A mixed-methods study of resilience and return to school among adolescent mothers in South Africa

References

• Abler, L., Hill, L., Maman, S., DeVellis, R., Twine, R., Kahn, K., MacPhail, C., & Pettifor, A. (2017). Hope matters: Developing and validating a measure of future expectations among young women in a high HIV prevalence setting in rural South Africa (HPTN 068). AIDS and Behavior, 21(7), 2156–2166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1523-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardington, C., Menendez, A., & Mutevedzi, T. (2015). Early childbearing, human capital attainment, and mortality risk: Evidence from a longitudinal demographic surveillance area in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 63(2), 281–317. https://doi.org/10.1086/678983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ataguba, J. E.-O., Day, C., & McIntyre, D. (2015). Explaining the role of the social determinants of health on health inequality in South Africa. Global Health Action, 8(1), 28865. https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v8.28865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baiden, P., Boateng, G. O., Dako-Gyeke, M., Acolatse, C. K., & Peters, K. E. (2020). Examining the effects of household food insecurity on school absenteeism among junior high school students: Findings from the 2012 Ghana global school-based student health survey. African Geographical Review, 39(2), 107–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/19376812.2019.1627667
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhana, D. (2012). “Girls are not free” – In and out of the South African school. International Journal of Educational Development, 32(2), 352–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2011.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhana, D., Morrell, R., Shefer, T., & Ngabaza, S. (2010). South African teachers’ responses to teenage pregnancy and teenage mothers in schools. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 12(8), 871–883. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2010.500398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyce, G., & Harris, G. (2013). Hope the beloved country: Hope levels in the New South Africa. Social Indicators Research, 113(1), 583–597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0112-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruwer, B., Emsley, R., Kidd, M., Lochner, C., & Seedat, S. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support in youth. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 49(2), 195–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.09.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chigona, A. (2007). Girls’ education in South Africa: Special consideration to teen mothers as learners. Journal of Education for International Development. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.625.4794&rep=rep1&type=pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cluver, L. D., Orkin, F. M., Boyes, M. E., & Sherr, L. (2014). Cash plus care: Social protection cumulatively mitigates HIV-risk behaviour among adolescents in South Africa. Aids, 28, S389–S397. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000000340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creswell, J., & Plano Clark, V. (2006). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Sage. https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/designing-and-conducting-mixed-methods-research/book241842.
   Google Scholar
• Dedoose Version 8.0.35, web application for managing, analyzing, and presenting qualitative and mixed method research data. (2018).
   Google Scholar
• Department of Education. (2007). Measures for the prevention and management of learner pregnancy. https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/learnerpregnancy0.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Dixson, D. D., Keltner, D., Worrell, F. C., & Mello, Z. (2018). The magic of hope: Hope mediates the relationship between socioeconomic status and academic achievement. The Journal of Educational Research, 111(4), 507–515. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2017.1302915
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupéré, V., Dion, E., Leventhal, T., Archambault, I., Crosnoe, R., & Janosz, M. (2018). High school dropout in proximal context: The triggering role of stressful life events. Child Development, 89(2), e107–e122. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupéré, V., Leventhal, T., Dion, E., Crosnoe, R., Archambault, I., & Janosz, M. (2015). Stressors and turning points in high school and dropout: A stress process, life course framework. Review of Educational Research, 85(4), 591–629. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654314559845
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estell, D. B., & Perdue, N. H. (2013). Social support and behavioral and affective school engagement: The effects of peers, parents and teachers. Psychology in the Schools, 50(4), 325–339. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21681
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filmer, D., & Pritchett, L. H. (2001). Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data-or tears: An application to Educational enrollments in States of India. Demography, 38, 115–132. https://doi.org/10.2307/3088292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flanagan, A., Lince, N., Durao de Menezes, I., & Mdlopane, L. (2013). Teen pregnancy in South Africa: A literature review examining contributing factors and unique interventions. Ibis Reproductive Health. http://www.mmoho.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Literature-Review_Teenage-Pregnancy-South-Africa_Ibis.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Freudenberg, N., & Ruglis, J. (2007). Reframing school dropout as a public health issue. Preventing Chronic Disease, 4, A107. http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2007/oct/07_0063.htm
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gebrekristos, L. T., Shazi, Z., Moodley, D., Maman, S., & Groves, A. K. (2021). Soliciting parental consent among adolescent minor mothers: A barrier in adolescent HIV research? South African Medical Journal, 111(6), 526–527. https://doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.2021.v111i6.15364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, M. J., & Hallman, K. K. (2008). Pregnancy-related school dropout and prior school performance in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Studies in Family Planning, 39(4), 369–382. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2008.00181.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groves, A. K., Gebrekristos, L. G., Reyes, H. L. M., Mainville, J., Moodley, D., & Maman, S. (n.d.). Mentoring Adolescent Mothers at School (MAMAS): A mixed methods feasibility study. Under Review.
   Google Scholar
• Hendricks, G., Savahl, S., Mathews, K., Raats, C., Jaffer, L., Matzdorff, A., Dekel, B., Larke, C., Magodyo, T., Gesselleen, M., & Pedro, A. (2015). Influences on life aspirations among adolescents in a low-income community in Cape Town, South Africa. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 25(4), 320–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2015.1078089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, L. M., Abler, L., Maman, S., Twine, R., Kahn, K., MacPhail, C., & Pettifor, A. (2018). Hope, the household environment, and sexual risk behaviors among young women in rural South Africa (HPTN 068). AIDS and Behavior, 22(6), 1908–1918. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1945-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosegood, V., McGrath, N., & Moultrie, T. (2009). Dispensing with marriage: Marital and partnership trends in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 2000–2006. Demographic Research, 20, 279–312. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2009.20.13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyun, V., Brittain, K., Phillips, T. K., le Roux, S., McIntyre, J. A., Zerbe, A., Petro, G., Abrams, E. J., & Myer, L. (2018). Prevalence and determinants of unplanned pregnancy in HIV-positive and HIV-negative pregnant women in Cape Town, South Africa: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 8(4), e019979. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jewkes, R., Morrell, R., & Christofides, N. (2009). Empowering teenagers to prevent pregnancy: Lessons from South Africa. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 11(7), 675–688. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691050902846452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jochim, J., Groves, A. K., & Cluver, L. D. (2020). When do adolescent mothers return to school? Timing across rural and urban South Africa. South African Medical Journal, 110(9), 850–854. https://doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.2020.v110i9.14664
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb, S., & Markussen, E. (2011). School dropout and completion: An international perspective. In School dropout and completion (pp. 1–18). Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd, C., & Mensch, B. (2006). Marriage and childbirth as factors in school exit: An analysis of DHS data from sub-Saharan Africa. Poverty, Gender, and Youth, https://doi.org/10.31899/pgy1.1013
   Google Scholar
• MacPhail, C., Pettifor, A. E., Pascoe, S., & Rees, H. V. (2007). Contraception use and pregnancy among 15–24 year old South African women: A nationally representative cross-sectional survey. BMC Medicine, 5(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-5-31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Madhavan, S., & Thomas, K. J. (2005). Childbearing and schooling: New evidence from South Africa. Comparative Education Review, 49(4), 452–467. https://doi.org/10.1086/432770
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masten, A. S. (2011). Resilience in children threatened by extreme adversity: Frameworks for research, practice, and translational synergy. Development and Psychopathology, 23(2), 493–506. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579411000198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masten, A. S. (2018). Resilience theory and research on children and families: Past, present, and promise. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 10(1), 12–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12255
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matlala, S. F., Nolte, A., & Temane, M. (2014). Secondary school teachers’ experiences of teaching pregnant learners in Limpopo province. South Africa. South African Journal of Education, 34(4), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.15700/201412052112
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mee, P., Fearon, E., Hassan, S., Hensen, B., Acharya, X., Rice, B. D., & Hargreaves, J. R. (2018). The association between being currently in school and HIV prevalence among young women in nine eastern and southern African countries. PLoS One, 13, e0198898. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meekers, D., & Ahmed, G. (1999). Pregnancy-related school dropouts in Botswana. Population Studies, 53(2), 195–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324720308081
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mensch, B. S., Clark, W. H., Lloyd, C. B., & Erulkar, A. S. (2001). Premarital sex, schoolgirl pregnancy, and school quality in rural Kenya. Studies in Family Planning, 285–301. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2001.00285.x
   Google Scholar
• Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Mjwara, N., & Maharaj, P. (2018). Becoming a mother: Perspectives and experiences of young women in a South African township. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 20(2), 129–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2017.1334963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrell, R., Bhana, D., & Shefer, T. (2012). Books and babies: Pregnancy and young parents in schools. HSRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ngabaza, S., & Shefer, T. (2013). Policy commitments vs. Lived realities of young pregnant women and mothers in school, Western Cape, South Africa. Reproductive Health Matters, 21(41), 106–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-8080(13)41683-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panday, S., South Africa, Department of Basic Education, Human Sciences Research Council, & UNICEF. (2009). Teenage pregnancy in South Africa: With a specific focus on school-going learners: executive summary. Department of Basic Education.
   Google Scholar
• Ramraj, T., Jackson, D., Dinh, T.-H., Olorunju, S., Lombard, C., Sherman, G., Puren, A., Ramokolo, V., Noveve, N., Singh, Y., Magasana, V., Bhardwaj, S., Cheyip, M., Mogashoa, M., Pillay, Y., & Goga, A. E. (2018). Adolescent access to care and risk of early mother-to-child HIV transmission. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 62(4), 434–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter, M. (2006). Implications of resilience concepts for scientific understanding. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1376.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAS Institute Inc. (2013). SAS version 9.4.
   Google Scholar
• Saul, J., Bachman, G., Allen, S., Toiv, N. F., Cooney, C., & Beamon, T. (2018). The DREAMS core package of interventions: A comprehensive approach to preventing HIV among adolescent girls and young women. PLoS One, 13(12), e0208167. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shefer, T., Bhana, D., & Morrell, R. (2013). Teenage pregnancy and parenting at school in contemporary South African contexts: Deconstructing school narratives and understanding policy implementation1. Perspectives in Education, 31, 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Shilubane, H. N., Ruiter, R. A. C., Bos, A. E. R., van den Borne, B., James, S., & Reddy, P. S. (2014). Psychosocial correlates of suicidal ideation in rural South African adolescents. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 45(2), 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-013-0387-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, C. R., Lopez, S. J., Shorey, H. S., Rand, K. L., & Feldman, D. B. (2003). Hope theory, measurements, and applications to school psychology. School Psychology Quarterly, 18(2), 122. https://doi.org/10.1521/scpq.18.2.122.21854
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• South African Government. (1996). South African Schools Act. https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/act84of1996.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• South Africa, Department of Health, & Statistics South Africa. (2016). South Africa demographic and health survey, 2016: Key indicators report.
   Google Scholar
• Ssewamala, F. M., Karimli, L., Torsten, N., Wang, J. S.-H., Han, C.-K., Ilic, V., & Nabunya, P. (2016). Applying a family-level economic strengthening intervention to improve Education and health-related outcomes of school-going AIDS-orphaned children: Lessons from a randomized experiment in Southern Uganda. Prevention Science: The Official Journal of the Society for Prevention Research, 17(1), 134–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-015-0580-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoner, M. C., Pettifor, A., Edwards, J. K., Aiello, A. E., Halpern, C. T., Julien, A., Selin, A., Twine, R., Hughes, J. P., & Wang, J. (2017). The effect of school attendance and school dropout on incident HIV and HSV-2 among young women in rural South Africa enrolled in HPTN 068. AIDS (London, England), 31, 2127. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoner, M. C. D., Rucinski, K. B., Edwards, J. K., Selin, A., Hughes, J. P., Wang, J., Agyei, Y., Gomez-Olive, F. X., MacPhail, C., Kahn, K., & Pettifor, A. (2019). The relationship between school dropout and pregnancy among adolescent girls and young women in South Africa: A HPTN 068 analysis. Health Education & Behavior: The Official Publication of the Society for Public Health Education, 46(4), 559–568. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198119831755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamiru, D., Melaku, Y., & Belachew, T. (2017). Food insecurity and its association with school absenteeism among rural school adolescents in Jimma zone, Ethiopia. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 29(2), 114–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539517691606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theron, L. C., & Theron, A. M. C. (2010). A critical review of studies of South African youth resilience, 1990–2008. South African Journal of Science, 106, 1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timaeus, I. M., & Moultrie, T. A. (2015). Teenage childbearing and educational attainment in South Africa. Studies in Family Planning, 46(2), 143–160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2015.00021.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlinson, M., Doherty, T., Jackson, D., Lawn, J. E., Ijumba, P., Colvin, M., Nkonki, L., Daviaud, E., Goga, A., & Sanders, D. (2011). An effectiveness study of an integrated, community-based package for maternal, newborn, child and HIV care in South Africa: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 12(1), 236. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-12-236
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Toska, E., Cluver, L., Laurenzi, C. A., Wittesaele, C., Sherr, L., Zhou, S., & Langwenya, N. (2020). Reproductive aspirations, contraception use and dual protection among adolescent girls and young women: The effect of motherhood and HIV status. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 23(S5), e25558. https://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25558
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ungar, M. (2012). Social ecologies and their contribution to resilience. In M. Ungar (Ed.), The social ecology of resilience (pp. 13–31). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0586-3_2
   Google Scholar
• Ungar, M., Brown, M., Liebenberg, L., Othman, R., Kwong, W. M., Armstrong, M., & Gilgun, J. (2007). Unique pathways to resilience across cultures. Adolescence, 42, 287–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Statistics Division. (2020). The sustainable development goals report 2020. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2020/.
   Google Scholar
• van Breda, A. D., & Theron, L. C. (2018). A critical review of South African child and youth resilience studies, 2009–2017. Children and Youth Services Review, 91, 237–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.06.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, M.-T., & Eccles, J. S. (2012). Social support matters: Longitudinal effects of social support on three dimensions of school engagement from middle to high school. Child Development, 83(3), 877–895. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01745.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worrell, F. C., & Hale, R. L. (2001). The relationship of hope in the future and perceived school climate to school completion. School Psychology Quarterly, 16(4), 370–388. https://doi.org/10.1521/scpq.16.4.370.19896
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar