, L., & Lorway, R. (2020). Pragmatic women: Negotiating sex work, pregnancy, and parenting in Mysore, South India. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 22(10), 1177–1190. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2019.1662946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durevall, D., & Lindskog, A. (2015). Intimate partner violence and HIV in ten sub-Saharan African countries: What do the demographic and health surveys tell us? The Lancet Global Health, 3(1), e34–e43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70343-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmanuel, F., Isac, S., & Blanchard, J. (2013). Using geographical mapping of key vulnerable populations to control the spread of HIV epidemics. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy, 11(5), 451–453. https://doi.org/10.1586/eri.13.33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Femi-Ajao, O., Kendal, S., & Lovell, K. (2020). A qualitative systematic review of published work on disclosure and help-seeking for domestic violence and abuse among women from ethnic minority populations in the UK. Ethnicity & Health, 25(5), 732–746. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2018.1447652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, A., Shannon, K., Butler, J., & Goldenberg, S. (2017). A comprehensive review of HIV/STI prevention and sexual and reproductive health services among sex workers in conflict-affected settings: Call for an evidence- and rights-based approach in the humanitarian response. Conflict and Health, 11(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-017-0124-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fisher, B., Daigle, L., Cullen, F., & Turner, M. (2003). Reporting sexual victimization to the police and others: Results from a national-level study of college women. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 30(1), 6–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854802239161
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldenberg, S., Duff, P., & Krusi, A. (2015). Work environments and HIV prevention: A qualitative review and meta-synthesis of sex worker narratives. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1241. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2491-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldenberg, S., Jiménez, T., Brouwer, K., Miranda, S., & Silverman, J. (2018). Influence of indoor work environments on health, safety, and human rights among migrant sex workers at the Guatemala-Mexico border: A call for occupational health and safety interventions. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 18(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-018-0149-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldenberg, S., Strathdee, S., Gallardo, M., Nguyen, L., Lozada, R., Semple, S., & Patterson, T. (2011). How important are venue-based HIV risks among male clients of female sex workers? A mixed methods analysis of the risk environment in nightlife venues in Tijuana, Mexico. Health & Place, 17(3), 748–756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.01.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harcourt, C., & Donovan, B. (2005). The many faces of sex work. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 81(3), 201–206. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2004.012468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havlik, P., Kochnev, A., & Pindyuk, O. (2020). Economic challenges and costs of reintegrating the Donbas region in Ukraine (wiiw Research report, no. 447). Retrieved May 31, 2021, from https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/223097
   Google Scholar
• Holt, E. (2018). Conflict in Ukraine and a ticking bomb of HIV. The Lancet HIV, 5(6), e273–e274. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(18)30106-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, Y., & Li, X. (2011). Typology of female sex workers and association with HIV risks: Evidence from China. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 87(1), 233–233. 10.1136/sextrans-2011-050108.311
   Google Scholar
• Hurst, E., Li, G., & Pugsley, B. (2014). Are household surveys like tax forms? Evidence from income underreporting of the self-employed. Review of Economics and Statistics, 96(1), 19–33. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikpeazu, A., Momah-Haruna, A., Mari, B., Thompson, L., Ogungbemi, K., Daniel, U., Aboki, H., Isac, S., Gorgens, M., Mziray, E., & Njie, N. (2014). An appraisal of female sex work in Nigeria – Implications for designing and scaling up HIV prevention programmes. PLoS One, 9(8), e103619. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazatchkine, M. (2017). Towards a new health diplomacy in eastern Ukraine. The Lancet HIV, 4(3), e99–e101. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(17)30019-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus, L., Deering, K., Nabess, R., Gibson, K., Tyndall, M., & Shannon, K. (2012). Occupational stigma as a primary barrier to health care for street-based sex workers in Canada. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 14(2), 139–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2011.628411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, J., Maticka-Tyndale, E., Shaver, F., & Schramm, H. (2005). Managing risk and safety on the job: The experiences of Canadian sex workers. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 17(1-2), 147–167. https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v17n01_09
   Google Scholar
• Lorway, R., Khan, S., Chevrier, C., Huynh, A., Zhang, J., Ma, X., Blanchard, J., & Yu, N. (2017). Sex work in geographic perspective: A multi-disciplinary approach to mapping and understanding female sex work venues in Southwest China. Global Public Health, 12(5), 545–564. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2015.1123748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowman, J. (2000). Violence and the outlaw status of (street) prostitution in Canada. Violence Against Women, 6(9), 987–1011. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778010022182245
   Google Scholar
• Lyons, C., Grosso, A., Drame, F., Ketende, S., Diouf, D., Ba, I., Shannon, K., Ezouatchi, R., Bamba, A., Kouame, A., & Baral, S. (2017). Physical and sexual violence affecting female sex workers in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire: Prevalence, and the relationship with the work environment, HIV and access to health services. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 75(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons, C., Schwartz, S., Murray, S., Shannon, K., Diouf, D., Mothopeng, T., Kouanda, S., Simplice, A., Kouame, A., Mnisi, Z., & Tamoufe, U. (2020). The role of sex work laws and stigmas in increasing HIV risks among sex workers. Nature Communications, 11(1), 1–10. https://doi-org.uml.idm.oclc.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14593-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maistat, L., Kravchenko, N., & Reddy, A. (2017). Hepatitis c in Eastern Europe and Central Asia: A survey of epidemiology, treatment access and civil society activity in eleven countries. Hepatology, Medicine and Policy, 2(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41124-017-0026-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McBride, B., Goldenberg, S. M., Murphy, A., Wu, S., Braschel, M., Krüsi, A., & Shannon, K. (2019). Third parties (venue owners, managers, security, etc.) and access to occupational health and safety among sex workers in a Canadian setting: 2010–2016. American Journal of Public Health, 109(5), 792–798. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.304994
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClarty, L., Balakireva, O., Pavlova, D., Cheuk, E., Nguien, N., & Pickles, M. (2018). Estimating female sex workers’ early HIV and hepatitis C risk in Dnipro, Ukraine: Implications for epidemic control (transitions study): Summary report of early findings.
   Google Scholar
• McGrath, N., Eaton, J. W., Newell, M. L., & Hosegood, V. (2015). Migration, sexual behaviour, and HIV risk: A general population cohort in rural South Africa. The Lancet HIV, 2(6), e252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(15)00045-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra, S., Moses, S., Hanumaiah, P. K., Washington, R., Alary, M., Ramesh, B. M., Isac, S., & Blanchard, J. (2009). Sex work, syphilis, and seeking treatment: An opportunity for intervention in HIV prevention programming in Karnataka, South India. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 36(3), 157–164. https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31818d64e6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mock, N. B., Duale, S., Brown, L. F., Mathys, E., O'Maonaigh, H. C., Abul-Husn, N. K., & Elliot, S. (2004). Conflict and HIV: A framework for risk assessment to prevent HIV in conflict affected settings in Africa. Emerging Themes in Epidemiology, 1(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-7622-1-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moore, J., Stinson, L., & Welniak, E. (2000). Income measurement error in surveys: A review. Journal of Official Statistics – Stockholm, 16(4), 331–362.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, E. U. E. (2020). The lived experience of violence and health-related risks among street sex workers in Uyo, Nigeria. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 22(9), 1018–1031. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2019.1648872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nizhnikau, R., & Moshes, A. (2016). Three years after Euromaiden: Is Ukraine still on the reform track? (FIIA Briefing Paper). https://www.fiia.fi/en/publication/three-years-after-euromaidan
   Google Scholar
• Novakova, Z. (2017). Four dimensions of societal transformation An Introduction to the problematique of Ukraine. The International Journal of Social Quality, 7(2), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.3167/IJSQ.2017.070202
   Google Scholar
• Olawore, O., Tobian, A. A., Kagaayi, J., Bazaale, J. M., Nantume, B., Kigozi, G., Nankinga, J., Nalugoda, F., Nakigozi, G., Kigozi, G., & Gray, R. H. (2018). Migration and risk of HIV acquisition in Rakai, Uganda: A population-based cohort study. The Lancet HIV, 5(4), e181–e189. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(18)30009-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pando, M. A., Coloccini, R. S., Reynaga, E., Fermepin, M. R., Vaulet, L. G., Kochel, T. J., Montano, S. M., & Avila, M. M. (2013). Violence as a barrier for HIV prevention among female sex workers in Argentina. PLoS One, 8(1), e54147. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pannetier, J., Ravalihasy, A., Lydié, N., Lert, F., du Loû, A. D., & Group, P. S. (2018). Prevalence and circumstances of forced sex and post-migration HIV acquisition in Sub-Saharan African migrant women in France: An analysis of the ANRS-PARCOURS retrospective population-based study. The Lancet Public Health, 3(1), e16–e23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30211-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peitzmeier, S., Wirtz, A., Peryshkina, A., Sherman, S., Colantuoni, E., Beyrer, C., & Decker, M. (2020). Associations between violence and HIV risk behaviors differ by perpetrator among Russian sex workers. AIDS and Behavior, 24(3), 812–822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02668-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pissarides, C., & Weber, G. (1989). An expenditure-based estimate of Britain’s black economy. Journal of Public Economics, 39(1), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(89)90052-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platt, L., Elmes, J., Stevenson, L., Holt, V., Rolles, S., & Stuart, R. (2020). Sex workers must not be forgotten in the COVID-19 response. The Lancet, 396(10243), 9–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31033-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platt, L., Grenfell, P., Meiksin, R., Elmes, J., Sherman, S., Sanders, T., Mwangi, P., & Crago, A. (2018). Associations between sex work laws and sex workers’ health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative and qualitative studies. PLoS Medicine, 15(12), e1002680. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puradiredja, D., & Coast, E. (2012). Transactional sex risk across a typology of rural and urban female sex workers in Indonesia: A mixed methods study. PLoS One, 7(12), e52858. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyvovarova, N., & Artiukh, O. R. (2020). Change of legal status of sex work in Ukraine: Public opinion, opinion of sex workers (sociological perspective). Ukr. socìum, 3(74), 124–141. https://doi.org/10.15407/socium2020.03.124
   Google Scholar
• Rhodes, T., Ball, A., Stimson, G., Kobyshcha, Y., Fitch, C., Pokrovsky, V., Bezruchenko-Novachuk, M., Burrows, D., Renton, A., & Andrushchak, L. (2002). HIV infection associated with drug injecting in the newly independent states, Eastern Europe: The social and economic context of epidemics. Addiction, 94(9), 1323. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.94913235.x
   Google Scholar
• Rhodes, T., Simić, M., Baroš, S., Platt, L., & Žikić, B. (2008). Police violence and sexual risk among female and transvestite sex workers in Serbia: Qualitative study. BMJ, 337(jul30 2), a811. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a811
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sereda, Y., & Sazonova, Y. (2016). Monitoring of behaviour and HIV prevalence among sex workers: Analytical report. Retrieved May 31, 2021, from https://aph.org.ua/
   Google Scholar
• Shannon, K., & Csete, J. (2010). Violence, condom negotiation, and HIV/STI risk among sex workers. JAMA, 304(5), 573–574. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shannon, K., Strathdee, S., Goldenberg, S., Duff, P., Mwangi, P., Rusakova, M., Reza-Paul, S., Lau, J., Deering, K., Pickels, M., & Boily, M. (2015). Global epidemiology of HIV among female sex workers: Influence of structural determinants. The Lancet, 385(9962), 55–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60931-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman, S., Footer, K., Illangasekare, S., Clark, E., Pearson, E., & Decker, M. (2015). “What makes you think you have special privileges because you are a police officer?” A qualitative exploration of police's role in the risk environment of female sex workers. AIDS Care, 27(4), 473–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2014.970504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swain, S., Saggurti, N., Battala, M., Verma, R., & Jain, A. (2011). Experience of violence and adverse reproductive health outcomes, HIV risks among mobile female sex workers in India. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 357. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szwarcwald, C., Damacena, G., de Souza-Júnior, P., Guimarães, M., de Almeida, W., de Souza Ferreira, A., da Costa Ferreira-Júnior, O., & Dourado, I. (2018). Factors associated with HIV infection among female sex workers in Brazil. Medicine, 97(1), S54–S61. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000009013
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tokar, A., Osborne, J., Slobodianiuk, K., Essink, D., Lazarus, J., & Broerse, J. (2019). ‘Virus carriers’ and HIV testing: Navigating Ukraine’s HIV policies and programming for female sex workers. Health Research Policy and Systems, 17(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-019-0415-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van der Meulen, E. (2010). Ten: Illegal lives, loves, and work: How the criminalization of procuring affects sex workers in Canada. Wagadu: A Journal of Transnational Women’s and Gender Studies, 8 (Fall 2010), 217–240.
   Google Scholar
• Vasylyeva, T. I., Liulchuk, M., Friedman, S. R., Sazonova, I., Faria, N. R., Katzourakis, A., Babii, N., Scherbinska, A., Thézé, J., Pybus, O. G., & Smyrnov, P. (2018). Molecular epidemiology reveals the role of war in the spread of HIV in Ukraine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(5), 1051–1056. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701447115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitek, C., Čakalo, J., Kruglov, Y., Dumchev, K., Salyuk, T., Božičević, I., Baughman, A., Spindler, H., Martsynovska, V., Kobyshcha, Y., Abdul-Quader, A., & Rutherford, G. (2014). Slowing of the HIV epidemic in Ukraine: Evidence from case reporting and key population surveys, 2005–2012. PLoS One, 9(9), e103657. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirtz, A., Schwartz, S., Ketende, S., Anato, S., Nadedjo, F., Ouedraogo, H., Ky-Zerbo, O., Pitche, V., Grosso, A., Papworth, E., & Baral, S. (2015). Sexual violence, condom negotiation, and condom use in the context of sex work: Results from two west African countries. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 68(Supplement 2), S171–S179. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000451
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yi, H., Mantell, J., Wu, R., Lu, Z., Zeng, J., & Wan, Y. (2010). A profile of HIV risk factors in the context of sex work environments among migrant female sex workers in Beijing, China. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 15(2), 172–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548501003623914
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar