The impact of college education on women’s fertility: evidence from a natural experiment in South Korea

References

• Ainsworth, M., Beegle, K., & Nyamete, A. (1996). The impact of women's schooling on fertility and contraceptive use: A study of fourteen sub-Saharan African countries. The World Bank Economic Review, 10(1), 85–122. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/10.1.85
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amin, V., & Behrman, J. R. (2014). Do more-schooled women have fewer children and delay childbearing? Evidence from a sample of US twins. Journal of Population Economics, 27(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-013-0470-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderberg, D., & Zhu, Y. (2010). The Effect of Education on Marital Status and Partner Characteristics: Evidence from the UK. CESifo Working Paper Series, 3104.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, T., & Kohler, H. P. (2013). Education fever and the East Asian fertility puzzle: A case study of low fertility in South Korea. Asian Population Studies, 9(2), 196–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2013.797293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angrist, J. D. (1991). The draft lottery and voluntary enlistment in the Vietnam era. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 86(415), 584–595. https://doi.org/10.2307/2290386
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angrist, J. D., Imbens, G. W., & Rubin, D. B. (1996). Identification of causal effects using instrumental variables. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 91(434), 444–455. https://doi.org/10.2307/2291629
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2008). Mostly harmless econometrics: An empiricist's companion. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvcm4j72
   Google Scholar
• Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2014). Mastering ‘metrics: The path from cause to effect. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, G. S. (1960). An economic analysis of fertility. In Universities-National Bureau (Ed.), Demographic and economic change in developed countries (pp. 209–240). Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, G. S. (1981). A treatise on the family. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, G. S. (1985). Human capital, effort, and the sexual division of labor. Journal of Labor Economics, 3(1, Part 2), S33–S58. https://doi.org/10.1086/298075
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, G. S., & Lewis, H. G. (1973). On the interaction between the quantity and quality of children. Journal of Political Economy, 81(2, Part 2), S279–S288. https://doi.org/10.1086/260166
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, G. S., & Tomes, N. (1976). Child endowments and the quantity and quality of children. Journal of Political Economy, 84(4, Part 2), S143–S162. https://doi.org/10.1086/260536
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrman, J. R., & Rosenzweig, M. R. (2002). Does increasing women's schooling raise the schooling of the next generation? American Economic Review, 92(1), 323–334. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282802760015757
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black, S. E., Devereux, P. J., & Salvanes, K. G. (2008). Staying in the classroom and out of the maternity ward? The effect of compulsory schooling laws on teenage births. The Economic Journal, 118(530), 1025–1054. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2008.02159.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blossfeld, H. P., & Jaenichen, U. (1992). Educational expansion and changes in women's entry into marriage and motherhood in the Federal Republic of Germany. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54(2), 302–315. https://doi.org/10.2307/353062
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braakmann, N. (2011). Female education and fertility–evidence from changes in British compulsory schooling laws. Newcastle Discussion Papers in Economics, 5.
   Google Scholar
• Brand, J. E., & Davis, D. (2011). The impact of college education on fertility: Evidence for heterogeneous effects. Demography, 48(3), 863–887. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-011-0034-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briggs, D. C. (2004). Causal inference and the Heckman model. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 29(4), 397–420. https://doi.org/10.3102/10769986029004397
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brüderl, J., & Diekmann, A. (1997). Education and Marriage. A comparative study. Unveröffentlichtes Arbeitspaier.
   Google Scholar
• Bushway, S., Johnson, B. D., & Slocum, L. A. (2007). Is the magic still there? The use of the Heckman two-step correction for selection bias in criminology. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 23(2), 151–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-007-9024-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Card, D. (1999). The causal effect of education on earnings. In O. Ashenfelter, & D. Card (Eds.), Handbook of labor economics (pp. 1801–1863). Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Cho, N. (1996). Achievements and challenges of the population policy development in Korea. The Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs (KIHASA).
   Google Scholar
• Choe, M. J., & Park, K. (2006). Fertility decline in South Korea: Forty years of policy-behavior dialogue. Korea Journal of Population Studies, 29(2), 1–26.
   Google Scholar
• Chudnovskaya, M. (2019). Trends in childlessness among highly educated men in Sweden. European Journal of Population, 35(5), 939–958. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-018-9511-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cygan-Rehm, K., & Maeder, M. (2013). The effect of education on fertility: Evidence from a compulsory schooling reform. Labour Economics, 25, 35–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2013.04.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Easterlin, R., Pollak, R., & Wachter, M. L. (1980). Toward a more general economic model of fertility determination: Endogenous preferences and natural fertility. In R. Easterlin (Ed.), Population and economic change in developing countries (pp. 81–150). University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/9780226180250-004
   Google Scholar
• Eswaran, M. (2002). The empowerment of women, fertility, and child mortality: Towards a theoretical analysis. Journal of Population Economics, 15(3), 433–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001480100070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fort, M., Schneeweis, N. E., & Winter-Ebmer, R. (2011). More schooling, more children: Compulsory schooling reforms and fertility in Europe. Quaderni DSE Working Paper, 787. http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1932089
   Google Scholar
• Fort, M., Schneeweis, N., & Winter-Ebmer, R. (2016). Is education always reducing fertility? Evidence from compulsory schooling reforms. The Economic Journal, 126(595), 1823–1855. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12394
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geruso, M., & Royer, H. (2018). The Impact of Education on Family Formation: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from the UK. NBER Working Paper, 24332. http://doi.org/10.3386/w24332
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein, J. R., & Kenney, C. T. (2001). Marriage delayed or marriage forgone? New cohort forecasts of first marriage for U.S. women. American Sociological Review, 66(4), 506–519. https://doi.org/10.2307/3088920
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein, J. R., Sobotka, T., & Jasilioniene, A. (2009). The end of “lowest-low” fertility? Population and Development Review, 35(4), 663–699. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2009.00304.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman, M. (1972). On the concept of health capital and the demand for health. Journal of Political Economy, 80(2), 223–255. https://doi.org/10.7312/gros17812-004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Güneş, P. M. (2013). The impact of female education on fertility: Evidence from Turkey. Grand Challenges Canada Economic Returns to Mitigating Early Life Risks Project, 13-01. http://doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2015-0059
   Google Scholar
• Heckman, J. J., LaLonde, R. J., & Smith, J. A. (1999). The economics and econometrics of active labor market programs. In O. Ashenfelter & D. Card (Eds.), Handbook of labor economics (pp. 1865–2097). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4463(99)03012-6
   Google Scholar
• Iyigun, M., & Walsh, R. P. (2007). Endogenous gender power, household labor supply and the demographic transition. Journal of Development Economics, 82(1), 138–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2005.09.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jalovaara, M., Neyer, G., Andersson, G., Dahlberg, J., Dommermuth, L., Fallesen, P., & Lappegård, T. (2019). Education, gender, and cohort fertility in the Nordic countries. European Journal of Population, 35(3), 563–586. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-018-9492-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jejeebhoy, S. J. (1995). Women's education, autonomy, and reproductive behaviour: Experience from developing countries. OUP Catalogue.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, G. W. (2019). Ultra-low fertility in East Asia: Policy responses and challenges. Asian Population Studies, 15(2), 131–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2019.1594656
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung, H., Pirog, M. A., & Lee, S. K. (2016). The long-run labour market effects of expanding access to higher education in South Korea. Journal of International Development, 28(6), 974–990. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3148
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamhöfer, D. A., & Westphal, M. (2017). Fertility effects of college education: Evidence from the German educational expansion. Ruhr Economic Papers, 717.
   Google Scholar
• Kan, K., & Lee, M. J. (2018). The effects of education on fertility: Evidence from Taiwan. Economic Inquiry, 56(1), 343–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12492
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, S. T. (1986). A study on changing Process of Graduation Quota Program. KoreaJournal of Public Administration, 24(2), 112–137.
   Google Scholar
• Katus, K., Puur, A., Põldma, A., & Sakkeus, L. (2007). First union formation in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania: Patterns across countries and gender. Demographic Research, 17, 247–300. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2007.17.10
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keats, A. (2018). Women's schooling, fertility, and child health outcomes: Evidence from Uganda's free primary education program. Journal of Development Economics, 135, 142–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.07.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, E. H. W. (2018). Low fertility and gender inequity in developed Asian countries. Asian Population Studies, 14(2), 113–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2018.1463667
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J. E., Lee, J. Y., & Lee, S. H. (2018). Single mothers’ experiences with pregnancy and child rearing in Korea: Discrepancy between social services/policies and single mothers’ needs. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(5), 955. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050955
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komura, M. (2013). Fertility and endogenous gender bargaining power. Journal of Population Economics, 26(3), 943–961. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-012-0460-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kravdal, Ø., & Rindfuss, R. R. (2008). Changing relationships between education and fertility: A study of women and men born 1940 to 1964. American Sociological Review, 73(5), 854–873. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240807300508
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam, D., & Duryea, S. (1999). Effects of schooling on fertility, labor supply, and investments in children, with evidence from Brazil. The Journal of Human Resources, 34(1), 160–192. https://doi.org/10.2307/146306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavy, V., & Zablotsky, A. (2011). Mother's schooling and fertility under low female labor force participation: Evidence from a natural experiment. NBER Working Papers, 16856. https://doi.org/10.3386/w16856
   Google Scholar
• Lee, B. S., Klein, J., Wohar, M., & Kim, S. (2021). Factors delaying marriage in Korea: An analysis of the Korean population census data for 1990–2010. Asian Population Studies, 17(1), 71–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2020.1781380
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, D. (2018). The evolution of family policy in South Korea: From Confucian familism to Neo-familism. Asian Social Work and Policy Review, 12(1), 46–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/aswp.12137
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Y. (2019). Cohort differences in changing attitudes toward marriage in South Korea, 1998–2014: An age-period-cohort-detrended model. Asian Population Studies, 15(3), 266–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2019.1647976
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leon, A. (2004). The effect of education on fertility: Evidence from compulsory schooling laws. Unpublished paper, University of Pittsburgh.
   Google Scholar
• McCrary, J., & Royer, H. (2011). The effect of female education on fertility and infant health: Evidence from school entry policies using exact date of birth. American Economic Review, 101(1), 158–195. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.1.158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mincer, J. (1963). Market prices, opportunity costs, and income effects. Measurement in Economics, 67–82.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2018). https://www.mohw.go.kr/react/al/sal0301vw.jsp?PAR_MENU_ID=04&MENU_ID=0403&page=1&CONT_SEQ=349404
   Google Scholar
• Monstad, K., Propper, C., & Salvanes, K. G. (2008). Education and fertility: Evidence from a natural experiment. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 110(4), 827–852. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9442.2008.00563.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murnane, R. J., & Willett, J. B. (2010). Methods matter: Improving causal inference in educational and social science research. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• OECD Family Database http://www.oecd.org/els/family/database.htm
   Google Scholar
• Osili, U. O., & Long, B. T. (2008). Does female schooling reduce fertility? Evidence from Nigeria. Journal of Development Economics, 87(1), 57–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2007.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raymo, J. M. (2003). Educational attainment and the transition to first marriage among Japanese women. Demography, 40(1), 83–103. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2003.0008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rindfuss, R. R., Bumpass, L., & St. John, C. (1980). Education and fertility: Implications for the roles women occupy. American Sociological Review, 45(3), 431–447. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz, T. P. (2001). The fertility transition: Economic explanations. Economic Growth Center Discussion Paper, 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.28471
   Google Scholar
• Silles, M. A. (2011). The effect of schooling on teenage childbearing: Evidence using changes in compulsory education laws. Journal of Population Economics, 24(2), 761–777. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-010-0334-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohn, H., & Lee, S. W. (2019). Causal impact of having a college degree on women's fertility: Evidence from regression kink designs. Demography, 56(3), 969–990. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00771-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Korea. (2018). http://kostat.go.kr/portal/korea/kor_nw/1/1/index.board?bmode=read&aSeq=369566&pageNo=24&rowNum=10&amSeq=&sTarget=title&sTxt=%EA%B0%80%EA%B3%84
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Korea. (2019). http://kostat.go.kr/portal/korea/kor_nw/1/2/6/index.board?bmode=read&bSeq=&aSeq=373873&pageNo=1&rowNum=10&navCount=10&currPg=&searchInfo=&sTarget=title&sTxt=
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Korea. (2020). http://kostat.go.kr/portal/korea/kor_nw/1/1/index.board?bmode=read&aSeq=380865
   Google Scholar
• Stephen, E. H. (2012). Bracing for low fertility and a large elderly population in South Korea. ON KOREA, 83.
   Google Scholar
• Stock, J. H., Wright, J. H., & Yogo, M. (2002). A survey of weak instruments and weak identification in generalized method of moments. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 20(4), 518–529. https://doi.org/10.1198/073500102288618658
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweeney, M. M. (2002). Two decades of family change: The shifting economic foundations of marriage. American Sociological Review, 67(1), 132–147. https://doi.org/10.2307/3088937
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton, A., Axinn, W. G., & Teachman, J. D. (1995). The influence of school enrollment and accumulation on cohabitation and marriage in early adulthood. American Sociological Review, 60(5), 762–774. https://doi.org/10.2307/2096321
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nation Population Fund. (2020). https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population-dashboard
   Google Scholar
• Willis, R. J. (1973). A new approach to the economic theory of fertility behavior. Journal of Political Economy, 81(2, Part 2), S14–S64. https://doi.org/10.1086/260152
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woo, H. B. (2009). The impact of educational attainment on first marriage formation: Marriage delayed or marriage forgone? Korea Journal of Population Studies, 32(1), 25–50.
   Google Scholar
• Wooldridge, J. M. (2009). Introductory econometrics: A modern approach. South-Western Cengage Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, S., & Rosenblatt, P. C. (2008). Confucian family values and childless couples in South Korea. Journal of Family Issues, 29(5), 571–591. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X07309462
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon, S. Y., Lim, S., & Kim, L. (2021). Labour market uncertainty and the economic foundations of marriage in South Korea. Asian Population Studies, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2021.1932065
   Google Scholar