Revisiting the causes of fertility decline in Bangladesh: the relative importance of female education and family planning programs

References

• Amin, R., Choudhuri, S. R., Mariam, A. G., & McCarthy, J. (1987). Family planning in Bangladesh, 1969-1983. International Family Planning Perspectives, 13(1), 16–20. https://doi.org/10.2307/2948103
   Google Scholar
• Amin, R., Hill, R. B., & Li, Y. (1995). Poor women's participation in credit-based self-employment: TheImpact on their empowerment, fertility, contraceptive Use, and FertilityDesire in rural bangladesh. The Pakistan Development Review, 34(2), 93–119. https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:pid:journl:v:34:y:1995:i:2:p:93-119. https://doi.org/10.30541/v34i2pp.93-119
   Google Scholar
• Amin, R., Mariam, A. G., & Faruqee, R. (1985). Fertility contraceptive use and socioeconomic context in Bangladesh. Demography India, 14(1), 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Amin, S., Basu, A. M., & Stephenson, R. (2002). Spatial variation in contraceptive use in Bangladesh: Looking beyond the borders. Demography, 39(2), 251–267. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2002.0014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amin, S., Cleland, J., Phillips, J. F., & Kamal, G. M. (1995). Socioeconomic change and the demand for children in rural Bangladesh. Research Division Working Paper, No. 70, The Population Council, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Amin, S., Diamond, I., & Steele, F. (1996). Contraception and religious practice in Bangladesh. In G. W. Jones, R. M. Douglas, J. C. Caldwell, & R. M. D’Souza (Eds.), The continuing Demographic transition (pp. 268–289). Clarendon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Angeles, G., Guilkey, D. K., & Mroz, T. A. (2005). The effects of education and family planning programs on fertility in Indonesia. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 54(1), 165–201. https://doi.org/10.1086/431261
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arends-Kuenning, M. (2001). How do family planning workers’ visits affect women’s contraceptive behavior in Bangladesh? Demography, 38(4), 481–496. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2001.0032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arthur, W. B., & McNicoll, G. (1978). An analytical survey of population and development in Bangladesh. Population and Development Review, 4(1), 23–80. https://doi.org/10.2307/1972147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu, A. M. (2002). Why does education lead to lower fertility? A critical review of some of the possibilities. World Development, 30(10), 1779–1790. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00072-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu, A. M., & Amin, S. (2000). Conditioning factors for fertility decline in bengal: History, language identity, and openness to innovations. Population and Development Review, 26(4), 761–794. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2000.00761.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bongaarts, J. (2010). The causes of educational differences in fertility in Sub-saharan Africa. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 8, 31–50. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23025509. https://doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2010s31
   Google Scholar
• Bongaarts, J. (2017). Africa’s unique fertility transition. Population and Development Review, 43(S1), 39–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2016.00164.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bongaarts, J., & O’Neill, B. C. (2018). Global warming policy: Is population left out in the cold? Science, 361(6403), 650–652. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat8680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cain, M. (1981). Risk and insurance: Perspectives on fertility and agrarian change in India and Bangladesh. Population and Development Review, 7(3), 435–474. https://doi.org/10.2307/1972559
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cain, M. (1983). Fertility as an adjustment to risk. Population and Development Review, 9(4), 688–702. https://doi.org/10.2307/1973546
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell, B., & Khuda, B. E. (2000). The first generation to control family size: A microstudy of the causes of fertility decline in a rural area of Bangladesh. Studies in Family Planning, 31(3), 239–251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2000.00239.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell, J. C., Khuda, B. E., Caldwell, B., Pieris, I., & Caldwell, P. (1999). The Bangladesh fertility decline: An interpretation. Population and Development Review, 25(1), 67–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.1999.00067.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carty, W. P., Yinger, N. V., & Rosov, A. (1993). Success in a challenging environment: Fertility decline in Bangladesh. Population Reference Bureau.
   Google Scholar
• Cleland, J. (2002). Education and future fertility trends, with special reference to mid-transitional countries. Completing the Fertility Transition, 26(4), 187–202. Available at: https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/unpd_egm_200203_backgroundpaper_education_and_future_fertility_trends_cleland.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cleland, J., Kamal, N., & Sloggett, A. (1996). Links between fertility regulation and the schooling and autonomy of women in Bangladesh. In R. Jeffrey & A. M. Basu (Eds.), Girls’ schooling, women's autonomy and fertility change in South Asia (pp. 218–234). Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Cleland, J., Phillips, J. F., Amin, S., & Kamal, G. M. (1994). The determinants of reproductive change in Bangladesh: Success in a challenging environment (No. 13232) (p. 1). Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/991321468768584526/The-determinants-of-reproductive-change-in-Bangladesh-success-in-a-challenging-environment Accessed 28 November 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Coale, A. (1973). The Demographic transition reconsidered (Vol. 1, pp. 53–72). Presented at the International Population conference, Liege, Liege: International union for the scientific study of Population.
   Google Scholar
• Colleran, H., & Snopkowski, K. (2018). Variation in wealth and educational drivers of fertility decline across 45 countries. Population Ecology, 60(1), 155–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10144-018-0626-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das, P., Husain, Z., & Ghosh, S. (2020). Fertility behaviour in linguistic zones: Revisiting the diffusion hypothesis in greater bengal. Asian Population Studies, 16(1), 34–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2019.1706300
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demeny, P. (1975). Observations on population policy and population program in Bangladesh. Population and Development Review, 1(2), 307–321. https://doi.org/10.2307/1972227
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erfani, A., & McQuillan, K. (2008). Rapid fertility decline in Iran: Analysis of intermediate variables. Journal of Biosocial Science, 40(3), 459–478. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002193200700243X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gertler, P. J., & Molyneaux, J. W. (1994). How economic development and family planning programs combined to reduce Indonesian fertility. Demography, 31(1), 33–63. https://doi.org/10.2307/2061907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn, Y., Islam, A., Nuzhat, K., Smyth, R., & Yang, H.-S. (2018). Education, marriage, and fertility: Long-term evidence from a female stipend program in Bangladesh. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 66(2), 383–415. https://doi.org/10.1086/694930
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath, R., & Mobarak, A. M. (2015). Manufacturing growth and the lives of Bangladeshi women. Journal of Development Economics, 115, 1–15. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.01.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoque, M. N., & Murdock, S. H. (1997). Socioeconomic development, status of women, family planning, and fertility in Bangladesh: A district level analysis. Biodemography and Social Biology, 44(3-4), 179–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.1997.9988946
   Google Scholar
• Islam, A. Z., Mondal, M. N. I., Khatun, M. L., Rahman, M. M., Islam, M. R., Mostofa, M. G., & Hoque, M. N. (2016). Prevalence and determinants of contraceptive use among employed and unemployed women in Bangladesh. International Journal of MCH and AIDS (IJMA), 5(2), 92–102. https://doi.org/10.21106/ijma.83
   Google Scholar
• Islam, M. M., Islam, M. K., Hasan, M. S., & Hossain, M. B. (2017). Adolescent motherhood in Bangladesh: Trends and determinants. PLOS ONE, 12(11), e0188294. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jejeebhoy, S. J. (1996). Women’s education, autonomy, and reproductive behaviour: Experience from developing countries. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Joshi, S., & Schultz, T. P. (2013). Family planning and women’s and children’s health: Long-term consequences of an outreach program in matlab, Bangladesh. Demography, 50(1), 149–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-012-0172-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamal, N., & Sloggett, A. (1996). The effect of female family planning workers on the use of modern contraception in Bangladesh. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, 11(3), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.18356/15f50b99-en
   Google Scholar
• Khuda, B. E. (1978). Labor utilisation in a village economy in Bangladesh (Doctoral dissertation). The Australian National University, Canberra.
   Google Scholar
• Khuda, B.E., & Barkat, S. (2012). The Bangladesh family planning programme: Achievements, gaps and the way forward. In: Zaman, W, Masin, H, Loftus, J (Eds.), Family planning in Asia and the pacific: Addressing the challenges (pp. 103–125). International Council on Management of Population Programs/ UNFPA.
   Google Scholar
• Khuda, B. E., Haque, M. R., Hasan, M. S., Alam, N., & Barkat, S. (2018). Fertility preferences in Bangladesh. In S. Giettel-Basten, J. Casterline, & M. K. Choe (Eds.), Family Demography in Asia: A comparative analysis of fertility preferences (pp. 30–51). Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. https://www.elgaronline.com /view/ edcoll/978178 5363542/9781785363542.00008.xml. Accessed 28 November 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Khuda, B. E., & Hossain, M. B. (1996). Fertility decline in Bangladesh: Toward an understanding of major causes. Health Transition Review, Supplement 6, 155–167. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40652257
   Google Scholar
• Khuda, B. E., Roy, N. C., & Rahman, D. M. (2000). Family planning and fertility in Bangladesh. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, 15(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.18356/ca8a551b-en
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koenig, M. A., Phillips, J. F., Simmons, R. S., & Khan, M. A. (1987). Trends in family size preferences and contraceptive use in matlab, Bangladesh. Studies in Family Planning, 18(3), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.2307/1966807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kravdal, Ø. (2002). Education and fertility in sub-saharan Africa: Individual and community effects. Demography, 39(2), 233–250. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2002.0017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutz, W. (2014). A population policy rationale for the twenty-first century. Population and Development Review, 40(3), 527–544. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2014.00696.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutz, W., & Skirbekk, V. (2013). How Education Drives Demography and Knowledge Informs Projections (IIASA Interim Report No. IR-13-016). Laxenburg, Austria: IIASA. http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/10744/. Accessed 28 November 2019
   Google Scholar
• Martin, T. C., & Juarez, F. (1995). The impact of women’s education on fertility in latin america: Searching for explanations. International Family Planning Perspectives, 21(2), 52–80. https://doi.org/10.2307/2133523
   Google Scholar
• Rahman, M. M. (2018). Fertility stalls in Bangladesh (Doctoral dissertation). University of Otago, Otago. https://otago.ourarchive.ac.nz/handle/10523/8337.
   Google Scholar
• Schoumaker, B. (2013). A Stata module for computing fertility rates and TFRs from birth histories: tfr2. Demographic Research, 28, 1093–1144. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26349981. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2013.28.38
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoumaker, B. (2014). Quality and consistency of DHS fertility estimates, 1990 to 2012 (DHS Methodological Reports No. 12). Rockville, Maryland, USA: ICF International.
   Google Scholar
• Schuler, S. R., Hashemi, S. M., & Jenkins, A. H. (1995). Bangladesh’s family planning success story: A gender perspective. International Family Planning Perspectives, 21(4), 132–166. https://doi.org/10.2307/2133319
   Google Scholar
• Schuler, S. R., Hashemi, S. M., & Riley, A. P. (1997). The influence of women’s changing roles and status in Bangladesh’s fertility transition: Evidence from a study of credit programs and contraceptive use. World Development, 25(4), 563–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(96)00119-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz, T. P. (2009). How does family planning promote development? Evidence from a social experiment in matlab, Bangladesh, 1977-1996. Yale University, Economic Growth Center.
   Google Scholar
• Sinha, N. (2005). Fertility, child work, and schooling consequences of family planning programs: Evidence from an experiment in rural Bangladesh. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 54(1), 97–128. https://doi.org/10.1086/431259
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The World Bank. (2019). Fertility rate, total (births per woman) - Bangladesh. https://data worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations = BD.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. (2019). World Population prospects 2019, online edition. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. https://population.un.org/ wpp/Download/Standard/Fertility/.
   Google Scholar
• van de Walle, E. (1992). Fertility transition, conscious choice, and numeracy. Demography, 29(4), 487–502. https://doi.org/10.2307/2061848
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittgenstein Centre. (2018). Wittgenstein Centre Data Explorer Version 2.0 (Beta). Vienna, Austria: Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital (Univ.Vienna, IIASA, VID/OeAW). http://www.wittgensteincentre.org/dataexplorer.
   Google Scholar