References
- Adams, A. (2020, March 23). Health officials work to streamline access to malaria drug for COVID-19. KSL-TV. https://ksltv.com/433851/health-officials-work-to-streamline-access-to-malaria-drug-for-covid-19/.
- Adhikari, B., & Budhathoki, S. S. (2020). Silver-lining in the time of mayhem: The role of local governments of Nepal during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Nepal Medical Association, 58(231), https://doi.org/10.31729/jnma.5262
- Against FDA warning, Houston doctor claims to have used Ivermectin on “thousands” of COVID patients. (2021, August 27). ABC13 Houston. https://abc13.com/ivermectin-covid-treat-dr-joseph-varon-united-memorial-medical-center/10976044/.
- AP Archive (Director). (2020, March 19). Trump: Malaria drug could be virus “game changer” [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v = ScdYrN3BWTM.
- AP: Top donor of Gov. Ron DeSantis is Regeneron investor. (2021, August 21). CBS News Miami. https://www.cbsnews.com/miami/news/ap-desantis-donor-regeneron-investor/.
- Atkinson, S., Bradby, H., Gadebusch Bondio, M., Hallberg, A., Macnaugthon, J., & Söderfeldt, Y. (2021). Seeing the value of experiential knowledge through COVID-19. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 43(3), 85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-021-00438-y
- Baird, R. P. (2020, June 13). How Utah’s tech industry tried to disrupt coronavirus testing. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/how-utahs-tech-industry-tried-to-disrupt-coronavirus-testing.
- Baker, S. A., & Maddox, A. (2022). From COVID-19 treatment to miracle cure: The role of influencers and public figures in amplifying the hydroxychloroquine and ivermectin conspiracy theories during the pandemic. M/C Journal, 25(1), https://doi.org/10.5204/mcj.2872
- Barnett, M. L., Gaye, M., Jena, A. B., & Mehrotra, A. (2022). Association of county-level prescriptions for hydroxychloroquine and ivermectin with county-level political voting patterns in the 2020 US presidential election. JAMA Internal Medicine, 182(4), 452. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.0200
- Becker, A. (2020, May 7). Company at center of Utah’s abandoned hydroxychloroquine purchase has a history of violations. KUER. https://www.kuer.org/health-care/2020-05-07/company-at-center-of-utahs-abandoned-hydroxychloroquine-purchase-has-a-history-of-violations.
- Becker, A. (2021, January 14). Utah authorities gave ‘green light’ to CEO accused of illegally receiving coronavirus drug, his lawyer says. The Salt Lake Tribune. https://www.sltrib.com/news/2021/01/14/utah-authorities-gave/.
- Bendix, A., & Dixon, M. (2023, September 14). DeSantis administration advises against Covid shots for Florida residents under 65. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/desantis-administration-advises-no-covid-shots-under-65-rcna104912.
- Bharti, N., & Sismondo, S. (2024). Political prescriptions: Three pandemic stories. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 49(2), 371–402. https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439221123831
- Blake, A. (2021a, August 24). How those ivermectin conspiracy theories convinced people to buy horse dewormer. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/08/24/how-rights-ivermectin-conspiracy-theories-led-people-buying-horse-dewormer/.
- Blake, A. (2021b, August 28). Rep. Louis Gohmert touts ivermectin as COVID-19 treatment contrary to warnings from CDC, FDA. The Washington Times. https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2021/aug/28/louie-gohmert-touts-ivermectin-as-covid-19-treatme/.
- Bylund, P. L., & Packard, M. D. (2021). Separation of power and expertise: Evidence of the tyranny of experts in Sweden’s COVID-19 responses. Southern Economic Journal, 87(4), 1300–1319. https://doi.org/10.1002/soej.12493
- Casarões, G., & Magalhães, D. (2021). The hydroxychloroquine alliance: How far-right leaders and alt-science preachers came together to promote a miracle drug. Revista de Administração Pública, 55(1), 197–214. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220200556
- Cavazzoni, P. (2022). Coronavirus (COVID-19) update: FDA limits use of certain monoclonal antibodies to treat COVID-19 due to the omicron variant. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-limits-use-certain-monoclonal-antibodies-treat-covid-19-due-omicron.
- Cesarino, L. M. C. D. N., & Silva, V. H. V. D. F. (2023). Pandemic states of exception and the alt-science of early treatment for COVID-19 in Brazil. Latin American Perspectives, 50(4), 210–227. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X231186966
- Chadwick, A., Kaiser, J., Vaccari, C., Freeman, D., Lambe, S., Loe, B. S., Vanderslott, S., Lewandowsky, S., Conroy, M., Ross, A. R. N., Innocenti, S., Pollard, A. J., Waite, F., Larkin, M., Rosebrock, L., Jenner, L., McShane, H., Giubilini, A., Petit, A., & Yu, L.-M. (2021). Online social endorsement and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United Kingdom. Social Media + Society, 7(2), 205630512110088. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051211008817
- Colombini, S. (2021, August 6). Hospital leaders, DeSantis tout COVID antibody treatment. WUSF. https://www.wusf.org/health-news-florida/2021-08-06/hospital-leaders-desantis-tout-covid-antibody-treatment.
- Coronavirus (COVID-19) update: FDA authorizes monoclonal antibodies for treatment of COVID-19. (2020). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-monoclonal-antibodies-treatment-covid-19.
- Coronavirus (COVID-19) update: FDA authorizes monoclonal antibodies for treatment of COVID-19. (2021). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-monoclonal-antibodies-treatment-covid-19-0.
- COVID-19: US reports record-high daily deaths, hospitalisations. (2020, December 3). Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/3/covid-19-deaths-in-the-us-set-new-record-exceeding-2600-in-a-day.
- Crown, R. (2021, September 18). Austin doctor prescribing anti-parasite drug to COVID-19 patients, says resistance is politically motivated. KWTX. https://www.kwtx.com/2021/09/18/austin-doctor-prescribing-anti-parasite-drug-covid-19-patients-says-resistance-is-politically-motivated/.
- Cullinane, S. (2020, December 1). After 256 days working nonstop, doctor pleads with public to help halt Covid-19. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/12/01/health/covid-doctor-varon-patient-photo-trnd/index.html.
- Curtis, L. D. (2020, April 25). Herbert says state may have made mistake with unproven hydroxychloroquine. KUTV. https://kutv.com/news/coronavirus/herbert-says-state-may-have-made-mistake-with-unproven-drug.
- Da Silva, R. G. L., & Au, L. (2022). The blind spots of sociotechnical imaginaries: COVID-19 scepticism in Brazil, the United Kingdom and the United States. Science, Technology and Society, 27(4), 611–629. https://doi.org/10.1177/09717218221125217
- Davidson, L. (2020, March 21). Utah officials say two drugs are likely effective treatments for COVID-19. The Salt Lake Tribune. https://www.sltrib.com/news/2020/03/20/utah-officials-say-two/.
- DeSantis, R. [@GovRonDeSantis]. (2022, January 25). Without a shred of clinical data to support its decision, the Biden Administration has revoked the emergency use authorization for [Tweet]. X (formerly Twitter). https://twitter.com/GovRonDeSantis/status/1485973357808033796.
- Ehrenreich, J. (2022). The crooked timber of humanity. In J. Ehrenreich (Ed.), The making of a pandemic: Social, political, and psychological perspectives on COVID-19 (pp. 111–130). Springer Cham.
- FDA cautions against use of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine for COVID-19 outside of the hospital setting or a clinical trial due to risk of heart rhythm problems. (2020). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-cautions-against-use-hydroxychloroquine-or-chloroquine-covid-19-outside-hospital-setting-or.
- Gill, J. (2021, September 10). Houston Methodist doctors experience increased hostility amid ivermectin, COVID misinformation. Houston Chronicle. https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/health/article/Houston-Methodist-doctors-experience-increased-16447790.php.
- Gkioulekas, E., Rendell, M., Risch, H., & Stricker, R. B. (2022). An open letter to the American board of medical specialties and the federation of state medical boards: The destruction of member boards’ credibility. Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons, 27(3), 65–68.
- Gould, S., & Norris, S. L. (2021). Contested effects and chaotic policies: The 2020 story of (hydroxy) chloroquine for treating COVID-19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.ED000151
- Governor Ron DeSantis announces expanded monoclonal antibody access in Florida with new monoclonal antibody centers. (2021). Ron DeSantis, 46th Governor of Florida. https://www.flgov.com/2021/08/12/governor-ron-desantis-announces-expanded-monoclonal-antibody-access-in-florida-with-new-monoclonal-antibody-centers/#:~:text = %E2%80%93%20Today%2C%20Governor%20Ron%20DeSantis%20announced,this%20lifesaving%20treatment%20in%20Jacksonville.
- Governor Ron DeSantis highlights monoclonal antibody treatment success in Jacksonville, Tampa, and Panama City. (2021a). Ron DeSantis, 46th Governor of Florida. https://www.flgov.com/2021/08/30/governor-ron-desantis-highlights-monoclonal-antibody-treatment-success-in-jacksonville-tampa-and-panama-city/.
- Governor Ron DeSantis highlights new preventative monoclonal antibody for immunocompromised patients. (2021b). Ron DeSantis, 46th Governor of Florida. https://www.flgov.com/2021/12/17/governor-ron-desantis-highlights-new-preventative-monoclonal-antibody-for-immunocompromised-patients/.
- Greenberg, J., & Settles, G. (2022, January 31). DeSantis doesn’t tell full story about evidence for FDA move on monoclonal antibody treatments. PolitiFact. https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2022/jan/31/ron-desantis/fda-drug-companies-say-antibody-treatments-are-not/.
- Gutierrez, J. (2020, March 5). ¿El coronavirus se puede curar con un té de plantas medicinales? #DatosCoronavirus [Can coronavirus be cured with medicinal plant tea? #CoronavirusData]. Efecto Cocuyo. https://efectococuyo.com/cocuyo-chequea/coronavirus-te-medicinal/.
- Haberman, M., & Thomas, K. (2020, October 7). ‘I think this was a blessing from God that I caught it,’ Trump says of the virus in a new video. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/07/us/trump-video-blessing-from-god.html.
- Health alert: Increased ivermectin exposure calls to Texas poison centers and potential toxicity - August 26, 2021. (2021). Texas Department of State Health Services. https://www.dshs.texas.gov/news-alerts/health-alert-increased-ivermectin-exposure-calls-to-texas-poison-centers-potential-toxicity-august-26-2021.
- Hedges, K., & Lasco, G. (2021). Medical populism and COVID-19 testing. Open Anthropological Research, 1(1), 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1515/opan-2020-0109
- Hoffmann, M., Krüger, N., Schulz, S., Cossmann, A., Rocha, C., Kempf, A., Nehlmeier, I., Graichen, L., Moldenhauer, A.-S., Winkler, M. S., Lier, M., Dopfer-Jablonka, A., Jäck, H.-M., Behrens, G. M. N., & Pöhlmann, S. (2022). The omicron variant is highly resistant against antibody-mediated neutralization: Implications for control of the COVID-19 pandemic. Cell, 185(3), 447–456.e11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.032
- Huang, P. (2021, September 19). How ivermectin became the new focus of the anti-vaccine movement. NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/09/19/1038369557/ivermectin-anti-vaccine-movement-culture-wars.
- Joseph, A. (2020, May 18). Utah went all-in on an unproven Covid-19 treatment, then scrambled to course-correct. Stat. https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/18/utah-hydroxychloroquine-scramble-course-correct/.
- Kluger, J. (2020, May 12). Accidental poisonings increased after President Trump’s disinfectant comments. TIME. https://time.com/5835244/accidental-poisonings-trump/.
- Lasco, G., & Curato, N. (2019). Medical populism. Social Science & Medicine, 221, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.12.006
- Lasco, G., & Yu, V. G. (2022). Pharmaceutical messianism and the COVID-19 pandemic. Social Science & Medicine, 292, 114567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114567
- Lavazza, A., & Farina, M. (2020). The role of experts in the COVID-19 pandemic and the limits of their epistemic authority in democracy. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 356. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00356
- Lemongello, S. (2021, September 5). DeSantis promotes COVID-19 treatment in Orlando, downplays vaccine effectiveness. Sun Sentinel. https://www.sun-sentinel.com/2021/08/16/desantis-promotes-covid-19-treatment-in-orlando-downplays-vaccine-effectiveness/.
- Lenz, L. (2023, September 11). How a Utah tech bro came to lead Utah, Iowa and Nebraska’s COVID-19 testing. The Gazette. https://www.thegazette.com/staff-columnists/how-a-utah-tech-bro-came-to-lead-utah-iowa-and-nebraskas-covid-19-testing/.
- Lind, J. N., Lovegrove, M. C., Geller, A. I., Uyeki, T. M., Datta, S. D., & Budnitz, D. S. (2021). Increase in outpatient ivermectin dispensing in the US during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional analysis. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 36(9), 2909–2911. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-06948-6
- Livingston, A. (2020, March 23). Texas Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick says a failing economy is worse than coronavirus. The Texas Tribune. https://www.texastribune.org/2020/03/23/texas-lt-gov-dan-patrick-says-bad-economy-worse-coronavirus/#:~:text = Dan%20Patrick%20says%20a%20failing,by%20overreaction%20to%20the%20disease.
- Lybrand, H., & Subramaniam, T. (2021, August 20). Fact check: Texas lieutenant governor falsely implies Black people to blame for Covid surge. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/20/politics/texas-dan-patrick-coronavirus-black-people-vaccines-fact-check/index.html.
- Magagnoli, J., Narendran, S., Pereira, F., Cummings, T. H., Hardin, J. W., Sutton, S. S., & Ambati, J. (2020). Outcomes of hydroxychloroquine usage in United States veterans hospitalized with COVID-19. Med, 1(1), 114–127.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medj.2020.06.001
- Malig, K. (2020, April 17). Duterte talked about “horse antibodies” vs COVID-19. What’s that about? GMA News Online. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/scitech/science/734486/duterte-talked-about-horse-antibodies-vs-covid-19-what-s-that-about/story/.
- Mazzei, P. (2021, November 17). As G.O.P. fights mask and vaccine mandates, Florida takes the lead. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/17/us/florida-coronavirus-covid-19.html.
- McCombs, B. (2020, March 31). Utah medical group retracts on malaria drugs for coronavirus. Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/ab6e5607e8233384b0ea05d387a9621f.
- McKellar, K. (2020a, April 24). Utah bought $800 K in controversial drugs weeks ago but health officials didn’t know. Deseret News. https://www.deseret.com/utah/2020/4/23/21232945/utah-coronavirus-drugs-stockpile-malaria-hydroxychloroquine-unproven.
- McKellar, K. (2020b, May 6). Utah health leaders were at odds over anti-malarial drugs for COVID-19, emails show. Deseret News. https://www.deseret.com/utah/2020/5/5/21248656/utah-coronavirus-covid-health-department-malaria-drugs-chloroquine-hydroxychloroquine.
- Medina, E. (2021, October 9). A Republican candidate for Texas governor cancels events after Covid exposure. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/09/us/allen-west-covid.html.
- Moffitt, B. (2016). The global rise of populism: Performance, political style, and representation. Stanford University Press.
- Monoclonal antibody sites statewide will be closed after FDA removes treatment authorization. (2022, January 24). Florida Department of Health. https://www.floridahealth.gov/newsroom/2022/01/20220124-fda-removes-treatment-authorization.pr.html.
- Mueller, B. (2021a, October 5). They shunned Covid vaccines but embraced antibody treatment. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/18/health/covid-antibody-regeneron.html.
- Mueller, B. (2021b, November 30). Regeneron says its antibody treatment may not be as effective against omicron, but testing is underway. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/30/health/regeneron-antibody-treatment-omicron.html?action = click&module = RelatedLinks&pgtype = Article.
- Pietrini, P., Lavazza, A., & Farina, M. (2022). COVID-19 and biomedical experts: When epistemic authority is (probably) not enough. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 19(1), 135–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-021-10157-5
- Pradana, M., Rubiyanti, N,S,W, Hasbi, I., & Utami, D. G. (2020). Indonesia’s fight against COVID-19: The roles of local government units and community organisations. Local Environment, 25(9), 741–743. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2020.1811960
- Prosser, M. (2021a, November 14). Family of a deputy being treated for COVID-19 suing Fort Worth hospital over ivermectin treatment. The Dallas Morning News. https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2021/11/14/family-of-a-deputy-being-treated-for-covid-19-suing-fort-worth-hospital-over-ivermectin-treatment/.
- Prosser, M. (2021b, November 19). Appeals court rules that Houston doctor cannot give ivermectin to Fort Worth COVID-19 patient. The Dallas Morning News. https://www.dallasnews.com/news/public-health/2021/11/19/court-reverses-decision-to-allow-houston-doctor-to-administer-ivermectin-to-fort-worth-patient/.
- Rambukwella, H. (2023). Patriotic science: The COVID-19 pandemic and the politics of indigeneity and decoloniality in Sri Lanka. Interventions, 25(6), 828–845. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369801X.2022.2158488
- Ramírez De La Cruz, E. E., Grin, E. J., Sanabria-Pulido, P., Cravacuore, D., & Orellana, A. (2020). The transaction costs of government responses to the COVID-19 emergency in Latin America. Public Administration Review, 80(4), 683–695. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13259
- Rhodes, T., Lancaster, K., & Rosengarten, M. (2020). A model society: Maths, models and expertise in viral outbreaks. Critical Public Health, 30(3), 253–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2020.1748310
- Roche, L. R. (2020, March 24). State setting up access to malaria drugs seen as treating new coronavirus. Deseret News. https://www.deseret.com/utah/2020/3/23/21191657/coronavirus-covid-19-hydroxychloroquine-chloroquine-malaria-treatment-utah.
- Rodgers, B. (2020a, March 31). Utah doctors group blasts out recommendation on treating coronavirus, then swiftly reverses it. The Salt Lake Tribune. https://www.sltrib.com/news/2020/03/30/utah-doctors-group-blasts/.
- Rodgers, B. (2020b, April 25). Utah has already ordered $800 K of malaria drugs, could spend millions more on unproven COVID-19 treatment. The Salt Lake Tribune. https://www.sltrib.com/news/politics/2020/04/23/utah-has-already-ordered/.
- Rohrer, G., & Lemongello, S. (2020, April 8). Gov. Ron DeSantis touts experimental coronavirus drug – again. Orlando Sentinel. https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2020/04/07/gov-ron-desantis-touts-experimental-coronavirus-drug-again/.
- Roth, P. H., & Gadebusch-Bondio, M. (2022). The contested meaning of “long COVID” – patients, doctors, and the politics of subjective evidence. Social Science & Medicine, 292, 114619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114619
- Stofan, J. (2021, December 31). Florida surgeon general pushes for more monoclonal antibodies. WJHG. https://www.wjhg.com/2021/12/30/florida-surgeon-general-pushes-more-monoclonal-antibodies/.
- Svitek, P. (2021, August 26). Gov. Greg Abbott bans government mandates on COVID-19 vaccines regardless of whether they have full FDA approval. The Texas Tribune. https://www.texastribune.org/2021/08/25/texas-covid-19-vaccine-mandates-ban-greg-abbott/.
- Thompson, J. D. (2023). Public health pedagogy and digital misinformation: Health professional influencers and the politics of expertise. Journal of Sociology, 59(3), 646–663. https://doi.org/10.1177/14407833221128592
- U.S. govt. To purchase additional doses of REGEN-COV antibody cocktail. (2021, September 15). Contract Pharma. https://www.contractpharma.com/content-microsite/covid-19/2021-09-15/us-govt-to-purchase-additional-doses-of-regen-cov-antibody-cocktail/.
- Wamsley, L. (2020, November 9). Utah gov. announces statewide mask mandate, citing steep spike in COVID-19 cases. NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/11/09/933055781/utah-gov-announces-statewide-mask-mandate-citing-steep-spike-in-covid-19-cases.
- Warf, B. (2021). The coronavirus pandemic and American neoliberalism. Geographical Review, 111(4), 496–509. https://doi.org/10.1080/00167428.2021.1884981
- Weber, P. J. (2020, April 7). Texas nursing home patients trying unproven virus drug. NBC 5 Dallas-Fort Worth. https://www.nbcdfw.com/news/coronavirus/texas-nursing-home-patients-trying-unproven-virus-drug/2346923/.
- Zulianello, M., & Guasti, P. (2023). The demand and supply of pandemic populism: A global overview. Government and Opposition, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2023.35