Obesity-related metabolic and reproductive dysfunction: variations between the sexes

References

• Martinez JA. Body-weight regulation: causes of obesity. Proc Nutr Soc. 2000 Aug;59(3):337–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asuncion M, Calvo RM, San Millan JL, et al. A prospective study of the prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected Caucasian women from Spain. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Jul;85(7):2434–2438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azziz R, Woods KS, Reyna R, et al. The prevalence and features of the polycystic ovary syndrome in an unselected population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jun;89(6):2745–2749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber TM, Franks S. Genetic basis of polycystic ovary syndrome. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2010;5(4):549–561.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barber TM, Franks S. Genetics of polycystic ovary syndrome. Front Horm Res. 2013;40:28–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hum Reprod. 2004 Jan;19(1):41–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber TM, Alvey C, Greenslade T, et al. Patterns of ovarian morphology in polycystic ovary syndrome: a study utilising magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol. 2010 May;20(5):1207–1213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunaif A. Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome: mechanism and implications for pathogenesis. Endocr Rev. 1997 Dec;18(6):774–800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber TM, McCarthy MI, Wass JA, et al. Obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Aug;65(2):137–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber TM, Wass JA, McCarthy MI, et al. Metabolic characteristics of women with polycystic ovaries and oligo-amenorrhoea but normal androgen levels: implications for the management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007 Apr;66(4):513–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran LJ, Misso ML, Wild RA, et al. Impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2010 Jul-Aug;16(4):347–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlinson J, Millward A, Stenhouse E, et al. Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in polycystic ovary syndrome: what are the risks and can they be reduced? Diabet Med. 2010 May;27(5):498–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holte J, Bergh T, Berne C, et al. Restored insulin sensitivity but persistently increased early insulin secretion after weight loss in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Sep;80(9):2586–2593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balen AH, Conway GS, Kaltsas G, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome: the spectrum of the disorder in 1741 patients. Hum Reprod. 1995 Aug;10(8):2107–2111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knochenhauer ES, Key TJ, Kahsar-Miller M, et al. Prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected black and white women of the southeastern United States: a prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Sep;83(9):3078–3082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escobar-Morreale HF, San Millan JL. Abdominal adiposity and the polycystic ovary syndrome. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Sep;18(7):266–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yildirim B, Sabir N, Kaleli B. Relation of intra-abdominal fat distribution to metabolic disorders in nonobese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2003 Jun;79(6):1358–1364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horejsi R, Moller R, Rackl S, et al. Android subcutaneous adipose tissue topography in lean and obese women suffering from PCOS: comparison with type 2 diabetic women. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2004 Jul;124(3):275–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber TM, Golding SJ, Alvey C, et al. Global adiposity rather than abnormal regional fat distribution characterizes women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Mar;93(3):999–1004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manneras-Holm L, Leonhardt H, Kullberg J, et al. Adipose tissue has aberrant morphology and function in PCOS: enlarged adipocytes and low serum adiponectin, but not circulating sex steroids, are strongly associated with insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Feb;96(2):E304–E311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmina E, Bucchieri S, Esposito A, et al. Abdominal fat quantity and distribution in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and extent of its relation to insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Apr 3;92:2500–2505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolfing JG, Stassen CM, van Haard PM, et al. Comparison of MRI-assessed body fat content between lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and matched controls: less visceral fat with PCOS. Hum Reprod. 2011 Mar 15;26:1495–1500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber TM, Franks S. Adipocyte biology in polycystic ovary syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2013;373(1–2):68–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ek I, Arner P, Bergqvist A, et al. Impaired adipocyte lipolysis in nonobese women with the polycystic ovary syndrome: a possible link to insulin resistance? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Apr;82(4):1147–1153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faulds G, Ryden M, Ek I, et al. Mechanisms behind lipolytic catecholamine resistance of subcutaneous fat cells in the polycystic ovarian syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 May;88(5):2269–2273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dicker A, Ryden M, Naslund E, et al. Effect of testosterone on lipolysis in human pre-adipocytes from different fat depots. Diabetologia. 2004 Mar;47(3):420–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Papavassiliou AG. Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome. Trends Mol Med. 2006 Jul;12(7):324–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu Y-L, Sun -Y-Y, Qiu H-Y, et al. [Tyrosine phosphorylation and protein expression of insulin receptor substrate-1 in the patients with polycystic ovary syndrome]. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi. 2004 Mar;39(3):176–179. [ Chinese].
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosenbaum D, Haber RS, Dunaif A. Insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome: decreased expression of GLUT-4 glucose transporters in adipocytes. Am J Physiol. 1993 Feb;264(2 Pt 1):E197–E202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunaif A, Segal KR, Futterweit W, et al. Profound peripheral insulin resistance, independent of obesity, in polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes. 1989 Sep;38(9):1165–1174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vassiliadi DA, Barber TM, Hughes BA, et al. Increased 5{alpha}-reductase activity and adrenocortical drive in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(9):3558–3566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapoor D, Aldred H, Clark S, et al. Clinical and biochemical assessment of hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes: correlations with bioavailable testosterone and visceral adiposity. Diabetes Care. 2007 Apr;30(4):911–917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhindsa S, Miller MG, McWhirter CL, et al. Testosterone concentrations in diabetic and nondiabetic obese men. Diabetes Care. 2010 Jun;33(6):1186–1192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saboor Aftab SA, Kumar S, Barber TM. The role of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the development of male obesity-associated secondary hypogonadism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013 Mar;78(3):330–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isidori AM, Giannetta E, Greco EA, et al. Effects of testosterone on body composition, bone metabolism and serum lipid profile in middle-aged men: a meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005 Sep;63(3):280–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandona P, Dhindsa S. Update: hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in type 2 diabetes and obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Sep;96(9):2643–2651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeap BB, Hyde Z, Almeida OP, et al. Lower testosterone levels predict incident stroke and transient ischemic attack in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Jul;94(7):2353–2359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponikowska B, Jankowska EA, Maj J, et al. Gonadal and adrenal androgen deficiencies as independent predictors of increased cardiovascular mortality in men with type II diabetes mellitus and stable coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol. 2010 Sep 3;143(3):343–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen PG. The hypogonadal-obesity cycle: role of aromatase in modulating the testosterone-estradiol shunt–a major factor in the genesis of morbid obesity. Med Hypotheses. 1999 Jan;52(1):49–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sainz N, Barrenetxe J, Moreno-Aliaga MJ, et al. Leptin resistance and diet-induced obesity: central and peripheral actions of leptin. Metabolism. 2015 Jan;64(1):35–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mah PM, Wittert GA. Obesity and testicular function. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010 Mar 25;316(2):180–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamba M, Pralong FP. Control of GnRH neuronal activity by metabolic factors: the role of leptin and insulin. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2006 Jul 25;254-255:133–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan JL, Mantzoros CS. Leptin and the hypothalamic-pituitary regulation of the gonadotropin-gonadal axis. Pituitary. 2001 Jan-Apr;4(1–2):87–92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luboshitzky R, Lavie L, Shen-Orr Z, et al. Altered luteinizing hormone and testosterone secretion in middle-aged obese men with obstructive sleep apnea. Obes Res. 2005 Apr;13(4):780–786.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• George JT, Millar RP, Anderson RA. Hypothesis: kisspeptin mediates male hypogonadism in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Neuroendocrinology. 2010;91(4):302–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones TH, Arver S, Behre HM, et al. Testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes and/or metabolic syndrome (the TIMES2 study). Diabetes Care. 2011 Apr;34(4):828–837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalinchenko SY, Tishova YA, Mskhalaya GJ, et al. Effects of testosterone supplementation on markers of the metabolic syndrome and inflammation in hypogonadal men with the metabolic syndrome: the double-blinded placebo-controlled Moscow study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010 Nov;73(5):602–612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhasin S, Cunningham GR, Hayes FJ, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with androgen deficiency syndromes: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Jun;95(6):2536–2559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loves S, Ruinemans-Koerts J, de Boer H. Letrozole once a week normalizes serum testosterone in obesity-related male hypogonadism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008 May;158(5):741–747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher D, Heymsfield SB, Heo M, et al. Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Sep;72(3):694–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemieux S, Prud’homme D, Bouchard C, et al. Sex differences in the relation of visceral adipose tissue accumulation to total body fatness. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993 Oct;58(4):463–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kvist H, Chowdhury B, Grangard U, et al. Total and visceral adipose-tissue volumes derived from measurements with computed tomography in adult men and women: predictive equations. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988 Dec;48(6):1351–1361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbott DH, Dumesic DA, Franks S. Developmental origin of polycystic ovary syndrome - a hypothesis. J Endocrinol. 2002 Jul;174(1):1–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy NL, Jones TA, Wayte SC, et al. Identification of brown adipose tissue using MR imaging in a human adult with histological and immunohistochemical confirmation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Jan;99(1):E117–E121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar