Dengue Fever and the Quandary of Race

References

• Barttholow , R . 1898 . A Treatise on the Practice of Medicine for use of Students and Practitioners of Medicine , New York : D. Appleton and Company .
   Google Scholar
• Beckett , C , Tan , R , Widjaja , S , Listiyaningsih , E , Ma'roef , C , Wuryadi , S , Bangs , MJ , Samsi , TK , Yuwono , D , Hayes , CG and Porter , KR . 2005 . Early detection of dengue infections using cluster sampling around index cases . American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , 72 ( 6 ) : 777 – 782 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhamarapravati , N and Sutee , Y . 2000 . Live attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine . Vaccine , 18 ( 2 ) : 44 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake , W . 1973 . The influence of race on diagnosis . Smith College Studies in Social Work , 43 ( 3 ) : 184 – 192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanton , RE , Silva , LK , Morato , VG , Parrado , AR , Dias , JP , Melo , PRS , Reis , EAG , Goddard , KAB , Nunes , MRT , Rodrigues , SG Vasconcelos , PFC . 2008 . Genetic Ancestry and income are associated with dengue hemorrhagic fever in a highly admixed population . European Journal of Human Genetics , 16 : 762 – 765 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , TU . 2004 . A retrospective study of the 1996 DEN-1 epidemic in Trinidad: demographic and clinical features . Dengue Bulletin , 28 : 7 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , CA , George , A , Salas , RA , Williams , SA , Doon , R and Chadee , DD . 2007 . Seroprevalence of dengue in Trinidad using rapid test kits: a cord blood survey . Acta Tropica , 101 ( 2 ) : 153 – 158 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capers , GM . 1938 . Yellow fever in Memphis in the 1870's . The Mississippi Valley Historical Review , 24 ( 4 ) : 483 – 502 .
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2008) Outbreak Notice Update: Dengue, Tropical and Subtropical Region, [online] Available at: http://wwwn.cdc.gov/travel/contentDengueTropicalSubTropical.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Central Intelligence Agency (2010) CIA World Factbook, [online] Available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/
   Google Scholar
• Chadee , DD , Williams , FL and Kitron , UD . 2004 . Epidemiology of dengue fever in Trinidad, WI: the outbreak of 1998 . Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology , 98 ( 3 ) : 305 – 312 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaturvedi , UC , Nagar , R and Shrivastava , R . 2006 . Dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever: Implications of host genetics . FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology , 47 ( 2 ) : 155 – 160 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chiewsilp , P , Scott , MR and Bhamarapravati , N . 1981 . Histocompatibility antigensand dengue hemorrhagic fever . American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , 30 : 1100 – 1105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Mestre , MT . Gendzekhadze, K., Rivas-Vetencourt, P., Layrisse Z. (2004) 'TNF-α-308A allele, a possible severity risk factor of hemorrhagic manifestation in dengue fever patients', Tissue Antigens, vol. 64, pp. 469–472
   Google Scholar
• Garcia , RS . 2004 . The misuse of race in medical diagnosis . Pediatrics , 113 : 1394 – 1395 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gubler , DJ , Sather , GE , Kuno , G and Cabral , JR . 1997 . Dengue 3 virus transmission in Africa . American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , 35 ( 6 ) : 1280 – 1284 .
   Google Scholar
• Guzman , MG , Kouri , GP , Bravo , J , Soler , M , Soler , M , Vazquez , S and Morier , L . 1990 . Dengue hemorrhagic fever in Cuba. A retrospective seroepidemiological study . American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , 42 : 179 – 184 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halstead , S . 1982 . Immune enhancement of viral infection . Progress in Allergy , 31 : 301 – 364 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Halstead , SB , Streit , TG , Lafontant , J , Putvatana , R , Russel , K , Sun , W , Thasan , N , Hayes , C and Watts , D . 2001 . Haiti: absence of dengue hemorrhagic fever despite hyperendemic dengue virus transmission . American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , 65 ( 3 ) : 180 – 183 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibberd , ML . Ling, L., Tolfvenstam, T., Mitchell, W., Wong, C., Kuznetsov, V., George, J., Ong, S., Ruan, Y., Wei, C., Gu, F., Fink, J., Yip, A., Liu, W., Schreiber, M. & Vasudevan, S. G. (2006) ‘A genomics approach to understanding host response during dengue infection’, in New Treatment Strategies for Dengue and other Flaviviral Disease, Genome Institute of Singapore, Biopolis, Singapore, pp. 206–217
   Google Scholar
• Hirsch , A . 1883 . Handbook of Geographical Historical Pathology: Volume 1 Acute Infectious Disease , London : The New Sydenhan Society .
   Google Scholar
• Keating , J . 2001 . An investigation into the cyclical incidence of dengue fever . Social Science & Medicine , 53 : 1587 – 1597 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendall , C , Hudelson , P , Leontsini , E , Winch , P , Lloyd , L and Cruz , F . 1991 . Urbanization, dengue and the health transition: anthropological contributions to international health . Medical Anthropology Quarterly , 5 ( 7 ) : 257 – 268 .
   Google Scholar
• Kiple , K . 1984 . The Caribbean Slave: A Biological History , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kiple , K and King , K . 1981 . Another Dimension to the Black Diaspora: Diet Disease and Racism , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Krieger , N . 2001 . Theories for social epidemiology in the 21st century: an ecological perspective . International Journal of Epidemiology , 30 : 668 – 677 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krieger , N and Zierler , S . 1996 . What explains the public's health? A call for epidemiologic theory . Epidemiology , 7 ( 1 ) : 107 – 109 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lan , TPN , Kikuchi , M , Huong , VTQ , Ha , DQ , Thuy , TT , Tham , VD , Tuan , HM , Cao , VT , Van Dat , TPN , Oyama , TT Morita , K . 2008 . Protective and enhancing HLA Alleles, HLA-DRB1*0901 and HLA-A*24, for severe forms of dengue virus infection, dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome . PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases , 2 ( 10 ) : e304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang , J . 2009 . Recent progress on Sanofi Pasteur's dengue vaccine candidate . Journal of Clinical Virology , 46 ( 2 ) : S20 – S24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeFleur , C , Granados , J , Vargas-Alarcon , G and Ruiz-Morales , J . 2002 . HLA-DR antigen frequencies in Mexican patients with dengue virus infection: HLA-DR4 as a possible genetic resistance factor for dengue hemorrhagic fever . Human Immunology , 63 ( 11 ) : 1039 – 1044 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewontin , RC . 1972 . The appointment of human diversity . Evolutionary Biology , 6 : 381 – 394 .
   Google Scholar
• Loke , H , Bethell , D , Phuong , CX , Day , N , White , N , Farrar , J and Hill , A . 2002 . Susceptibility to dengue demorrhagic fever in vietnam: evidence of an association with variation in the vitamin d receptor and Fc gamma IIa genes . American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , 67 ( 1 ) : 102 – 106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martina , BEE , Koraka , P and Osterhaus , ADME . 2009 . Dengue virus pathogenesis: an integrated review . Clinical Microbiology Review , 22 : 564 – 581 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monath , TP . 1991 . Yellow fever victor, Victoria? Conqueror, conquest? Epidemics and research in the last forty years and prospects for the future . American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , 45 ( 1 ) : 1 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morens , DM and Fauci , AC . 2007 . Dengue and hemorrhagic fever: a potential threat to public health in the United States . Journal of the American Medical Association , 299 ( 2 ) : 214
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noisarkran , S and Perrng , GC . 2008 . Alternative hypotheses on the pathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF)/dengue shock syndrome (DSS) in dengue virus infection . Experimental Biology and Medicine , 233 ( 4 ) : 401 – 408 .
   Google Scholar
• Paradoa Perez , ML , Truillo , Y and Basanta , P . 1987 . Association of dengue hemorrhagic fever with the HLA system . Haematologia , 20 ( 2 ) : 83 – 87 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pan American Health Organization (2008) Number of Reported Cases of Dengue and dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in the Americas by Country, [online] Available at: http://www.paho.org/English/ad/dpc/cd/dengue-cases-2008.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Pang , R , Cardosa , MJ and Guzman , MG . 2007 . Of cascades and perfect storms: the immunopathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS) . Immunology Cell Biology , 85 ( 1 ) : 43 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinheiro , FP and Corber , SJ . 1997 . Global situation of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever and its emergence in the Americas . World Health Statistics Quarterly , 50 : 161 – 169 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Polizel , JR , Bueno , D , Viscentainer , JEL , Sell , A and Borlli , D . 2004 . Association of human leukocyte antigen DQ1 and dengue fever in a white southern Brazilian population . Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz , 99 ( 6 ) : 559 – 562 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter , KR , Beckett , CG , Kosasih , H , Tan , RI , Alisjahbana , B , Fianza , PI , Widjaja , S , Aningsih , EL , Ma’Roef , CN , McArdle , JL Parwati , I . 2005 . Epidemiology of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in a cohort of adults living in Bandung West Java Indonesia . American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , 72 ( 1 ) : 60 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawlins , SC . 1998 . Spatial distribution of insecticide resistance in Caribbean populations of Aedes aegypti and its significance . Pan American Journal of Public Health , 4 ( 4 ) : 243 – 251 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rediker , M . 2007 . The Slave Ship: A Human History , New York : Viking Press .
   Google Scholar
• Restrepo , BN , Ramirez , RE , Arboleda , M , Alvarez , G , Ospina , M and Diaz , FJ . 2008 . Serum levels of cytokines in two ethnic groups with dengue virus infection . American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , 79 ( 5 ) : 673 – 677 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotimi , C . 2003 . Genetic ancestry tracing and the Abridan identity: a double-edged sword? . Developing World Bioethics , 3 ( 2 ) : 153 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• Rotimi , C . 2004 . Are medical and nonmedical uses of large-scale genomic markers conflating genetics and “race”? . Nature Genetics , 36 : S43 – S47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabin , AB . 1952 . Nature of inherited resistance to viruses affecting the nervous system . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 38 : 540 – 546 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakuntabhai , A . 2005 . A variant in the CD209 promoter is associated with severity of dengue disease . Nature Genetics , 37 ( 5 ) : 507 – 512 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sang , RA . 2007 . ‘Dengue in Africa’ Tropical Diseases Research to Foster innovation and Knowledge Application, [online] Available at: http://www.tropika.net/svc/review/061001-Dengue_in_Africa
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz , RS . 2001 . Racial profiling in medical research . New England Journal of Medicine , 344 ( 18 ) : 1392 – 1393 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Science News . 1952 . Immunity to viral ills . Science News , 61 ( 19 ) : 313
   Google Scholar
• Segal , S and Hill , AV . 2003 . Genetic susceptibility to infectious disease . Trends in Microbiology , 11 ( 9 ) : 445 – 448 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrady , GF . 1891 . Race and disease: medical record . Weekly Journal of Medicine and Surgery , 65 : 660
   Google Scholar
• Sierra , B , Kouri , G and Guzman , MG . 2007 . Race: a risk factor for dengue hemorrhagic fever . Archives of Virology , 152 : 533 – 543 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soundravally , R. and Hoti , S. L. 2007 . Immunopathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever and shock syndrome: role of TAP and HPA gene polymorphism . Human Immunology , 68 : 973 – 979 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens , HA , Klaythong , R , Sirikong , M , Vaughn , DW , Green , S , Kalayanaroo , TP , Libraty , DH , Nisalak , A , Innis , BL , Rothman , AL , Ennis , FA and Chandanayingy , D . 2002 . HLA-A and –B alleles associated with seconday dengue virus infections correlate with disease severity and the infecting viral serotype in ethnic Thais . Tissue Antigens , 60 ( 4 ) : 309 – 318 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephenson , JR . 2001 . Genetically modified viruses: vaccines by design . Current Pharmacy Biotechnology , 2 ( 1 ) : 47 – 76 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stephenson , JR . 2005 . Understanding dengue pathogenesis: implication for vaccine design . Bulletin oft the World Health Organization , 83 ( 14 ) : 308 – 314 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strode . 1951 . Yellow Fever , New York : McGraw Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Teeludsingh , S , Mangray , AS , Barrow , S , Janhey , N , Prabhahar , P and Lewis , M . 1997 . Dengue haemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome: an unwelcome arrival in Trinidad . West Indian Medical Journal , 46 ( 2 ) : 38 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Templeton , AR . 1999 . Human races: a genetic and evolutionary perspective . American Anthropologist , 100 ( 3 ) : 632 – 650 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagenaar , J , Mairuhu , A and Van Gorp , E . 2004 . Genetic influences on dengue virus infections . Dengue Bulletin , 28 : 126 – 134 .
   Google Scholar
• Watts , S . 2001 . Yellow fever immunities in West Africa and the Americas in the age of slavery and beyond: a reappraisal . Journal of Social History , 34 ( 4 ) : 955 – 967 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . 1997 . Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever: Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control , Geneva : WHO .
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . 2002 . WHO Report on Global Surveillance of Epidemic-prone Infectious Disease-Dengue and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever , Geneva : WHO .
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . 2009 . Dengue in Africa: emergence of DENV-3 . Weekly Epidemiological Record , 84 : 85 – 96 . no. 11/12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar