Health work and skills in the last mile of disease elimination. Experiences from sleeping sickness health workers in South Sudan and DR Congo

References

• Akazue, P. I., Ebiloma, G. U., Ajibola, O., Isaac, C., Onyekwelu, K., Ezeh, C. O., & Eze, A. A. (2019). Sustainable elimination (zero cases) of sleeping sickness: How Far Are We from achieving this goal? Pathogens (basel, Switzerland), 8(3), 135. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8030135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya, S., & Dasgupta, R. (2009). A TALE OF TWO GLOBAL HEALTH PROGRAMS smallpox eradication's lessons for the antipolio campaign in india. American Journal of Public Health, 99(7), 1176–1184. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2008.135624
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burri, C. (2020). Sleeping sickness at the crossroads. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 5(2), 57–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5020057
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cattand, P., Jannin, J., & Lucas, P. (2001). Sleeping sickness surveillance: An essential step towards elimination. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 6(5), 348–361. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2001.00669.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falisse, J.-B., & Mpanya, A. (2022). Clinical trials as disease control? The political economy of sleeping sickness in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1996–2016). Social Science & Medicine, 299(April), 114882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114882
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Falisse, J.-B., Mwamba-Miaka, E., & Mpanya, A. (2020). Whose elimination? Frontline workers’ perspectives on the elimination of the human African trypanosomiasis and its anticipated consequences. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 5(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5010006
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Franco, J. R., Cecchi, G., Priotto, G., Paone, M., Diarra, A., Grout, L., Simarro, P. P., Zhao, W., & Argaw, D. (2020). Monitoring the elimination of human African trypanosomiasis at continental and country level: Update to 2018. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 14(5), e0008261–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenough, P. (1995). Intimidation, coercion and resistance in the final stages of the South Asian smallpox eradication campaign, 1973-1975. Social Science & Medicine, 41(5), 633–645. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(95)00035-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamonneau, V., & Bucheton, B. (2014). The challenge of serodiagnosis of sleeping sickness in the context of elimination. The Lancet Global Health, 2(6), e306–e307. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70226-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kingori, P., & McGowan, C. (2016). After the End of ebola. Somatosphere. Retrieved June 21, 2022, from http://somatosphere.net/2016/after-the-end-of-ebola.html
   Google Scholar
• Klepac, P., Metcalf, C. J. E., McLean, A. R., & Hampson, K. (2013). Towards the endgame and beyond: Complexities and challenges for the elimination of infectious diseases. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 368(1623), 20120137. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lachenal, G. (2014). Le médicament qui devait sauver l’Afrique: un scandale pharmaceutique aux colonies.
   Google Scholar
• Lam, A. (2000). Tacit knowledge, organizational learning and societal institutions: An integrated framework. Organization Studies, 21(3), 487–513. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840600213001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, H. J., & Ghinai, I. (2011). Lessons from polio eradication. Nature, 473(7348), 446–447. https://doi.org/10.1038/473446a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S. J., Apio, R. J., & Palmer, J. J. (2020). Centering patient experiences, expectations and receptivity toward a novel home-based oral drug treatment among T. B. Rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis patients in Uganda. Tropical Medicine & Infectious Disease, 5(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5010016
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loevinsohn, B., Aylward, B., Steinglass, R., Ogden, E., Goodman, T., & Melgaard, B. (2002). Impact of targeted programs on health systems: A case study of the polio eradication initiative. American Journal of Public Health, 92(1), 19–23. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.92.1.19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutumba, P., Robays, J., Bilenge, C. M. M., Mesu, V. K. B. K., Molisho, D., Declercq, J., Van Der Veken, W., Meheus, F., Jannin, J., & Boelaert, M. (2005). Trypanosomiasis control, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1993-2003. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11(9), 1382–1388. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1109.041020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons, M. (2002). The Colonial Disease: A Social History of Sleeping Sickness in Northern Zaire, 1900-1940. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mbo, F., Mutombo, W., Ngolo, D., Kabangu, P., Mordt, O. V., Wourgaft, N. S., & Mwamba, E. (2020). How clinical research can contribute to strengthening health systems in low resource countries. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 5(2), https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5020048
   Google Scholar
• Miaka, E. M., Hasker, E., Verlé, P., Torr, S. J., & Boelaert, M. (2019). Sleeping sickness in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Lancet Neurology, 18(11), 988–989. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30284-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitashi, P., Hasker, E., Mbo, F., Van Geertruyden, J. P., Kaswa, M., Lumbala, C., Boelaert, M., & Lutumba, P. (2015). Integration of diagnosis and treatment of sleeping sickness in primary healthcare facilities in the democratic republic of the Congo. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 20(1), 98–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulenga, P., Boelaert, M., Lutumba, P., Kelen, C. V., Coppieters, Y., Chenge, F., Lumbala, C., Luboya, O., & Mpanya, A. (2019a). Integration of human African trypanosomiasis control activities into primary health services in the democratic republic of the Congo: A qualitative study of stakeholder perceptions. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 100(4), 899–906. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.18-0382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulenga, P., Lutumba, P., Coppieters, Y., Mpanya, A., Mwamba-Miaka, E., Luboya, O., & Chenge, F. (2019). Passive screening and diagnosis of sleeping sickness with New tools in primary health services: An operational research. Infectious Diseases and Therapy, 8(3), 353–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40121-019-0253-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer, J. J. (2020). Sensing sleeping sickness: Local symptom-making in South Sudan. Medical Anthropology, 39(6), 457–473. https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2019.1689976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer, J. J., Jones, C., Surur, E. I., & Kelly, A. H. (2020). Understanding the role of the diagnostic ‘reflex’’ in the elimination of human African trypanosomiasis.’. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 5(2), 52. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5020052
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Palmer, J. J., Kelly, A. H., Surur, E. I., Checchi, F., & Jones, C. (2014). Changing landscapes, changing practice: Negotiating access to sleeping sickness services in a post-conflict society. Social Science & Medicine, 120, 396–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.03.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer, J. J., & Kingsley, P. (2016). Controlling sleeping sickness amidst conflict and calm: Remembering, forgetting and the politics of humanitarian knowledge in Southern Sudan, 1956-2005. In Christina Bennett & Matthew Foley (Eds.), Lessons from the Past to Shape the Future: Lessons from the History of Humanitarian Action in Africa (pp. 31–48). London: Overseas Development Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Palmer, J. J., Robert, O., & Kansiime, F. (2017). Including refugees in disease elimination: Challenges observed from a sleeping sickness programme in Uganda. Conflict and Health, 11(1), https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-017-0125-x
   Google Scholar
• Palmer, J. J., Surur, E. I., Checchi, F., Ahmad, F., Ackom, F. K., & Whitty, C. J. M. (2014). A mixed methods study of a health worker training intervention to increase syndromic referral for gambiense human African trypanosomiasis in South Sudan. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 8(3), Article e2742. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002742
   Google Scholar
• PNLTHA. (2016). Rapport annuel 2016 du programme national de lutte contre la THA en RDC.
   Google Scholar
• PNLTHA. (2018). Rapport annuel 2018 du programme national de lutte contre la THA en RDC.
   Google Scholar
• Wamboga, C., Matovu, E., Bessell, P. R., Picado, A., Biéler, S., & Ndung’u, J. M. (2017). Enhanced passive screening and diagnosis for gambiense human African trypanosomiasis in north-western Uganda – moving towards elimination. PLoS ONE, 12(10), e0186429–19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warne, G., & Mukhier, M. (2021). Tackling the worldwide loss of leprosy expertise. Leprosy Review, 92(2), 186–197. https://doi.org/10.47276/lr.92.2.186
   Google Scholar
• Wenzel Geissler, P., Lachenal, G., Manton, J., & Tousignant, N. (2016). Traces of the future: An archaeology of medical Science in Africa. Chicago: Intellect & University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar