References
- Algan, Y., & Cahuc, P. (2014). Handbook of economic growth. Handbook of Economic Growth, 2(2), 49–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53538-2.00002-2
- Atchison, C., Bowman, L. R., Vrinten, C., Redd, R., Pristerà, P., Eaton, J., & Ward, H. (2021). Early perceptions and behavioural responses during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey of UK adults. In BMJ Open (Vol. 11, Issue 1). BMJ Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043577
- Attwell, K., Leask, J., Meyer, S. B., Rokkas, P., & Ward, P. (2017). Vaccine rejecting parents’ engagement with expert systems that inform vaccination programs. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 14(1), 65–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-016-9756-7
- Aw, J., Seng, J. J. B., Seah, S. S. Y., & Low, L. L. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy—a scoping review of literature in high-income countries. Vaccines, 9(8), 900. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9080900
- Bailey, Z. D., Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T. (2017). America: Equity and Equality in Health 3 Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions. In www.thelancet.com (Vol. 389). www.thelancet.com/
- Berkowitz, R. L., Gao, X., Michaels, E. K., & Mujahid, M. S. (2021). Structurally vulnerable neighbourhood environments and racial/ethnic COVID-19 inequities. Cities & Health, 5(sup1), S59–S62. https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2020.1792069
- Black, J. H., & Grifth, A. (2022). Do MPs represent Canada’s diversity? Policy Options Politiques, https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/january-2022/do-mps-represent-canadas-diversity/
- Block, R., Berg, A., Lennon, R. P., Miller, E. L., & Nunez-Smith, M. (2020). African American adherence to COVID-19 public health recommendations. HLRP: Health Literacy Research and Practice, 4(3), e166–e170. https://doi.org/10.3928/24748307-20200707-01
- Bodas, M., & Peleg, K. (2020). Self-isolation compliance in the COVID-19 era influenced by compensation: Findings from a recent survey in Israel. Health Affairs, 39(6), 936–941. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2020.00382
- Bornstein, B. H., & Tomkins, A. J. (2015). Institutional trust: An introduction. In B. H. Bornstein, & A. J. Tomkins (Eds.), Motivating cooperation and compliance with authority: The role of institutional trust (pp. 1–11). Springer International Publishing.
- Bourgois, P., & Hart, L. K. (2011). Commentary on Genberg et al. (2011): The structural vulnerability imposed by hypersegregated US inner-city neighborhoods – A theoretical and practical challenge for substance abuse research. Addiction, 106(11), 1975–1977. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03615.x
- Bourgois, P., Holmes, S. M., Sue, K., & Quesada, J. (2017). Structural vulnerability: Operationalizing the concept to address health disparities in clinical care. Academic Medicine, 92(3), https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000001294
- Braithwaite, R., & Warren, R. (2020). The African American petri dish. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 31(2), 491–502. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2020.0037
- Brankston, G., Merkley, E., Fisman, D. N., Tuite, A. R., Poljak, Z., Loewen, P. J., & Greer, A. L. (2021). Socio-demographic disparities in knowledge, practices, and ability to comply with COVID-19 public health measures in Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 112(3), 363–375. https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-021-00501-y
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). To saturate or not to saturate? Questioning data saturation as a useful concept for thematic analysis and sample-size rationales. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 13(2), 201–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1704846
- Bresge, A. (2020). Policing the pandemic will put marginalized communities at risk, advocates say. City News Toronto. https://toronto.citynews.ca/2020/04/03/policing-the-pandemic-will-put-marginalized-communities-at-risk-advocates-say/
- Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
- Canadian Public Health Association. (2021). Review of Canada’s Initial Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. https://www.cpha.ca/review-canadas-initial-response-covid-19-pandemic
- Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory (J. Seaman, Ed.; 2nd ed.). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/constructing-grounded-theory/book235960#features
- Chiodo, S., Buajitti, E., & Rosella, L. (2021). Epidemiology of COVID-19 Among healthcare workers In Ontario, Canada during The first pandemic wave. University of Toronto Journal of Public Health, 2(1), https://doi.org/10.33137/utjph.v2i1.35936
- Cooper, S. (2021). Pandemic hits marginalized populations hardest. Winnipeg Free Press. https://policyalternatives.ca/publications/commentary/pandemic-hits-marginalized-populations-hardest
- Cupertino, G. A., do Carmo Cupertino, M., Gomes, A. P., Braga, L. M., & Siqueira-Batista, R. (2020). COVID-19 and Brazilian indigenous populations. In The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (Vol. 103, Issue 2, pp. 609–612). American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0563
- Dick, B. (2017). Convergent interviewing. http://www.aral.com.au/resources/coin.pdf
- Diez Roux, A. V., & Mair, C. (2010). Neighborhoods and health. In Annals of the New York academy of sciences (Vol. 1186, pp. 125–145). Blackwell Publishing Inc. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05333.x
- Erin, H. (2023). The Indian Act. Indigenous Foundations Arts Ubc. https://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/the_indian_act/
- Etowa, J., Kohoun, B., Etowa, E. B., Kiros, G., Mbagwu, I., Muray, M., Dabone, C., Ubangha, L., & Nare, H. (2020). Leaving no one behind”: COVID-19 response in Black Canadian communities. Witness: The Canadian Journal of Critical Nursing Discourse, 2(2).
- Fridman, I., Lucas, N., Henke, D., & Zigler, C. K. (2020). Association between public knowledge about COVID-19, trust in information sources, and adherence to social distancing: Cross-sectional survey. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 6(3), https://doi.org/10.2196/22060
- Gotanda, H., Miyawaki, A., Tabuchi, T., & Tsugawa, Y. (2021). Association between trust in government and practice of preventive measures during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 36(11), 3471–3477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-06959-3
- Government of Canada. (2018). Key Health Inequalities in Canada: A National Portrait – Executive Summary. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/science-research-data/key-health-inequalities-canada-national-portrait-executive-summary.html
- Government of Canada. (2020). Building Understanding: The First Report of the National Advisory Council on Poverty. https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/programs/poverty-reduction/national-advisory-council/reports/2020-annual.html
- Government of Canada. (2021). Archive 22: Recommendations on the use of COVID-19 vaccines [2021-10-22]. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/immunization/national-advisory-committee-on-immunization-naci/recommendations-use-covid-19-vaccines.html
- Government of Canada. (2022a). Government of Canada lightens border measures as part of transition of the pandemic response.
- Government of Canada. (2022b). Inclusion of Marginalized people. https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/issues_development-enjeux_developpement/human_rights-droits_homme/inclusion.aspx?lang=eng
- Government of Canada. (2022c). Indigenous peoples and communities. https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100013785/1529102490303
- Government of Canada. (2023). Canada’s Black Justice Strategy. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/cj-jp/cbjs-scjn/index.html
- Greenaway, C., Hargreaves, S., Barkati, S., Coyle, C. M., Gobbi, F., Veizis, A., & Douglas, P. (2020). COVID-19: Exposing and addressing health disparities among ethnic minorities and migrants. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(7), https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa113
- Gupta, S., & Aitken, N. (2022). COVID-19 mortality among racialized populations in Canada and its association with income. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/45-28-0001/2022001/article/00010-eng.htm
- Han, Q., Zheng, B., Cristea, M., Agostini, M., Bélanger, J. J., Gützkow, B., Kreienkamp, J., Leander, N. P., Abakoumkin, G., Khaiyom, J. H. A., Ahmedi, V., Akkas, H., Almenara, C. A., Atta, M., Bagci, S. C., Basel, S., Kida, E. B., Bernardo, A. B. I., Buttrick, N. R., … Zick, A. (2023). Trust in government regarding COVID-19 and its associations with preventive health behaviour and prosocial behaviour during the pandemic: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Psychological Medicine, 53(1), 149–159. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721001306
- Herati, H., Burns, K. E., Nascimento, M., Brown, P., Calnan, M., Dubé, E., … Meyer, S. B. (2023). Canadians’ trust in government in a time of crisis: does it matter? PLoS ONE, 18(9), e0290664.
- Hermesh Id, B., Rosenthal, A., & Davidovitch, N. (2020). The cycle of distrust in health policy and behavior: Lessons learned from the Negev Bedouin. PLoS One, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237734
- Hirschberger, G. (2018). Collective trauma and the social construction of meaning. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(AUG), https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01441
- Holmes, S. M. (2011). Structural vulnerability and hierarchies of ethnicity and citizenship on the farm. Medical Anthropology, 30(4), 425–449. https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2011.576728
- Homeless Hub. (2023). How many people are homeless in Canada? https://www.homelesshub.ca/about-homelessness/homelessness-101/how-many-people-are-homeless-canada
- Innovative Research Group. (2021). COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence Black Canadian Perspectives. https://innovativeresearch.ca/vaccine-confidence-among-black-canadians/
- Jay, J., Bor, J., Nsoesie, E. O., Lipson, S. K., Jones, D. K., Galea, S., & Raifman, J. (2020). Neighbourhood income and physical distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(12), 1294–1302. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-00998-2
- Kantamneni, N. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on marginalized populations in the United States: A research agenda. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 119), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103439
- Koshy, L., Burns, K. E., Nascimento, M., Ike, N., Herati, H., Filice, E., … Meyer, S. B. (2023). Newcomer perceptions of COVID-19 countermeasures in Canada. Health Promotion International, 38(3), daad051. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daad051
- Kovich, H. (2020). Rural matters — coronavirus and the navajo nation. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(2), 105–107. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2012114
- Lasser, K. E., Himmelstein, D. U., & Woolhandler, S. (2006). Access to care, health status, and health disparities in the united. Journal of Public Health, 96(7), https://www.proquest.com/docview/215083453?parentSessionId=r6scry%2FrrSUKRdW5ZDw%2Fn5TwqTzch0oOaj3cnhLNkUo%3D&pq-origsite=primo&accountid=14906
- Lund, E. M. (2021). Even more to handle: Additional sources of stress and trauma for clients from marginalized racial and ethnic groups in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2020.1766420
- Marlow, L. A. V., Waller, J., & Wardle, J. (2007). Trust and experience as predictors of HPV vaccine acceptance. Human Vaccines, 3(5), 171–175. https://doi.org/10.4161/hv.3.5.4310
- Meyer, S. B., Mamerow, L., Taylor, A. W., Henderson, J., Ward, P. R., & Coveney, J. (2013). Demographic indicators of trust in federal, state and local government: Implications for Australian health policy makers. Australian Health Review, 37(1), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1071/AH11073
- Mohatt, N. V., Thompson, A. B., Thai, N. D., & Tebes, J. K. (2014). Historical trauma as public narrative: A conceptual review of how history impacts present-day health. In Social science and medicine (Vol. 106, pp. 128–136). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.01.043
- Mosby, I., & Swidrovich, J. (2021). Medical experimentation and the roots of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among Indigenous Peoples in Canada. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 193(11), E381–E383. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.210112
- Murtin, F., Fleischer, L., Siegerink, V., Aassve, A., Algan, Y., Boarini, R., González, S., Lonti, Z., Grimalda, G., Vallve, R. H., Kim, S., Lee, D., & Putterman, L. (2018). Trust and its determinants: Evidence from the Trustlab experiment. OECD Statistics Working Papers. https://doi.org/10.1787/869ef2ec-en
- Newman Id, P. A., Reid, L., Tepjan, S., Fantus, S., Allan, K., Nyoni, T., Guta, A., & Williamsid, C. C. (2022). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among marginalized populations in the U.S. and Canada: Protocol for a scoping review. PLoS One, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266120
- OCHPP. (2023). Ontario Marginalization Index (ON-Marg) - FAQs. Ontario Community Health Profiles Partnership. https://www.ontariohealthprofiles.ca/onmargON_faq.php
- Office of the Premier. (2022). Ontario Outlines Steps to Cautiously and Gradually Ease Public Health Measures. https://news.ontario.ca/en/release/1001451/ontario-outlines-steps-to-cautiously-and-gradually-ease-public-health-measures
- Ontario Community Health Profiles Partnership (OCHPP). (2022). Canadian Marginalization Index (CAN-Marg). https://www.ontariohealthprofiles.ca/canmargCAN.php
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2020). How's life?. OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/9870c393-en
- Orhun, A. Y., & Palazzolo, M. (2019). Frugality is hard to afford. Journal of Marketing Research, 56(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022243718821660
- Pollock, G., Newbold, B., Lafrenière, G., & Edge, S. (2011). Perceptions of discrimination in health services experienced by immigrant minorities in Ontario.
- Public Health Agency of Canada. (2021). CPHO Sunday Edition: The Impact of COVID-19 on Racialized Communities. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/news/2021/02/cpho-sunday-edition-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-racialized-communities.html
- Public Health Ontario. (2018). Ontario Marginalization Index: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs). https://www.publichealthontario.ca/-/media/documents/F/2018/faqs-on-marg.pdf
- Shanka, M. S., & Menebo, M. M. (2022). When and How trust in government leads to compliance with COVID-19 precautionary measures. Journal of Business Research, 139, 1275–1283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.10.036
- Statistics Canada. (2017a). Census in Brief_ English, French and official language minorities in Canada. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/98-200-x/2016011/98-200-x2016011-eng.cfm
- Statistics Canada. (2017b). The housing conditions of Aboriginal people in Canada: Census of Population, 2016. Statistics Canada. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/98-200-x/2016021/98-200-x2016021-eng.cfm
- Statistics Canada. (2022). Immigration and ethnocultural diversity statistics. https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/subjects-start/immigration_and_ethnocultural_diversity
- St-Denis, X. (2020). Sociodemographic determinants of occupational risks of exposure to COVID-19 in Canada. Canadian Review of Sociology, 57(3), 399–452.
- Urrutia, D., Manetti, E., Williamson, M., & Lequy, E. (2021). Overview of Canada’s answer to the COVID-19 pandemic’s first wave (January–April 2020). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18), https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137131
- van Ingen, T., Akingbola, S., Brown, K. A., Daneman, N., Buchan, S. A., & Smith, B. T. (2021). Neighbourhood-level risk factors of COVID-19 incidence and mortality. MedRvix. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.11012021.01.27.21250618v1#:~:text=Neighbourhoods%20having%20a%20higher%20proportion,%2C%20attenuated%20COVID%2D19%20risks
- Van Scoy, L. J., Miller, E. L., Snyder, B., Wasserman, E., Chinchilli, V. M., Zgierska, A. E., Rabago, D., Lennon, C. L., Lipnick, D., Toyobo, O., Ruffin, M. T., & Lennon, R. P. (2021). Knowledge, perceptions, and preferred information sources related to COVID-19 among central Pennsylvania adults early in the pandemic: A mixed methods cross-sectional survey. The Annals of Family Medicine, 19(4), 293–301. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.2674
- Wang, L., & Hu, W. (2013). Immigrant health, place effect and regional disparities in Canada. Social Science & Medicine, 98, 8–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.08.040
- Wang, Q., Yang, L., Jin, H., & Lin, L. (2021). Vaccination against COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of acceptability and its predictors. Preventive Medicine, 150), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106694
- Ward, P. R., Miller, E., Pearce, A. R., & Meyer, S. B. (2016). Predictors and extent of institutional trust in government, banks, the media and religious organisations: Evidence from cross-sectional surveys in Six Asia-pacific countries. PLoS One, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164096
- Weill, J. A., Stigler, M., Deschenes, O., & Springborn, M. R. (2020). Social distancing responses to COVID-19 emergency declarations strongly differentiated by income. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(33), 19658–19660. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2009412117
- Williams, D. R., & Collins, C. (1974). Racial residential segregation: A fundamental cause of racial disparities in health. Public Health Reports, 116(5).