Publication Cover
Global Public Health
An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice
Volume 17, 2022 - Issue 12
277
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Exposed and unprotected: Sex worker vulnerabilities during the COVID-19 health emergency in Mozambique

ORCID Icon, & ORCID Icon
Pages 3568-3582 | Received 06 Jan 2022, Accepted 31 May 2022, Published online: 24 Jun 2022

References

  • Aantjes, C. J., Munguambe, K., Muchanga, V., Capurchande, R., & Poku, N. K. (2021). Why doesn’t the decriminalization of same sex sexuality and sex work ensure rights? The legality and social acceptance of transgressive sexualities in urban Mozambique. Journal of Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 19(1), 416–431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-021-00554-1
  • Amadasun, S. (2020). COVID-19 palaver: Ending rights violations of vulnerable groups in Africa. World Development, 134(1), 105054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105054
  • Amnesty International. (2020). Policing the pandemic: Human rights violations in the enforcement of COVID-19 measures in Europe.
  • Barletta, G., Castigo, F., Egger, E., Keller, M., Salvucci, V., & Tarp, F. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on consumption poverty in Mozambique. WIDER working paper 2021/94.
  • Boletim da República. (2020). Decreto 11/2020, de 30 de Março de 2020.
  • Bromfield, N. F., Panichelli, M., & Capous-Desyllas, M. (2021). At the intersection of COVID-19 and sex work in the United States: A call for social work action. Sage.
  • Bukuluki, P., Mwenyango, H., Katongole, S. P., Sidhva, D., & Palattiyil, G. (2020). The socio-economic and psychosocial impact of Covid-19 pandemic on urban refugees in Uganda. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 2(1), 100045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100045
  • Castel-Branco, R. (2020). O trabalho e a proteccâo social num contexto do estado de emergência em Mocambique. Boletim Nr 125.
  • Chirisa, I., Mutambisi, T., Chivenge, M., Mabaso, E., Matamanda, A. R., & Ncube, R. (2020). The urban penalty of COVID-19 lockdowns across the globe: Manifestations and lessons for Anglophone sub-Saharan Africa. GeoJournal, 87(2), 815–828. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10281-6
  • CoM. (2020, 22 March). Mozambique reports first case of Covid-19. Club of Mozambique.
  • CoM. (2021, 4 February). Mozambique imposes curfew in greater Maputo, closes churches, delays opening of classes. Club of Mozambique.
  • Dersso, S. A. (2020). Press statement on human rights based effective response to the novel COVID-19 virus in Africa. African Commission on People’s and Human Rights.
  • do Rosário Augusto, Â, Young, P. W., Horth, R. Z., Inguane, C., Sathane, I., Ngale, K., Benedetti, M., Cummings, B., Botão, C. F. S., Baltazar, C. A. S., & Frank, H. (2016). High burden of HIV infection and risk behaviors among female sex workers in three main urban areas of Mozambique. AIDS and Behavior, 20(4), 799–810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-015-1140-9
  • Fedorkó, B., Stevenson, L., & Macioti, P. G. (2021). Sex workers on the frontline: An abridged version of the original ICRSE report: ‘The role of sex worker rights groups in providing support during the COVID-19 crisis in Europe. Global Public Health, 1–10.
  • Fineman, M. A. (2010). The vulnerable subject and the responsive state. Emory Law Journal, 60, 251–276.
  • Freedman, J., Crankshaw, T. L., Aantjes, C., Armstrong, R., & Poku, N. K. (2021). Young key populations in Southern Africa: An analysis of the social determinants of HIV risk and barriers to SRH services. In K. Govender, & N. K. Poku (Eds.), Preventing HIV among young people in Southern and Eastern Africa. Emerging evidence and intervention strategies (pp. 174–187). Routledge.
  • Gibb, J. K., DuBois, L. Z., Williams, S., McKerracher, L., Juster, R. P., & Fields, J. (2020). Sexual and gender minority health vulnerabilities during the COVID-19 health crisis. American Journal of Human Biology, 32(5), e23499. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23499
  • Gichuna, S., Hassan, R., Sanders, T., Campbell, R., Mutonyi, M., & Mwangi, P. (2020). Access to healthcare in a time of COVID-19: Sex workers in crisis in Nairobi, Kenya. Global Public Health, 15(10), 1430–1442. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1810298
  • Gile, K. J., & Handcock, M. S. (2010). Respondent-driven sampling: An assessment of current methodology. Sociological Methodology, 40(1), 285–327. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9531.2010.01223.x
  • Gonsalves, G., & Staley, P. (2014). Panic, paranoia, and public health – The AIDS epidemic’s lessons for Ebola. New England Journal of Medicine, 371(25), 2348–2349. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1413425
  • Huberman, A. M., & Miles, M. B. (1994). Data management and analysis methods. In N. K. Denzin, & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 428–444). Sage Publications Inc.
  • ILO. (2020). Extending social protection to informal workers in the COVID-19 crisis: Country responses and policy considerations. Social protection spotlight briefs.
  • IMASIDA. (2015). Inquérito de Indicadores de Imunização, Malária e HIV/SIDA em Moçambique 2015. Relatório Preliminar de Indicadores de HIV.
  • Iversen, J., Sabin, K., Chang, J., Morgan Thomas, R., Prestage, G., Strathdee, S. A., & Maher, L. (2020). COVID-19, HIV and key populations: Cross-cutting issues and the need for population-specific responses. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 23(10), e25632. https://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25632
  • Kimani, J., Adhiambo, J., Kasiba, R., Mwangi, P., Were, V., Mathenge, J., Macharia, P., Cholette, F., Moore, S., Shaw, S., & Becker, M. (2020). The effects of COVID-19 on the health and socio-economic security of sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya: Emerging intersections with HIV. Global Public Health, 15(7), 1073–1082. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1770831
  • Kyed, H. M. (2020). COVID-19 in Mozambique. Police violence, mistrust of government and the fear of hunger. DIIS.
  • Lam, E. (2020). Pandemic sex workers’ resilience: COVID-19 crisis met with rapid responses by sex worker communities. International Social Work, 63(6), 777–781. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872820962202
  • Loembé, M. M., & Nkengasong, J. N. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine access in Africa: Global distribution, vaccine platforms, and challenges ahead. Immunity, 54(7), 1353–1362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2021.06.017
  • Loewenson, R., Accoe, K., Bajpai, N., Buse, K., Abi, T., London, L., Méndez, C. A., Mirzoev, T., Nelson, E., Parray, A. A., & Probandari, A. (2020). Reclaiming comprehensive public health. BMJ Global Health, 5(9), e003886. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003886
  • Logie, C. H., & Turan, J. M. (2020). How do we balance tensions between COVID-19 public health responses and stigma mitigation? Learning from HIV research. AIDS and Behavior, 24(7), 2003–2006. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02856-8
  • Machado, S., & Goldenberg, S. (2021). Sharpening our public health lens: Advancing im/migrant health equity during COVID-19 and beyond. International Journal for Equity in Health, 20(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-021-01399-1
  • Mantell, J. E., Franks, J., Lahuerta, M., Omollo, D., Zerbe, A., Hawken, M., Wu, Y., Odera, D., El-Sadr, W. M., & Agot, K. (2021). Life in the balance: Young female sex workers in Kenya weigh the risks of COVID-19 and HIV. AIDS and Behavior, 25(5), 1323–1330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03140-5
  • Matilla-Santander, N., Ahonen, E., Albin, M., Baron, S., Bolíbar, M., Bosmans, K., Burström, B., Cuervo, I., Davis, L., Gunn, V., & Håkansta, C. (2021). COVID-19 and precarious employment: Consequences of the evolving crisis. International Journal of Health Services, 51(2), 226–228. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020731420986694
  • Maulani, N., Nyadera, I. N., & Wandekha, B. (2020). The generals and the war against COVID-19: The case of Zimbabwe. Journal of Global Health, 10(2), 2. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020388
  • Mbazzi, F. B., Nalugya, R., Kawesa, E., Nimusiima, C., King, R., Van Hove, G., & Seeley, J. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 measures on children with disabilities and their families in Uganda. Disability & Society, 17(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2020.1867075
  • Mgbako, C. A. (2016). To live freely in this world. Sex worker activism in Africa. New York University Press.
  • MOH. (2021). COVID-19: Boletins Diários. Ministry of Health.
  • Ngale, K., Cummings, B., & Horth, R. (2019). Unseen, unheard and unprotected: Prevalence and correlates of violence among female sex workers in Mozambique. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 21(8), 898–913. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2018.1524512
  • NSWP & UNAIDS. (2020). Joint statement: Sex workers must not be left behind in the response to COVID-19.
  • Obasa, A., Singh, S., Chivunze, E., Burgess, T., Masiye, F., Mtande, T., Ochieng, J., Chalwe, V., Mokgatla, B., & Rennie, S. (2020). Comparative strategic approaches to COVID-19 in Africa: Balancing public interest with civil liberties. South African Medical Journal, 110(9), 858. https://doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.2020.v110i9.14934
  • Oladele, G. A. (2020). Legal implications of human rights violations during COVID-19 lockdown in Nigeria. Journal of Law, Policy & Globalization, 100, 86.
  • Penal Code. (2014). Lei n.° 35/2014. Código Penal da República de Moçambique.
  • Pereira, C. (2021). Navigating civic space in a time of COVID-19: Mozambique country report.
  • Platform for the rights of sex workers in Mozambique. (2020). Position paper of the platform for the rights of sex workers in Mozambique in the context of COVID-19.
  • Platt, L., Elmes, J., Stevenson, L., Holt, V., Rolles, S., & Stuart, R. (2020). Sex workers must not be forgotten in the COVID-19 response. The Lancet, 396(10243), 9–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31033-3
  • Purkey, A. L. (2014). A dignified approach: Legal empowerment and justice for human rights violations in protracted refugee situations. Journal of Refugee Studies, 27(2), 260–281. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fet031
  • Scorgie, F., Nakato, D., Harper, E., Richter, M., Maseko, S., Nare, P., Smit, J., & Chersich, M. (2013). We are despised in the hospitals’: Sex workers' experiences of accessing health care in four African countries. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 15(4), 450–465.
  • Sekalala, S., Forman, L., Hodgson, T., Mulumba, M., Namyalo-Ganafa, H., & Meier, B. M. (2021). Decolonising human rights: How intellectual property laws result in unequal access to the COVID-19 vaccine. BMJ Global Health, 6(7), e006169. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006169
  • Tan, R. K. J., Ho, V., Sherqueshaa, S., Dee, W., Lim, J. M., Lo, J. J. M., Teo, A. K. J., O’Hara, C. A., Ong, C., Ching, A. H., & Wong, M. L. (2021). The impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on the health and social needs of sex workers in Singapore. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 50(5), 2017–2029. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-01951-8
  • Tiyana Vavasate. (2019). CEDAW shadow report: Submission by Tiyane Vavasate association to the committee on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women in Mozambique. CEDAW 73rd session 2019.
  • World Bank. (2021). Mozambique economic update of February 2021. Setting the stage for recovery.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.