203
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Theme: Endocrine Oncology - Review

Biomarkers of pituitary carcinomas

, , , , &
Pages 253-261 | Received 29 Jan 2016, Accepted 13 Apr 2016, Published online: 06 May 2016

References

  • Scheithauer BW, Kovacs K, Horvath E, et al. Pituitary Carcinoma. In: DeLellis RA, Lloyd RV, Heitz PU, et al., editors. WHO classification of tumours. Pathology and genetics of tumours of endocrine organs. Lyon (France): IARC Press; 2004. p. 36–39.
  • Pernicone PJ, Scheithauer BW, Sebo TJ, et al. Pituitary carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study of 15 cases. Cancer. 1997;79(4):804–812.
  • Heaney AP. Clinical review: Pituitary carcinoma: difficult diagnosis and treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 96:3649–3660. Epub 2011 Sep 28. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-2031.
  • Lopes MB, Scheithauer BW, Schiff D, Pituitary carcinoma: diagnosis and treatment. Endocrine. 2005;28:115–121.
  • Landman RE, Horwith M, Peterson RE, et al. Long-term survival with ACTH-secreting carcinoma of the pituitary: a case report and review of the literature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:3084–3089.
  • Walker JD, Grossman A, Anderson JV, et al. Malignant prolactinoma with extracranial metastases: a report of three cases. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1993;38:411–419.
  • Kouhara H, Tatekawa T, Koga M, et al. Intracranial and intraspinal dissemination of an ACTH-secreting pituitary tumor. Endocrinol Jpn. 1992;39:177–184.
  • Stewart PM, Carey MP, Graham CT, et al. Growth hormone secreting pituitary carcinoma: a case report and literature review. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1992;37:189–194.
  • Scheithauer BW, Kovacs KT, Laws ER Jr, et al. Pathology of invasive pituitary tumors with special reference to functional classification. J Neurosurg. 1986;65:733–744.
  • Thapar K, Kovacs K, Scheithauer BW, et al. Proliferative activity and invasiveness among pituitary adenomas and carcinomas: an analysis using the MIB-1 antibody. Neurosurgery. 1996;38:99–106; discussion 106–107.
  • Ragel BT, Couldwell WT, Pituitary carcinoma: a review of the literature. Neurosurg Focus. 2004;16:E7.
  • Brada M, Ford D, Ashley S, et al. Risk of second brain tumour after conservative surgery and radiotherapy for pituitary adenoma. BMJ. 1992;304:1343–1346.
  • Lormeau B, Miossec P, Sibony M, et al. Adrenocorticotropin producing pituitary carcinoma with liver metastasis. J Endocrinol Invest. 1997;20:230–236.
  • Vaquero J, Herrero J, Cincu R. Late development of frontal prolactinoma after resection of pituitary tumor. J Neurooncol. 2003;64:255–258.
  • Gaffey TA, Scheithauer BW, Lloyd RV, et al. Corticotroph carcinoma of the pituitary: a clinicopathological study. Report of four cases. J Neurosurg. 2002;96:352–360.
  • Zafar MS, Mellinger RC. Chason JL: Cushing’s disease due to pituitary carcinoma. Henry Ford Hosp Med J. 1984;32:61–66.
  • Zahedi A, Booth GL, Smyth HS, et al. Distinct clonal composition of primary and metastatic adrencorticotrophic hormone-producing pituitary carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol. 2001;55:549–556.
  • Kulig E, Jin L, Qian X, et al. Apoptosis in nontumorous and neoplastic human pituitaries: expression of the BCL-2 family of proteins. Am J Pathol. 1999;54:767–774.
  • Onguru O, Scheithauer BW, Kovacs K, et al. Analysis of Cox-2 and thromboxane synthase expression in pituitary adenomas and carcinomas. Endocr Pathol. 2004;15:17–27.
  • Hewedi IH, Osman WM, El Mahdy MM. Differential expression of cyclin D1 in human pituitary tumors: relation to MIB-1 and p27/Kip1 labeling indices. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst. 2011;23:171–179. Epub 2011 Dec 29. doi:10.1016/j.jnci.2011.11.003.
  • Ongoru O, Scheithauer BW, Kovacs K, et al. Analysis of epidermal growth factor and activated epidermal growth factor receptor expression in pituitary adenomas and carcinomas. Mod Pathol. 2004;7:772–780.
  • LeRiche VK, Asa SL, Ezzat S. Epidermal growth factor and its receptor (EGF-R) in human pituitary adenomas: EGF-R correlates with tumor aggressiveness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81:656–662.
  • Riss D, Jin L, Qian X, et al. Differential expression of galectin-3 in pituitary tumors. Cancer Res. 2003;63:2251–2255.
  • Roncaroli F, Nosé V, Scheithauer BW, et al. Gonadotropic pituitary carcinoma: HER-2/neu expression and gene amplification. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg. 2003;99:402–408.
  • Kim K, Yoshida D, Teramoto A. Expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor in pituitary adenomas. Endocr Pathol. 2005;16:115–121.
  • Vidal S, Horvath E, Kovacs K, et al. Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) in pituitary tumours. Histol Histopathol. 2003;18:679–686.
  • Yoshida D, Kim K, Yamazaki M, et al. Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha and cathepsin D in pituitary adenomas. Endocr Pathol. 2005;16:123–131.
  • Cai WY, Alexander JM, Hedley-Whyte ET, et al. Ras mutations in human prolactinomas and carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;78:89–93.
  • Pei L, Melmed S, Scheithauer B, et al. H-ras mutations in human pituitary carcinoma metastases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;78:842–846.
  • Harada K, Arita K, Kurisu K, et al. Telomerase activity and the expression of telomerase components in pituitary adenoma with malignant transformation. Surg Neurol. 2000;53:267–274.
  • Schreiber S, Saeger W, Lüdecke DK. Proliferation markers in different types of clinically non-secreting pituitary adenomas. Pituitary. 1999;1:213–220.
  • Silva J, García V, Zaballos Á, et al. Vesicle-related microRNAs in plasma of nonsmall cell lung cancer patients and correlation with survival. Eur Respir J. 2011;37:617–623.
  • Zen K, Zhang C-Y. Circulating microRNAs: a novel class of biomarkers to diagnose and monitor human cancers. Med Res Rev. 2012;32:326–348.
  • Bottoni A, Zatelli MC, Ferracin M, et al. Identification of differentially expressed microRNAs by microarray: a possible role for microRNA genes in pituitary adenomas. J Cell Physiol. 2007;210:370–377.
  • Wei Z, Zhou C, Liu M, et al. MicroRNA involvement in a metastatic non-functioning pituitary carcinoma. Pituitary. 2015;18:710–721. doi:10.1007/s11102-015-0648-3.
  • Mete O, Ezzat S, Asa SL. Biomarkers of aggressive pituitary adenomas. J Mol Endocrinol. 2012;49:R69–R78. doi:10.1530/JME-12-0113.
  • Sav A, Rotondo F, Syro LV, et al. Biomarkers of pituitary neoplasms. Anticancer Res. 2012;32:4639–4654.
  • Altaş M, Bayrak OF, Ayan E, et al. The effect of polymorphisms in the promoter region of the MMP-1 gene on the occurrence and invasiveness of hypophyseal adenoma. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2010;152:1611–1617; discussion 1617. Epub 2010 May 4. doi:10.1007/s00701-010-0671-0.
  • Turner HE, Nagy Z, Esiri MM, et al. Role of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in pituitary tumor behavior. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(8):2931–2935.
  • Lloyd RV, Jin L, Qian X, et al. Aberrant p27KIP1 expression in endocrine and other tumors. Am J Pathol. 1997;150:401–407.
  • Lloyd RV, Erickson LA, Jin L, et al. p27KIP1. A multifunctional cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor with prognostic significance in human cancers. Am J Pathol. 1999;154:313–323.
  • Ozer E, Canda MS, Ulukus C, et al. Expression of BCL-2, BAX and p53 proteins in pituitary adenomas: an immunohistochemical study. Tumori. 2003;89:54–59.
  • Kontogeorgos G. Predictive markers of pituitary adenoma behavior. Neuroendocrinology. 2006;83:179–188.
  • Salehi F, Kovacs K, Scheithauer BW, et al. Pituitary tumor-transforming gene in endocrine and other neoplasms: a review and update. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2008;15:721–743.
  • Li Y, Zhou L-P, Ma P, et al. Relationship of PTTG expression with tumor invasiveness and microvessel density of pituitary adenomas: a meta-analysis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers. 2014;18: 279–285. Epub 2014 Mar 10. doi:10.1089/gtmb.2013.0447.
  • Filippella M, Galland F, Kujas M, et al. Pituitary tumour transforming gene (PTTG) expression correlates with the proliferative activity and recurrence status of pituitary adenomas: a clinical and immunohistochemical study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006;65:536–543.
  • Hinton DR, Hahn JA, Weiss MH, et al. Loss of Rb expression in an ACTH-secreting pituitary carcinoma. Cancer Lett. 1998;126:209–214.
  • WHO International Programme on Chemical Safety. Biomarkers in risk assessment: validity and validation. 2001. Available from: http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc222.htm.
  • Salehi F, Agur A, Scheithauer BW, et al. Biomarkers of pituitary neoplasms: a review (Part II). Neurosurgery. 2010;67:1790–1798.
  • Vidal S, Horvath E, Kovacs K, et al. Ultrastructural features of apoptosis in human pituitary adenomas. Ultrastruct Pathol. 2001;25:85–92.
  • Jaffrain-Rea ML, Petrangeli E, Lubrano C, et al. Epidermal growth factor binding sites in human pituitary macroadenomas. J Endocrinol. 1998;158:425–433.
  • Lawrie CH, Gal S, Dunlop HM, et al. Detection of elevated levels of tumour associated microRNAs in serum of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 2008;141:672–675.
  • Liu W, Kunishio K, Matsumoto Y, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression correlates with cavernous sinus invasion in pituitary adenomas. J Clin Neurosci. 2005;12:791–794.
  • Turner HE, Nagy Z, Gatter KC, et al. Angiogenesis in pituitary adenomas – relationship to endocrine function, treatment and outcome. J Endocrinol. 2000;165:475–481.
  • Vidal S, Horvath E, Kovacs K, et al. Microvascular structural entropy: a novel approach to assess angiogenesis in pituitary tumors. Endocr Pathol. 2003;14:239–247. doi:10.1385/EP:14:3:239.
  • Zhao D, Tomono Y, Nose T. Expression of p27kip1 and Ki-67 in pituitary adenomas: an investigation of marker of adenoma invasiveness. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1999;141:187–192.
  • Scheithauer BW, Gaffey TA, Lloyd RV, et al. Pathobiology of pituitary adenomas and carcinomas. Neurosurgery. 2006;59:341–353.
  • Korbonits M, Chahal HS, Kaltsas G, et al. Expression of phosphorylated p27 (kip1) protein and JUN activation domain-binding protein 1 in human pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:2635–2643.
  • Jiang X, Zhang X. The molecular pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas: an update. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2013;28:245–254. doi:10.3803/EnM.2013.28.4.245.
  • Wierinckx A, Auger C, Devauchelle P, et al. A diagnostic marker set for invasion, proliferation, and aggressiveness of prolactin pituitary tumors. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2007;14:887–900.
  • Ibrahim AE, Pickering RM, Gawne-Cain ML, et al. Indices of apoptosis and proliferation as potential prognostic markers in nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Clin Neuropathol. 2004;23:8–15.
  • Kontogeorgos G, Sambaziotis D, Piaditis G, et al. Apoptosis in human pituitary adenomas: A morphologic and in situ end-labeling study. Mod Pathol. 1997;10:921–926.
  • Kumar K, Macaulay RJ, Kelly M, et al. Absent p53 immunohistochemical staining in a pituitary carcinoma. Can J Neurol Sci. 2001;28:174–178.
  • Bamberger CM, Fehn M, Bamberger AM, et al. Reduced expression levels of the cell-cycle inhibitor p27KIP1 in human pituitary adenomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 1999;140:250–255.
  • Nakabayashi H, Sunada I, Hara M. Immunohistochemical analyses of cell cycle related proteins, apoptosis, and proliferation in pituitary adenomas. J Histochem Cytochem. 2001;49:1193–1194.
  • Jin L, Qian X, Kulig E, et al. Transforming growth factor-beta, transforming growth factor-beta receptor II, and p27kip1 expression in nontumorous and neoplastic human pituitaries. Am J Pathol. 1997;151:509–519.
  • Ikeda H, Yoshimoto T, Shida N. Molecular analysis of p21 and p27 genes in human pituitary adenomas. Br J Cancer. 1997;76:1119–1123.
  • Vidal S, Kovacs K, Bell D, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human pituitary tumors. Cancer. 2003;97:2814–2821.
  • Bloomer CW, Kenyon L, Hammond E, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression in human pituitary macroadenomas. Am J Clin Oncol. 2003;26:S75–S80.
  • Sokolowski G, Baldys-Waligorska A, Trofimiuk M, et al. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in pituitary tumours. Med Sci Monit. 2012;4:CR252–CR259.
  • Pei L, Melmed S. Isolation and characterization of a pituitary tumor-transforming gene (PTTG). Mol Endocrinol. 1997;11:433–441. doi:10.1210/mend.11.4.9911.
  • Zou H, McGarry TJ, Bernal T, et al. Identification of a vertebrate sister-chromatid separation inhibitor involved in transformation and tumorigenesis. Science. 1999;285:418–422. doi:10.1126/science.285.5426.418.
  • Chesnokova V, Kovacs K, Castro AV, et al. Pituitary hypoplasia in PttgK/K mice is protective for RbC/K pituitary tumorigenesis. Mol Endocrinol. 2005;19:2371–2379. doi:10.1210/me.2005-0137.
  • Ishikawa H, Heaney AP, Yu R, et al. Human pituitary tumor-transforming gene induces angiogenesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 2001;86:867–874. doi:10.1210/jc.86.2.867.
  • McCabe CJ, Boelaert K, Tannahill LA, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor, its receptor KDR/Flk-1, and pituitary tumor transforming gene in pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 2002;87:4238–4244. doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020309.
  • Karga HJ, Alexander JM, Hedley-Whyte ET, et al. Ras mutations in human pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992;74:914–919.
  • Harvey M, Vogel H, Lee EY, et al. Mice deficient in both p53 and Rb develop tumors primarily of endocrine origin. Cancer Res. 1995;55:1146–1151.
  • Williams BO, Schmitt EM, Remington L, et al. Extensive contribution of Rb-deficient cells to adult chimeric mice with limited histopathological consequences. Embo J. 1994;13:4251–4259.
  • Di Ieva A, Grizzi F, Gaeteni P, et al. Euclidean and fractal geometry of microvascular networks in normal and neoplastic pituitary tissue. Neurosurg Rev. 2010;543:49–54.
  • Di Ieva A, Grizzi F, Ceva-Grimaldi G, et al. Fractal dimension as a quantitator of the microvasculature of normal and adenomatous pituitary tissue. J Anat. 2007;211:673–680.
  • Di Ieva A, Weckman A, Di Michele J, et al. Microvascular morphometrics of the hypophysis and pituitary tumors: from bench to operating theatre. Microvasc Res. 2013;89:7–14.
  • Yamada S, Takada K. Angiogenesis in pituitary adenomas. Microsc Res Tech. 2003;60:236–243.
  • Jugenburg M, Kovacs K, Stefaneanu L, et al. Vasculature in non-tumorous hypophysis, pituitary adenomas and carcinomas: a quantitative morphologic study. Endocrinol Pathol. 1995;2:115–124.
  • Di Ieva A, Butz H, Niamah M, et al. MicroRNAs as biomarkers in pituitary tumors. Neurosurgery. 2014;75:181–189; discussion 188–189. doi:10.1227/NEU.0000000000000369.
  • Shi X, Tao B, He H, et al. MicroRNAs-based network: a novel therapeutic agent in pituitary adenoma. Med Hypotheses. 2012;78:380–384.
  • Smith TG, Robbins PA, Ratcliffe PJ. The human side of hypoxia-inducible factor. Br J Haematol. 2008;141:325–334.
  • Semenza GL. Evaluation of HIF-1 inhibitors as anticancer agents. Drug Discov Today. 2007;12:853–859.
  • Beaulieu E, Kachra Z, Mousseau N, et al. Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in human pituitary tumors. Neurosurgery. 1999;45:1432–1440.
  • Knappe UJ, Hagel C, Lisboa BW, et al. Expression of serine proteases and metalloproteinases in human pituitary adenomas and anterior pituitary lobe tissue. Acta Neuropathol. 2003;106:471–478.
  • Sivapragasam M, Rotondo F, Lloyd RV, et al. MicroRNAs in the human pituitary. Endocr Pathol. 2011;22:134–143. doi:10.1007/s12022-011-9167-6.
  • Stilling G, Sun Z, Zhang S, et al. MicroRNA expression in ACTH-producing pituitary tumors: up-regulation of microRNA-122 and −493 in pituitary carcinomas. Endocrine. 2010;38:67–75.
  • Li XH, Wang EL, Zhou HM, et al. MicroRNAs in human pituitary adenomas. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014:435171. Epub 2014 Dec 8. doi:10.1155/2014/435171.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.