Physiology, pathophysiology and therapeutic implications of enteroendocrine control of food intake

References

• WHO. World Health Organisation global health observatory data; overweight and obesity. 2014. Available from: http://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/overweight/en/
   Google Scholar
• Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2000;894:i–xii, 1–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viswanath YK, Rogers IM. A non-contact complete knee dislocation with popliteal artery disruption, a rare martial arts injury. Postgrad Med J. 1999;75(887):552–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf AM, Colditz GA. Current estimates of the economic cost of obesity in the United States. Obes Res. 1998;6(2):97–106.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Webber L, Divajeva D, Marsh T, et al. The future burden of obesity-related diseases in the 53 WHO European-Region countries and the impact of effective interventions: a modelling study. BMJ Open. 2014;4(7):e004787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pournaras DJ, le Roux CW. Type 2 diabetes: multimodal treatment of a complex disease. Lancet. 2015;386(9997):936–937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Münzberg H, Qualls-Creekmore E, Berthoud H-R, et al. Neural control of energy expenditure. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2016;233:173–194.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nutrition classics. The anatomical record, volume 78, 1940: hypothalamic lesions and adiposity in the rat. Nutr Rev. 1983;41(4):124–127.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rossi M, Kim MS, Morgan CJ, et al. A C-terminal fragment of Argouti-related protein increases feeding and antagonises the effect of alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone in vivo. Endocrinology. 1998;139(10):4428–4431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy KG, Bloom SR. Gut hormones in the control of appetite. Exp Physiol. 2004;89(5):507–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam DD, Attard CA, Mercer AJ, et al. Conditional expression of Pomc in the Lepr-positive subpopulation of POMC neurons is sufficient for normal energy homeostasis and metabolism. Endocrinology. 2015;156(4):1292–1302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fong TM, Mao C, MacNeil T, et al. ART (protein product of agouti-related transcript) as an antagonist of MC-3 and MC-4 receptors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997;237(3):629–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirth MM, Giraudo SQ. Agouti-related protein in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: effect on feeding. Peptides. 2000;21(9):1369–1375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin S, Boey D, Herzog H. NPY and Y receptors: lessons from transgenic and knockout models. Neuropeptides. 2004;38(4):189–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Q, Palmiter RD. GABAergic signaling by AgRP neurons prevents anorexia via a melanocortin-independent mechanism. Eur J Pharmacol. 2011;660(1):21–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vettor R, Fabris R, Pagano C, et al. Neuroendocrine regulation of eating behavior. J Endocrinol Invest. 2002;25(10):836–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muroya S, Yada T, Shioda S, et al. Glucose-sensitive neurons in the rat arcuate nucleus contain neuropeptide Y. Neurosci Lett. 1999;264(1–3):113–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obici S, Feng Z, Morgan K, et al. Central administration of oleic acid inhibits glucose production and food intake. Diabetes. 2002;51(2):271–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil K, Bugajski A, Kurnik M, et al. Electrical chronic vagus nerve stimulation activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in rats fed high-fat diet. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2013;34(4):314–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil K, Bugajski A, Kurnik M, et al. Chronic vagus nerve stimulation reduces body fat, blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels in rats fed a high-fat diet. Folia Med Cracov. 2012;52(3–4):79–96.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gil K, Bugajski A, Thor P. Electrical vagus nerve stimulation decreases food consumption and weight gain in rats fed a high-fat diet. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2011;62(6):637–646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morton GJ, Cummings DE, Baskin DG, et al. Central nervous system control of food intake and body weight. Nature. 2006;443(7109):289–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alhadeff AL, Grill HJ. Hindbrain nucleus tractus solitarius glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor signaling reduces appetitive and motivational aspects of feeding. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2014;307(4):R465–R470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blouet C, Schwartz GJ. Brainstem nutrient sensing in the nucleus of the solitary tract inhibits feeding. Cell Metab. 2012;16(5):579–587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ter Horst GJ, de Boer P, Luiten PG, et al. Ascending projections from the solitary tract nucleus to the hypothalamus. A phaseolus vulgaris lectin tracing study in the rat. Neuroscience. 1989;31(3):785–797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miras AD, le Roux CW. Bariatric surgery and taste: novel mechanisms of weight loss. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2010;26(2):140–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pani L. Is there an evolutionary mismatch between the normal physiology of the human dopaminergic system and current environmental conditions in industrialized countries? Mol Psychiatry. 2000;5(5):467–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figlewicz DP, MacDonald Naleid A, Sipols AJ. Modulation of food reward by adiposity signals. Physiol Behav. 2007;91(5):473–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figlewicz DP. Modulation of food reward by endocrine and environmental factors: update and perspective. Psychosom Med. 2015;77(6):664–670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speakman JR. Obesity: the integrated roles of environment and genetics. J Nutr. 2004;134(8 Suppl):2090S–105S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstone AP, Miras AD, Scholtz S, et al. Link between increased satiety gut hormones and reduced food reward after gastric bypass surgery for obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(2):599–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miras AD, Jackson RN, Jackson SN, et al. Gastric bypass surgery for obesity decreases the reward value of a sweet-fat stimulus as assessed in a progressive ratio task. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96(3):467–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholtz S, Miras AD, Chhina N, et al. Obese patients after gastric bypass surgery have lower brain-hedonic responses to food than after gastric banding. Gut. 2014;63(6):891–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stice E, Figlewicz DP, Gosnell BA, et al. The contribution of brain reward circuits to the obesity epidemic. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013;37(9 Pt A):2047–2058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, et al. Food and drug reward: overlapping circuits in human obesity and addiction. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2012;11:1–24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jean A, Conductier G, Manrique C, et al. Anorexia induced by activation of serotonin 5-HT4 receptors is mediated by increases in CART in the nucleus accumbens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104(41):16335–16340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behary P, Miras AD. Brain responses to food and weight loss. Exp Physiol. 2014;99(9):1121–1127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz MW, Baskin DG, Kaiyala KJ, et al. Model for the regulation of energy balance and adiposity by the central nervous system. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(4):584–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benoit SC, Clegg DJ, Seeley RJ, et al. Insulin and leptin as adiposity signals. Recent Prog Horm Res. 2004;59:267–285.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, et al. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature. 1994;372(6505):425–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy GC. The role of depot fat in the hypothalamic control of food intake in the rat. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1953;140(901):578–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michalakis K, le Roux C. Gut hormones and leptin: impact on energy control and changes after bariatric surgery–what the future holds. Obes Surg. 2012;22(10):1648–1657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Considine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML, et al. Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(5):292–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahu A. Leptin signaling in the hypothalamus: emphasis on energy homeostasis and leptin resistance. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2003;24(4):225–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etgen GJ, Oldham BA. Profiling of Zucker diabetic fatty rats in their progression to the overt diabetic state. Metabolism. 2000;49(5):684–688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montague CT, Farooqi IS, Whitehead JP, et al. Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans. Nature. 1997;387(6636):903–908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clement K, Vaisse C, Lahlou N, et al. A mutation in the human leptin receptor gene causes obesity and pituitary dysfunction. Nature. 1998;392(6674):398–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farooqi IS, O’Rahilly S. 20 years of leptin: human disorders of leptin action. J Endocrinol. 2014;223(1):T63–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL. 20 years of leptin: role of leptin in energy homeostasis in humans. J Endocrinol. 2014;223(1):T83–T96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Rahilly S. 20 years of leptin: what we know and what the future holds. J Endocrinol. 2014;223(1):E1–E3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pal R, Sahu A. Leptin signaling in the hypothalamus during chronic central leptin infusion. Endocrinology. 2003;144(9):3789–3798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumithran P, Prendergast LA, Delbridge E, et al. Long-term persistence of hormonal adaptations to weight loss. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(17):1597–1604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi J, Gray SL, Speck M, et al. Acute disruption of leptin signaling in vivo leads to increased insulin levels and insulin resistance. Endocrinology. 2011;152(9):3385–3395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ottaway N, Mahbod P, Rivero B, et al. Diet-induced obese mice retain endogenous leptin action. Cell Metab. 2015;21(6):877–882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tumer N, Erdos B, Matheny M, et al. Leptin antagonist reverses hypertension caused by leptin overexpression, but fails to normalize obesity-related hypertension. J Hypertens. 2007;25(12):2471–2478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bluher M. Adipokines - removing road blocks to obesity and diabetes therapy. Mol Metabolism. 2014;3(3):230–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shklyaev S, Aslanidi G, Tennant M, et al. Sustained peripheral expression of transgene adiponectin offsets the development of diet-induced obesity in rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100(24):14217–14222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadowaki T, Yamauchi T, Kubota N. The physiological and pathophysiological role of adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in the peripheral tissues and CNS. FEBS Lett. 2008;582(1):74–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qi Y, Takahashi N, Hileman SM, et al. Adiponectin acts in the brain to decrease body weight. Nat Med. 2004;10(5):524–529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu J, Zhang C, Borgquist A, et al. Insulin excites anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin neurons via activation of canonical transient receptor potential channels. Cell Metab. 2014;19(4):682–693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sipols AJ, Baskin DG, Schwartz MW. Effect of intracerebroventricular insulin infusion on diabetic hyperphagia and hypothalamic neuropeptide gene expression. Diabetes. 1995;44(2):147–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borer KT, Wuorinen E, Ku K, et al. Appetite responds to changes in meal content, whereas ghrelin, leptin, and insulin track changes in energy availability. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(7):2290–2298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sriram K, Pinchcofsky G, Kaminski MV Jr. Suppression of appetite by parenteral nutrition in humans. J Am Coll Nutr. 1984;3(4):317–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geliebter A. Neuroimaging of gastric distension and gastric bypass surgery. Appetite. 2013;71:459–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng Y, Wang M, He S, et al. Short-term effects of intragastric balloon in association with conservative therapy on weight loss: a meta-analysis. J Transl Med. 2015;13:246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez MF, Deutsch JA. Vagotomy abolishes cues of satiety produced by gastric distension. Science. 1981;212(4500):1283–1284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oesch S, Ruegg C, Fischer B, et al. Effect of gastric distension prior to eating on food intake and feelings of satiety in humans. Physiol Behav. 2006;87(5):903–910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathis C, Moran TH, Schwartz GJ. Load-sensitive rat gastric vagal afferents encode volume but not gastric nutrients. Am J Physiol. 1998;274(2 Pt 2):R280–R286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• le Roux CW, Neary NM, Halsey TJ, et al. Ghrelin does not stimulate food intake in patients with surgical procedures involving vagotomy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(8):4521–4524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laskiewicz J, Krolczyk G, Zurowski D, et al. Capasaicin induced deafferentation enhances the effect of electrical vagal nerve stimulation on food intake and body mass. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2004;55(1 Pt 2):155–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott JA, Docherty NG, Eckhardt HG, et al. Weight loss, satiety, and the postprandial gut hormone response after esophagectomy: a prospective study. Ann Surg. 2016. [Epub ahead of print].
   Google Scholar
• Spreckley E, Murphy KG. The L-cell in nutritional sensing and the regulation of appetite. Front Nutrition. 2015;2:23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muller TD, Nogueiras R, Andermann ML, et al. Ghrelin. Mol Metabolism. 2015;4(6):437–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen HY, Trumbauer ME, Chen AS, et al. Orexigenic action of peripheral ghrelin is mediated by neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein. Endocrinology. 2004;145(6):2607–2612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero A, Kirchner H, Heppner K, et al. GOAT: the master switch for the ghrelin system? Eur J Endocrinol. 2010;163(1):1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings DE, Weigle DS, Scott Frayo R, et al. Plasma ghrelin levels after diet-induced weight loss or gastric bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings DE, Purnell JQ, Scott Frayo R, et al. A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans. Diabetes. 2001;50:1714–1719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaller G, Schmidt A, Pleiner J, et al. Plasma ghrelin concentrations are not regulated by glucose or insulin: a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover clamp study. Diabetes. 2003;52(1):16–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callahan HS, Cummings DE, Pepe MS, et al. Postprandial suppression of plasma ghrelin level is proportional to ingested caloric load but does not predict intermeal interval in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(3):1319–1324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteleone P, Bencivenga R, Longobardi N, et al. Differential responses of circulating ghrelin to high-fat or high-carbohydrate meal in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(11):5510–5514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weigle DS, Cummings DE, Newby PD, et al. Roles of leptin and ghrelin in the loss of body weight caused by a low fat, high carbohydrate diet. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(4):1577–1586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong Z, Yoshimura M, Aizawa S, et al. G protein-coupled receptor 120 signaling regulates ghrelin secretion in vivo and in vitro. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2014;306(1):E28–E35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen S, Laermans J, Iwakura H, et al. Sensing of fatty acids for octanoylation of ghrelin involves a gustatory G-protein. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e40168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oya M, Kitaguchi T, Harada K, et al. Low glucose-induced ghrelin secretion is mediated by an ATP-sensitive potassium channel. J Endocrinol. 2015;226(1):25–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priori D, Trevisi P, Mazzoni M, et al. Effect of fasting and refeeding on expression of genes involved in the gastric nutrient sensing and orexigenic control of pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2015;99(4):692–700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vancleef L, Van Den Broeck T, Thijs T, et al. Chemosensory signalling pathways involved in sensing of amino acids by the ghrelin cell. Sci Rep. 2015;5:15725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banasch M, Bulut K, Hagemann D, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 2 inhibits ghrelin secretion in humans. Regul Pept. 2006;137(3):173–178.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hagemann D, Holst JJ, Gethmann A, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) suppresses ghrelin levels in humans via increased insulin secretion. Regul Pept. 2007;143(1–3):64–68.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wren AM, Seal LJ, Brynes AE, et al. Ghrelin enhances appetite and increases food intake in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(12):5992–5995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan W, Tu H, Kastin AJ. Differential BBB interactions of three ingestive peptides: obestatin, ghrelin, and adiponectin. Peptides. 2006;27(4):911–916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banks WA, Tschop M, Robinson SM, et al. Extent and direction of ghrelin transport across the blood-brain barrier is determined by its unique primary structure. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002;302(2):822–827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willesen MG, Kristensen P, Romer J. Co-localization of growth hormone secretagogue receptor and NPY mRNA in the arcuate nucleus of the rat. Neuroendocrinology. 1999;70(5):306–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zigman JM, Jones JE, Lee CE, et al. Expression of ghrelin receptor mRNA in the rat and the mouse brain. J Comp Neurol. 2006;494(3):528–548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abizaid A, Liu ZW, Andrews ZB, et al. Ghrelin modulates the activity and synaptic input organization of midbrain dopamine neurons while promoting appetite. J Clin Invest. 2006;116(12):3229–3239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perello M, Sakata I, Birnbaum S, et al. Ghrelin increases the rewarding value of high-fat diet in an orexin-dependent manner. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;67(9):880–886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egecioglu E, Jerlhag E, Salome N, et al. Ghrelin increases intake of rewarding food in rodents. Addict Biol. 2010;15(3):304–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valdivia S, Cornejo MP, Reynaldo M, et al. Escalation in high fat intake in a binge eating model differentially engages dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area and requires ghrelin signaling. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015;60:206–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tschop M, Smiley DL, Heiman ML. Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents. Nature. 2000;407:908–913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habib AM, Richards P, Cairns LS, et al. Overlap of endocrine hormone expression in the mouse intestine revealed by transcriptional profiling and flow cytometry. Endocrinology. 2012;153(7):3054–3065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho HJ, Kosari S, Hunne B, et al. Differences in hormone localisation patterns of K and L type enteroendocrine cells in the mouse and pig small intestine and colon. Cell Tissue Res. 2015;359(2):693–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svendsen B, Pedersen J, Albrechtsen NJ, et al. An analysis of cosecretion and coexpression of gut hormones from male rat proximal and distal small intestine. Endocrinology. 2015;156(3):847–857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campos CA, Wright JS, Czaja K, et al. CCK-induced reduction of food intake and hindbrain MAPK signaling are mediated by NMDA receptor activation. Endocrinology. 2012;153(6):2633–2646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dockray GJ. Cholecystokinin. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2012;19(1):8–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran TH, Ameglio PJ, Peyton HJ, et al. Blockade of type A, but not type B, CCK receptors postpones satiety in rhesus monkeys. Am J Physiol. 1993;265(3 Pt 2):R620–R624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran TH, Ameglio PJ, Schwartz GJ, et al. Blockade of type A, not type B, CCK receptors attenuates satiety actions of exogenous and endogenous CCK. Am J Physiol. 1992;262(1 Pt 2):R46–R50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran TH, Sawyer TK, Seeb DH, et al. Potent and sustained satiety actions of a cholecystokinin octapeptide analogue. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;55(1 Suppl):286S–290S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aaronson NK, Ahmedzai S, Bergman B, et al. The European Organization for research and treatment of cancer QLQ-C30: a quality-of-life instrument for use in international clinical trials in oncology. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993;85(5):365–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper SJ, Dourish CT, Clifton PG. CCK antagonists and CCK-monoamine interactions in the control of satiety. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;55(1 Suppl):291S–295S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bado A, Durieux C, Moizo L, et al. Cholecystokinin-A receptor mediation of food intake in cats. Am J Physiol. 1991;260(4 Pt 2):R693–R697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reidelberger R, Haver A, Anders K, et al. Role of capsaicin-sensitive peripheral sensory neurons in anorexic responses to intravenous infusions of cholecystokinin, peptide YY-(3-36), and glucagon-like peptide-1 in rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2014;307(8):E619–E629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith GP, Tyrka A, Gibbs J. Type-A CCK receptors mediate the inhibition of food intake and activity by CCK-8 in 9- to 12-day-old rat pups. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1991;38(1):207–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pi-Sunyer X, Kissileff HR, Thornton J, et al. C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin decreases food intake in obese men. Physiol Behav. 1982;29(4):627–630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kissileff HR, Pi-Sunyer FX, Thornton J, et al. C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin decreases food intake in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981;34(2):154–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieverse RJ, Jansen JB, Masclee AM, et al. Satiety effects of cholecystokinin in humans. Gastroenterology. 1994;106(6):1451–1454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieverse RJ, Jansen JB, van de Zwan A, et al. Effects of a physiological dose of cholecystokinin on food intake and postprandial satiation in man. Regul Pept. 1993;43(1–2):83–89.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dockray GJ. Enteroendocrine cell signalling via the vagus nerve. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2013;13(6):954–958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figlewicz DP, Sipols AJ, Green P, et al. IVT CCK-8 is more effective than IV CCK-8 at decreasing meal size in the baboon. Brain Res Bull. 1989;22(5):849–852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figlewicz DP, Sipols AJ, Porte D Jr., et al. Intraventricular CCK inhibits food intake and gastric emptying in baboons. Am J Physiol. 1989;256(6 Pt 2):R1313–R1317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Della Fera MA, Baile CA. CCK-octapeptide injected in CSF causes satiety in sheep. Ann Rech Vet. 1979;10(2–3):234–236.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Della-Fera MA, Baile CA. CCK-octapeptide injected in CSF decreases meal size and daily food intake in sheep. Peptides. 1980;1(1):51–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebenezer IS. Effects of intracerebroventricular administration of the CCK(1) receptor antagonist devazepide on food intake in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2002;441(1–2):79–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blevins JE, Hamel FG, Fairbairn E, et al. Effects of paraventricular nucleus injection of CCK-8 on plasma CCK-8 levels in rats. Brain Res. 2000;860(1–2):11–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blevins JE, Stanley BG, Reidelberger RD. Brain regions where cholecystokinin suppresses feeding in rats. Brain Res. 2000;860(1–2):1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu G, Yan J, Smith WW, et al. Roles of dorsomedial hypothalamic cholecystokinin signaling in the controls of meal patterns and glucose homeostasis. Physiol Behav. 2012;105(2):234–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bi S, Moran TH. Actions of CCK in the controls of food intake and body weight: lessons from the CCK-A receptor deficient OLETF rat. Neuropeptides. 2002;36(2–3):171–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran TH, Bi S. Hyperphagia and obesity in OLETF rats lacking CCK-1 receptors. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2006;361(1471):1211–1218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajnal A, Acharya NK, Grigson PS, et al. Obese OLETF rats exhibit increased operant performance for palatable sucrose solutions and differential sensitivity to D2 receptor antagonism. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007;293(5):R1846–R1854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraham H, Covasa M, Hajnal A. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide immunoreactivity in the brain of the CCK-1 receptor deficient obese OLETF rat. Exp Brain Res. 2009;196(4):545–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blevins JE, Moralejo DH, Wolden-Hanson TH, et al. Alterations in activity and energy expenditure contribute to lean phenotype in Fischer 344 rats lacking the cholecystokinin-1 receptor gene. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2012;303(12):R1231–R1240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin BA, Parrott RF, Ebenezer IS. Food for thought: a critique on the hypothesis that endogenous cholecystokinin acts as a physiological satiety factor. Prog Neurobiol. 1998;55(5):477–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blevins JE, Overduin J, Fuller JM, et al. Normal feeding and body weight in Fischer 344 rats lacking the cholecystokinin-1 receptor gene. Brain Res. 2009;1255:98–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopin AS, Mathes WF, McBride EW, et al. The cholecystokinin-A receptor mediates inhibition of food intake yet is not essential for the maintenance of body weight. J Clin Invest. 1999;103(3):383–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan MJ, Paulino G, Raybould HE. CCK(1) receptor is essential for normal meal patterning in mice fed high fat diet. Physiol Behav. 2007;92(5):969–974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reidelberger RD, O’Rourke MF. Potent cholecystokinin antagonist L 364718 stimulates food intake in rats. Am J Physiol. 1989;257(6 Pt 2):R1512–R1518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebenezer IS. The effects of a peripherally acting cholecystokinin1 receptor antagonist on food intake in rats: implications for the cholecystokinin-satiety hypothesis. Eur J Pharmacol. 2003;461(2–3):113–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebenezer IS, Parrott RF. A70104 and food intake in pigs: implication for the CCK ‘satiety’ hypothesis. Neuroreport. 1993;4(5):495–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beglinger C, Degen L, Matzinger D, et al. Loxiglumide, a CCK-A receptor antagonist, stimulates calorie intake and hunger feelings in humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2001;280(4):R1149–R1154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matzinger D, Gutzwiller JP, Drewe J, et al. Inhibition of food intake in response to intestinal lipid is mediated by cholecystokinin in humans. Am J Physiol. 1999;277(6 Pt 2):R1718–R1724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drewe J, Gadient A, Rovati LC, et al. Role of circulating cholecystokinin in control of fat-induced inhibition of food intake in humans. Gastroenterology. 1992;102(5):1654–1659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French SJ, Bergin A, Sepple CP, et al. The effects of loxiglumide on food intake in normal weight volunteers. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1994;18(11):738–741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieverse RJ, Masclee AA, Jansen JB, et al. Satiety effects of the type A CCK receptor antagonist loxiglumide in lean and obese women. Biol Psychiatry. 1995;37(5):331–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schick RR, Schusdziarra V, Mossner J, et al. Effect of CCK on food intake in man: physiological or pharmacological effect? Z Gastroenterol. 1991;29(2):53–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drucker DJ. Biological actions and therapeutic potential of the glucagon-like peptides. Gastroenterology. 2002;122(2):531–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain AK, Stoll B, Burrin DG, et al. Enteral bile acid treatment improves parenteral nutrition-related liver disease and intestinal mucosal atrophy in neonatal pigs. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2012;302(2):G218–G224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• le Roux CW, Borg C, Wallis K, et al. Gut hypertrophy after gastric bypass is associated with increased glucagon-like peptide 2 and intestinal crypt cell proliferation. Ann Surg. 2010;252(1):50–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulut K, Meier JJ, Ansorge N, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 2 improves intestinal wound healing through induction of epithelial cell migration in vitro-evidence for a TGF–beta-mediated effect. Regul Pept. 2004;121(1–3):137–143.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boushey RP, Yusta B, Drucker DJ. Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-2 reduces chemotherapy-associated mortality and enhances cell survival in cells expressing a transfected GLP-2 receptor. Cancer Res. 2001;61(2):687–693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troke RC, Tan TM, Bloom SR. The future role of gut hormones in the treatment of obesity. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2014;5(1):4–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lim GE, Brubaker PL. Glucagon-like peptide 1 secretion by the L-cell: the view from within. Diabetes. 2006;55(Supplement 2):S70–S77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holst JJ, Deacon CF. Inhibition of the activity of dipeptidyl-peptidase IV as a treatment for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 1998;47(11):1663–1670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandoval DA, D’Alessio DA. Physiology of proglucagon peptides: role of glucagon and GLP-1 in health and disease. Physiol Rev. 2015;95(2):513–548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreymann B, Williams G, Ghatei MA, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 7-36: a physiological incretin in man. Lancet. 1987;2(8571):1300–1304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holst JJ, Deacon C, Toft-Nielsen MB, et al. On the treatment of diabetes mellitus with glucagon-like peptide-1. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1998;865:336–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell JE, Drucker DJ. Pharmacology, physiology, and mechanisms of incretin hormone action. Cell Metab. 2013;17(6):819–837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreymann B, Ghatei MA, Williams G, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 7-36: a physiological incretin in man. The Lancet. 1987;330(8571):1300–1304.
   Google Scholar
• Van Dijk G, Thiele TE, Donahey JC, et al. Central infusions of leptin and GLP-1-(7-36) amide differentially stimulate c-FLI in the rat brain. Am J Physiol. 1996;271(4 Pt 2):R1096–R1100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon LR, Wellman PJ PVN infusion of GLP-1-(7—36) amide suppresses feeding but does not induce aversion or alter locomotion in rats. Am J Physiol. 1998 Jan;274(1 Pt 2):R23-9.
   Google Scholar
• Thiele TE, Seeley RJ, D’Alessio D, et al. Central infusion of glucagon-like peptide-1-(7-36) amide (GLP-1) receptor antagonist attenuates lithium chloride-induced c-Fos induction in rat brainstem. Brain Res. 1998;801(1–2):164–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Silva A, Salem V, Long CJ, et al. The gut hormones PYY 3-36 and GLP-1 7-36 amide reduce food intake and modulate brain activity in appetite centers in humans. Cell Metab. 2011;14(5):700–706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdich C, Flint A, Gutzwiller JP, et al. A meta-analysis of the effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide on ad libitum energy intake in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(9):4382–4389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flint A, Raben A, Astrup A, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 promotes satiety and suppresses energy intake in humans. J Clin Invest. 1998;101(3):515–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naslund E, Barkeling B, King N, et al. Energy intake and appetite are suppressed by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in obese men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999;23(3):304–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutzwiller JP, Goke B, Drewe J, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1: a potent regulator of food intake in humans. Gut. 1999;44(1):81–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pi-Sunyer X, Astrup A, Fujioka K, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of 3.0 mg of liraglutide in weight management. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(1):11–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melhorn SJ, Tyagi V, Smeraglio A, et al. Initial evidence that GLP-1 receptor blockade fails to suppress postprandial satiety or promote food intake in humans. Appetite. 2014;82:85–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinert RE, Schirra J, Meyer-Gerspach AC, et al. Effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor antagonism on appetite and food intake in healthy men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100(2):514–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degen L, Oesch S, Casanova M, et al. Effect of peptide YY3-36 on food intake in humans. Gastroenterology. 2005;129(5):1430–1436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams DL, Baskin DG, Schwartz MW. Evidence that intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1 plays a physiological role in satiety. Endocrinology. 2009;150(4):1680–1687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye J, Hao Z, Mumphrey MB, et al. GLP-1 receptor signaling is not required for reduced body weight after RYGB in rodents. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2014;306(5):R352–R362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krieger JP, Langhans W, Lee SJ. Vagal mediation of GLP-1’s effects on food intake and glycemia. Physiol Behav. 2015;152(Pt B):372–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagawa A, Satake H, Nakabayashi H, et al. Receptor gene expression of glucagon-like peptide-1, but not glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, in rat nodose ganglion cells. Auton Neurosci. 2004;110(1):36–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucinskaite V, Tolessa T, Pedersen J, et al. Receptor-mediated activation of gastric vagal afferents by glucagon-like peptide-1 in the rat. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2009;21(9):978–e78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishizawa M, Nakabayashi H, Kawai K, et al. The hepatic vagal reception of intraportal GLP-1 is via receptor different from the pancreatic GLP-1 receptor. J Auton Nerv Syst. 2000;80(1–2):14–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abbott CR, Monteiro M, Small CJ, et al. The inhibitory effects of peripheral administration of peptide YY(3-36) and glucagon-like peptide-1 on food intake are attenuated by ablation of the vagal-brainstem-hypothalamic pathway. Brain Res. 2005;1044(1):127–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes MR, Kanoski SE, De Jonghe BC, et al. The common hepatic branch of the vagus is not required to mediate the glycemic and food intake suppressive effects of glucagon-like-peptide-1. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2011;301(5):R1479–R1485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruttimann EB, Arnold M, Hillebrand JJ, et al. Intrameal hepatic portal and intraperitoneal infusions of glucagon-like peptide-1 reduce spontaneous meal size in the rat via different mechanisms. Endocrinology. 2009;150(3):1174–1181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Ritter RC. Circulating GLP-1 and CCK-8 reduce food intake by capsaicin-insensitive, nonvagal mechanisms. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2012;302(2):R264–R273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sisley S, Gutierrez-Aguilar R, Scott M, et al. Neuronal GLP1R mediates liraglutide’s anorectic but not glucose-lowering effect. J Clin Invest. 2014;124(6):2456–2463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krieger J-P, Arnold M, Pettersen KG, et al. Knockdown of GLP-1 receptors in vagal afferents affects normal food intake and glycemia. Diabetes. 2016;65(1):34–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plamboeck A, Veedfald S, Deacon CF, et al. The effect of exogenous GLP-1 on food intake is lost in male truncally vagotomized subjects with pyloroplasty. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2013;304(12):G1117–G1127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott JA, Jackson S, King S, et al. Gut hormone suppression increases food intake after esophagectomy with gastric conduit reconstruction. Ann Surg. 2015;262(5):824–830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shughrue PJ, Lane MV, Merchenthaler I. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1-R) mRNA in the rat hypothalamus. Endocrinology. 1996;137(11):5159–5162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Secher A, Jelsing J, Baquero AF, et al. The arcuate nucleus mediates GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide-dependent weight loss. J Clin Invest. 2014;124(10):4473–4488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ten Kulve JS, Veltman DJ, van Bloemendaal L, et al. Endogenous GLP-1 mediates postprandial reductions in activation in central reward and satiety areas in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2015;58(12):2688–2698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanoski SE, Ong ZY, Fortin SM, et al. Liraglutide, leptin and their combined effects on feeding: additive intake reduction through common intracellular signalling mechanisms. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015;17(3):285–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bojanowska E, Nowak A. Interactions between leptin and exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist, in the regulation of food intake in the rat. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007;58(2):349–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowak A, Bojanowska E. Effects of peripheral or central GLP-1 receptor blockade on leptin-induced suppression of appetite. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008;59(3):501–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstone AP, Mercer JG, Gunn I, et al. Leptin interacts with glucagon-like peptide-1 neurons to reduce food intake and body weight in rodents. FEBS Lett. 1997;415(2):134–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstone AP, Morgan I, Mercer JG, et al. Effect of leptin on hypothalamic GLP-1 peptide and brain-stem pre-proglucagon mRNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000;269(2):331–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahern T, Tobin A-M, Corrigan M, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue therapy for psoriasis patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013;27(11):1440–1443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutzwiller J-P, Tschopp S, Bock A, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 induces natriuresis in healthy subjects and in insulin-resistant obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(6):3055–3061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyke C, Heller RS, Kirk RK, et al. GLP-1 receptor localization in monkey and human tissue: novel distribution revealed with extensively validated monoclonal antibody. Endocrinology. 2014;155(4):1280–1290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang JH, Chen YC, Lee TI, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 regulates calcium homeostasis and electrophysiological activities of HL-1 cardiomyocytes. Peptides. 2016;78:91–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schjoldager B, Mortensen PE, Myhre J, et al. Oxyntomodulin from distal gut. Role in regulation of gastric and pancreatic functions. Dig Dis Sci. 1989;34(9):1411–1419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munck A, Kervran A, Marie JC, et al. Glucagon-37 (oxyntomodulin) and glucagon-29 (pancreatic glucagon) in human bowel: analysis by HPLC and radioreceptorassay. Peptides. 1984;5(3):553–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gros L, Thorens B, Bataille D, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1-(7-36) amide, oxyntomodulin, and glucagon interact with a common receptor in a somatostatin-secreting cell line. Endocrinology. 1993;133(2):631–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldissera Furio GA, Holst JJ, Knuhtsen S, et al. Oxyntomodulin (glicentin-(33–69)): pharmacokinetics, binding to liver cell membranes, effects on isolated perfused pig pancreas, and secretion from isolated perfused lower small intestine of pigs. Regul Pept. 1988;21(1–2):151–166.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhu L, Tamvakopoulos C, Xie D, et al. The role of dipeptidyl peptidase IV in the cleavage of glucagon family peptides: in vivo metabolism of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-(1-38). J Biol Chem. 2003;278(25):22418–22423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dakin CL, Gunn I, Small CJ, et al. Oxyntomodulin inhibits food intake in the rat. Endocrinology. 2001;142(10):4244–4250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baggio LL, Huang Q, Brown TJ, et al. Oxyntomodulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 differentially regulate murine food intake and energy expenditure. Gastroenterology. 2004;127(2):546–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkinson JR, Chaudhri OB, Kuo YT, et al. Differential patterns of neuronal activation in the brainstem and hypothalamus following peripheral injection of GLP-1, oxyntomodulin and lithium chloride in mice detected by manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI). Neuroimage. 2009;44(3):1022–1031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wynne K, Park AJ, Small CJ, et al. Subcutaneous oxyntomodulin reduces body weight in overweight and obese subjects: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Diabetes. 2005;54(8):2390–2395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wynne K, Park AJ, Small CJ, et al. Oxyntomodulin increases energy expenditure in addition to decreasing energy intake in overweight and obese humans: a randomised controlled trial. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006;30(12):1729–1736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosinski JR, Hubert J, Carrington PE, et al. The glucagon receptor is involved in mediating the body weight-lowering effects of oxyntomodulin. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md). 2012;20(8):1566–1571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salem V, Izzi-Engbeaya C, Coello C, et al. Glucagon increases energy expenditure independently of brown adipose tissue activation in humans. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2016;18(1):72–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan TM, Field BC, McCullough KA, et al. Coadministration of glucagon-like peptide-1 during glucagon infusion in humans results in increased energy expenditure and amelioration of hyperglycemia. Diabetes. 2013;62(4):1131–1138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Böttcher G, Sjölund K, Ekblad E, et al. Coexistence of peptide YY and glicentin immunoreactivity in endocrine cells of the gut. Regul Pept. 1984;8(4):261–266.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nilsson O, Bilchik AJ, Goldenring JR, et al. Distribution and immunocytochemical colocalization of peptide YY and enteroglucagon in endocrine cells of the rabbit colon. Endocrinology. 1991;129(1):139–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batterham RL, Cowley MA, Small CJ, et al. Gut hormone PYY(3-36) physiologically inhibits food intake. Nature. 2002;418(6898):650–654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batterham RL, Cohen MA, Ellis SM, et al. Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects by peptide YY3-36. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(10):941–948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballantyne GH. Peptide YY(1-36) and peptide YY(3-36): part I. Distribution, release and actions. Obes Surg. 2006;16(5):651–658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilichiewicz AN, Little TJ, Brennan IM, et al. Effects of load, and duration, of duodenal lipid on antropyloroduodenal motility, plasma CCK and PYY, and energy intake in healthy men. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2006;290(3):R668–R677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilichiewicz AN, Papadopoulos P, Brennan IM, et al. Load-dependent effects of duodenal lipid on antropyloroduodenal motility, plasma CCK and PYY, and energy intake in healthy men. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007;293(6):R2170–R2178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batterham RL, Heffron H, Kapoor S, et al. Critical role for peptide YY in protein-mediated satiation and body-weight regulation. Cell Metab. 2006;4(3):223–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essah PA, Levy JR, Sistrun SN, et al. Effect of macronutrient composition on postprandial peptide YY levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(10):4052–4055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helou N, Obeid O, Azar ST, et al. Variation of postprandial PYY 3-36 response following ingestion of differing macronutrient meals in obese females. Ann Nutr Metab. 2008;52(3):188–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho HJ, Robinson ES, Rivera LR, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY are in separate storage organelles in enteroendocrine cells. Cell Tissue Res. 2014;357(1):63–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandt D, Schimiczek M, Beglinger C, et al. Two molecular forms of peptide YY (PYY) are abundant in human blood: characterization of a radioimmunoassay recognizing PYY 1-36 and PYY 3-36. Regul Pept. 1994;51(2):151–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandt D, Dahms P, Schimiczek M, et al. [Proteolytic processing by dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV generates receptor selectivity for peptide YY (PYY)]. Med Klin (Munich). 1993;88(3):143–145.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Unniappan S, McIntosh CH, Demuth HU, et al. Effects of dipeptidyl peptidase IV on the satiety actions of peptide YY. Diabetologia. 2006;49(8):1915–1923.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloth B, Holst JJ, Flint A, et al. Effects of PYY1-36 and PYY3-36 on appetite, energy intake, energy expenditure, glucose and fat metabolism in obese and lean subjects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007;292(4):E1062–E1068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nonaka N, Shioda S, Niehoff ML, et al. Characterization of blood-brain barrier permeability to PYY3-36 in the mouse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003;306(3):948–953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi YC, Lin Z, Lau J, et al. PYY3-36 and pancreatic polypeptide reduce food intake in an additive manner via distinct hypothalamic dependent pathways in mice. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md). 2013;21(12):E669–E678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbott CR, Small CJ, Kennedy AR, et al. Blockade of the neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor with the specific antagonist BIIE0246 attenuates the effect of endogenous and exogenous peptide YY(3-36) on food intake. Brain Res. 2005;1043(1–2):139–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Challis BG, Coll AP, Yeo GS, et al. Mice lacking pro-opiomelanocortin are sensitive to high-fat feeding but respond normally to the acute anorectic effects of peptide-YY(3-36). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101(13):4695–4700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halatchev IG, Ellacott KL, Fan W, et al. Peptide YY3-36 inhibits food intake in mice through a melanocortin-4 receptor-independent mechanism. Endocrinology. 2004;145(6):2585–2590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batterham RL, Ffytche DH, Rosenthal JM, et al. PYY modulation of cortical and hypothalamic brain areas predicts feeding behaviour in humans. Nature. 2007;450(7166):106–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batterham RL, Le Roux CW, Cohen MA, et al. Pancreatic polypeptide reduces appetite and food intake in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(8):3989–3992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asakawa A, Inui A, Yuzuriha H, et al. Characterization of the effects of pancreatic polypeptide in the regulation of energy balance. Gastroenterology. 2003;124(5):1325–1336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jesudason DR, Monteiro MP, McGowan BM, et al. Low-dose pancreatic polypeptide inhibits food intake in man. Br J Nutr. 2007;97(3):426–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin S, Shi YC, Yulyaningsih E, et al. Critical role of arcuate Y4 receptors and the melanocortin system in pancreatic polypeptide-induced reduction in food intake in mice. PLoS One. 2009;4(12):e8488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neary NM, Small CJ, Druce MR, et al. Peptide YY3-36 and glucagon-like peptide-17-36 inhibit food intake additively. Endocrinology. 2005;146(12):5120–5127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt JB, Gregersen NT, Pedersen SD, et al. Effects of PYY3-36 and GLP-1 on energy intake, energy expenditure, and appetite in overweight men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2014;306(11):E1248–E1256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field BC, Wren AM, Peters V, et al. PYY3-36 and oxyntomodulin can be additive in their effect on food intake in overweight and obese humans. Diabetes. 2010;59(7):1635–1639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neary NM, McGowan BM, Monteiro MP, et al. No evidence of an additive inhibitory feeding effect following PP and PYY 3-36 administration. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32(9):1438–1440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houten SM, Watanabe M, Auwerx J. Endocrine functions of bile acids. Embo J. 2006;25(7):1419–1425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pournaras DJ, le Roux CW. Are bile acids the new gut hormones? Lessons from weight loss surgery models. Endocrinology. 2013;154(7):2255–2256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parks DJ, Blanchard SG, Bledsoe RK, et al. Bile acids: natural ligands for an orphan nuclear receptor. Science. 1999;284(5418):1365–1368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruyama T, Miyamoto Y, Nakamura T, et al. Identification of membrane-type receptor for bile acids (M-BAR). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002;298:714–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker HE, Wallis K, Le Roux CW, et al. Molecular mechanisms underlying bile acid-stimulated glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion. Br J Pharmacol. 2012;165(2):414–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohli R, Setchell KD, Kirby M, et al. A surgical model in male obese rats uncovers protective effects of bile acids post-bariatric surgery. Endocrinology. 2013;154(7):2341–2351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pournaras DJ, Glicksman C, Vincent RP, et al. The role of bile after roux-en-Y gastric bypass in promoting weight loss and improving glycaemic control. Endocrinology. 2012;153(8):3613–3619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt JA, Luo G, Billin AN, et al. Definition of a novel growth factor-dependent signal cascade for the suppression of bile acid biosynthesis. Genes Dev. 2003;17(13):1581–1591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcelin G, Jo Y-H, Li X, et al. Central action of FGF19 reduces hypothalamic AGRP/NPY neuron activity and improves glucose metabolism(). Mol Metabolism. 2014;3(1):19–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belgaumkar AP, Vincent RP, Carswell KA, et al. Changes in bile acid profile after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy are associated with improvements in metabolic profile and fatty liver disease. Obes Surg. 2016 Jun;26(6):1195–1202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corradini SG, Eramo A, Lubrano C, et al. Comparison of changes in lipid profile after bilio-intestinal bypass and gastric banding in patients with morbid obesity. Obes Surg. 2005;15(3):367–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haluzikova D, Lacinova Z, Kavalkova P, et al. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy differentially affects serum concentrations of FGF-19 and FGF-21 in morbidly obese subjects. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md). 2013;21(7):1335–1342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachdev S, Wang Q, Billington C, et al. FGF 19 and bile acids increase following roux-en-Y gastric bypass but not after medical management in patients with type 2 diabetes. Obes Surg. 2016 May;26(5):957–965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan KK, Tremaroli V, Clemmensen C, et al. FXR is a molecular target for the effects of vertical sleeve gastrectomy. Nature. 2014;509(7499):183–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma Y, Huang Y, Yan L, et al. Synthetic FXR agonist GW4064 prevents diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. Pharm Res. 2013;30(5):1447–1457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang S, Suh JM, Reilly SM, et al. Intestinal FXR agonism promotes adipose tissue browning and reduces obesity and insulin resistance. Nat Med. 2015;21(2):159–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu L, John LM, Adams SH, et al. Fibroblast growth factor 19 increases metabolic rate and reverses dietary and leptin-deficient diabetes. Endocrinology. 2004;145(6):2594–2603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troke RC, Tan TM, Bloom SR. The future role of gut hormones in the treatment of obesity. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2014;5(1):4–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marco J, Zulueta MA, Correas I, et al. Reduced pancreatic polypeptide secretion in obese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1980;50(4):744–747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwirska-Korczala K, Konturek SJ, Sodowski M, et al. Basal and postprandial plasma levels of PYY, ghrelin, cholecystokinin, gastrin and insulin in women with moderate and morbid obesity and metabolic syndrome. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007;58(Suppl 1):13–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent RP, Ashrafian H, le Roux CW. Mechanisms of disease: the role of gastrointestinal hormones in appetite and obesity. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;5(5):268–277.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verdich C, Toubro S, Buemann B, et al. The role of postprandial releases of insulin and incretin hormones in meal-induced satiety–effect of obesity and weight reduction. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(8):1206–1214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duca FA, Zhong L, Covasa M. Reduced CCK signaling in obese-prone rats fed a high fat diet. Horm Behav. 2013;64(5):812–817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• le Roux CW, Patterson M, Vincent RP, et al. Postprandial plasma ghrelin is suppressed proportional to meal calorie content in normal-weight but not obese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(2):1068–1071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sisson EM. Liraglutide: clinical pharmacology and considerations for therapy. Pharmacotherapy. 2011;31(9):896–911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parks M, Rosebraugh C. Weighing risks and benefits of liraglutide–the FDA’s review of a new antidiabetic therapy. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(9):774–777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pi-Sunyer X, Astrup A, Fujioka K, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of 3.0 mg of liraglutide in weight management. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(1):11–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadden TA, Hollander P, Klein S, et al. Weight maintenance and additional weight loss with liraglutide after low-calorie-diet-induced weight loss: the SCALE maintenance randomized study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2013;37(11):1443–1451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Administration USFaD. FDA approves weight-management drug saxenda [Internet]. 2014 [2015 Jun.07]. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm427913.htm
   Google Scholar
• Gantz I, Erondu N, Mallick M, et al. Efficacy and safety of intranasal peptide YY3-36 for weight reduction in obese adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(5):1754–1757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan TM, Field BCT, Minnion JS, et al. Pharmacokinetics, adverse effects and tolerability of a novel analogue of human pancreatic polypeptide, PP 1420. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;73(2):232–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amori RE, Lau J, Pittas AG. Efficacy and safety of incretin therapy in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Jama. 2007;298(2):194–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dicker D. DPP-4 inhibitors: impact on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(Suppl 2):S276–S278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torsten Olbers HL. Monika Fegervik-Olsen and Lars Lundell. Laparoscopic gastric bypass: development of technique, respiratory function, and long-term outcome. Obes Surg. 2003;13:364–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjöström L, Lindroos A, Peltonen M, et al. Lifestyle, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors 10 years after bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2683–2693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schauer PR, Bhatt DL, Kirwan JP, et al. Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy for diabetes–3-year outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(21):2002–2013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carswell KA, Vincent RP, Belgaumkar AP, et al. The effect of bariatric surgery on intestinal absorption and transit time. Obes Surg. 2014;24(5):796–805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• le Roux CW, Welbourn R, Werling M, et al. Gut hormones as mediators of appetite and weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Ann Surg. 2007;246(5):780–785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• le Roux CW, Aylwin SJB, Batterham RL, et al. Gut hormone profiles following bariatric surgery favor an anorectic state, facilitate weight loss, and improve metabolic parameters. Ann Surg. 2006;243(1):108–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laferrere B, Swerdlow N, Bawa B, et al. Rise of oxyntomodulin in response to oral glucose after gastric bypass surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(8):4072–4076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pournaras DJ, Osborne A, Hawkins SC, et al. The gut hormone response following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: cross-sectional and prospective study. Obes Surg. 2010;20(1):56–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abegg K, Schiesser M, Lutz TA, et al. Acute peripheral GLP-1 receptor agonism or antagonism does not alter energy expenditure in rats after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Physiol Behav. 2013;121:70–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenske WK, Bueter M, Miras AD, et al. Exogenous peptide YY3-36 and exendin-4 further decrease food intake, whereas octreotide increases food intake in rats after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Int J Obes (Lond). 2012;36(3):379–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borg CM, le Roux CW, Ghatei MA, et al. Progressive rise in gut hormone levels after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass suggests gut adaptation and explains altered satiety. Br J Surg. 2006;93(2):210–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tadross JA, le Roux CW. The mechanisms of weight loss after bariatric surgery. Int J Obes (Lond). 2009;33(Suppl 1):S28–S32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawlins L, Rawlins MP, Brown CC, et al. Sleeve gastrectomy: 5-year outcomes of a single institution. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2013;9(1):21–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yip S, Plank LD, Murphy R. Gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes. Obes Surg. 2013;23(12):1994–2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimenez A, Casamitjana R, Flores L, et al. Long-term effects of sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on type 2 diabetes mellitus in morbidly obese subjects. Ann Surg. 2012;256(6):1023–1029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Switzer NJ, Prasad S, Debru E, et al. Sleeve gastrectomy and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of long-term outcomes. Obes Surg. 2016;26:1616–1621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohdjalian A, Langer FB, Shakeri-Leidenmuhler S, et al. Sleeve gastrectomy as sole and definitive bariatric procedure: 5-year results for weight loss and ghrelin. Obes Surg. 2010;20(5):535–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmuse PMDCJ-P. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy as an initial bariatric operation for high-risk patients: initial results in 10 patients. Obes Surg. 2005;15:1030–1033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melissas J, Leventi A, Klinaki I, et al. Alterations of global gastrointestinal motility after sleeve gastrectomy: a prospective study. Ann Surg. 2013;258(6):976–982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterli R, Wolnerhanssen B, Peters T, et al. Improvement in glucose metabolism after bariatric surgery: comparison of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a prospective randomized trial. Ann Surg. 2009;250(2):234–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santoro S, Milleo FQ, Malzoni CE, et al. Enterohormonal changes after digestive adaptation: five-year results of a surgical proposal to treat obesity and associated diseases. Obes Surg. 2008;18(1):17–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimitriadis E, Daskalakis M, Kampa M, et al. Alterations in gut hormones after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a prospective clinical and laboratory investigational study. Ann Surg. 2013;257(4):647–654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yousseif A, Emmanuel J, Karra E, et al. Differential effects of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and laparoscopic gastric bypass on appetite, circulating acyl-ghrelin, peptide YY3-36 and active GLP-1 levels in non-diabetic humans. Obes Surg. 2014;24(2):241–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papamargaritis D, le Roux CW, Sioka E, et al. Changes in gut hormone profile and glucose homeostasis after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2013;9(2):192–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anton K, Rahman T, Bhanushali A, et al. Bariatric left gastric artery embolization for the treatment of obesity: a review of gut hormone involvement in energy homeostasis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2016;206(1):202–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss CR, Gunn AJ, Kim CY, et al. Bariatric embolization of the gastric arteries for the treatment of obesity. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2015;26(5):613–624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faulconbridge LF, Ruparel K, Loughead J, et al. Changes in neural responsivity to highly palatable foods following roux-en-Y gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, or weight stability: an fMRI study. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md). 2016;24(5):1054–1060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers AP, Smith EP, Begg DP, et al. Regulation of gastric emptying rate and its role in nutrient-induced GLP-1 secretion in rats after vertical sleeve gastrectomy. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2014;306(4):E424–E432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• le Roux CW, Engstrom M, Bjornfot N, et al. Equivalent increases in circulating GLP-1 following jejunal delivery of intact and hydrolysed casein: relevance to satiety induction following bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2016 Aug;26(8):1851–1858.
   Google Scholar
• Bueter M, Lowenstein C, Olbers T, et al. Gastric bypass increases energy expenditure in rats. Gastroenterology. 2010;138(5):1845–1853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saeidi N, Meoli L, Nestoridi E, et al. Reprogramming of intestinal glucose metabolism and glycemic control in rats after gastric bypass. Science. 2013;341(6144):406–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen CF, Bueter M, Theis N, et al. Hypertrophy dependent doubling of L-cells in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass operated rats. PLoS One. 2013;8(6):e65696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott JA, le Roux CW, Ph DF. How long should we make the biliopancreatic limb during Roux-en-Y gastric bypass? Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2015;11(6):1246–1247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nergard BJ, Lindqvist A, Gislason HG, et al. Mucosal glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide cell numbers in the super-obese human foregut after gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2015;11:1237–1246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhee NA, Wahlgren CD, Pedersen J, et al. Effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on the distribution and hormone expression of small-intestinal enteroendocrine cells in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2015;58(10):2254–2258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mumphrey MB, Hao Z, Townsend RL, et al. Sleeve gastrectomy does not cause hypertrophy and reprogramming of intestinal glucose metabolism in rats. Obes Surg. 2015;25:1468–1473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heneghan HM, Zaborowski A, Fanning M, et al. Prospective study of malabsorption and malnutrition after esophageal and gastric cancer surgery. Ann Surg. 2015;262(5):803–807; discussion 7–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker A, Wooten LA, Malloy M. Nutritional considerations after gastrectomy and esophagectomy for malignancy. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2011;12(1):85–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamiji MM, Troncon LE, Suen VM, et al. Gastrointestinal transit, appetite, and energy balance in gastrectomized patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(1):231–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiyama T, Mizutani T, Okuda T, et al. Postoperative changes in body composition after gastrectomy. J Gastrointest Surg. 2005;9(3):313–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miholic J, Meyer HJ, Muller MJ, et al. Nutritional consequences of total gastrectomy: the relationship between mode of reconstruction, postprandial symptoms, and body composition. Surgery. 1990;108(3):488–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigstad H. A clinical diagnostic index in the diagnosis of the dumping syndrome. Changes in plasma volume and blood sugar after a test meal. Acta Med Scand. 1970;188:479–486.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gebhard B, Holst JJ, Biegelmayer C, et al. Postprandial GLP-1, norepinephrine, and reactive hypoglycemia in dumping syndrome. Dig Dis Sci. 2001;46(9):1915–1923.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miholic J, Meyer HJ, Kotzerke J, et al. Emptying of the gastric substitute after total gastrectomy. Jejunal interposition versus Roux-y esophagojejunostomy. Ann Surg. 1989;210(2):165–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miholic J, Reilmann L, Meyer HJ, et al. Extracellular space, blood volume, and the early dumping syndrome after total gastrectomy. Gastroenterology. 1990;99(4):923–929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmuth S, Wewalka M, Holst JJ, et al. Distal gastrectomy in pancreaticoduodenectomy is associated with accelerated gastric emptying, enhanced postprandial release of GLP-1, and improved insulin sensitivity. J Gastrointest Surg. 2014;18(1):52–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin L, Jia C, Rouvelas I, et al. Risk factors for malnutrition after oesophageal and cardia cancer surgery. Br J Surg. 2008;95(11):1362–1368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin L, Lagergren J, Lindblad M, et al. Malnutrition after oesophageal cancer surgery in Sweden. Br J Surg. 2007;94(12):1496–1500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin L, Lagergren P. Long-term weight change after oesophageal cancer surgery. Br J Surg. 2009;96(11):1308–1314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin L, Lagergren P. Risk factors for weight loss among patients surviving 5 years after esophageal cancer surgery. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015;22(2):610–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heitmiller RF, Fischer A, Liddicoat JR. Cervical esophagogastric anastomosis: results following esophagectomy for carcinoma. Dis Esophagus. 1999;12(4):264–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam TC, Fok M, Cheng SW, et al. Anastomotic complications after esophagectomy for cancer. A comparison of neck and chest anastomoses. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992;104(2):395–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonoff MB, Puri V, Meyers BF, et al. Comparison of pyloric intervention strategies at the time of esophagectomy: is more better? Ann Thorac Surg. 2014;97(6):1950–1958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zehetner J, DeMeester SR, Alicuben ET, et al. Intraoperative assessment of perfusion of the gastric graft and correlation with anastomotic leaks after esophagectomy. Ann Surg. 2015;262(1):74–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takiguchi S, Hiura Y, Miyazaki Y, et al. Clinical trial of ghrelin synthesis administration for upper GI surgery. Methods Enzymol. 2012;514:409–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto K, Takiguchi S, Miyata H, et al. Randomized phase II study of clinical effects of ghrelin after esophagectomy with gastric tube reconstruction. Surgery. 2010;148(1):31–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doki Y, Takachi K, Ishikawa O, et al. Ghrelin reduction after esophageal substitution and its correlation to postoperative body weight loss in esophageal cancer patients. Surgery. 2006;139(6):797–805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koizumi M, Hosoya Y, Dezaki K, et al. Postoperative weight loss does not resolve after esophagectomy despite normal serum ghrelin levels. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;91(4):1032–1037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyazaki T, Tanaka N, Hirai H, et al. Ghrelin level and body weight loss after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. J Surg Res. 2012;176(1):74–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto K, Takiguchi S, Miyata H, et al. Reduced plasma ghrelin levels on day 1 after esophagectomy: a new predictor of prolonged systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Surg Today. 2013;43(1):48–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miholic J, Orskov C, Holst JJ, et al. Postprandial release of glucagon-like peptide-1, pancreatic glucagon, and insulin after esophageal resection. Digestion. 1993;54(2):73–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran KTC, Smeenk HG, van Eijck CHJ, et al. Pylorus preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy versus standard whipple procedure: a prospective, randomized, multicenter analysis of 170 patients with pancreatic and periampullary tumors. Ann Surg. 2004;240(5):738–745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed N. 23 years of the discovery of helicobacter pylori: is the debate over? Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2005;4:17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lipof T, Shapiro D, Kozol RA. Surgical perspectives in peptic ulcer disease and gastritis. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(20):3248–3252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran GW, Pennock J, McLaughlin JT. Enteroendocrine cells in terminal ileal Crohn’s disease. J Crohn’s Colitis. 2012;6(9):871–880.
   Google Scholar
• Moran GW, Leslie FC, McLaughlin JT. Crohn’s disease affecting the small bowel is associated with reduced appetite and elevated levels of circulating gut peptides. Clin Nutr. 2013;32(3):404–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeppesen PB. Gut hormones in the treatment of short-bowel syndrome and intestinal failure. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2015;22(1):14–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeppesen PB, Hartmann B, Hansen BS, et al. Impaired meal stimulated glucagon-like peptide 2 response in ileal resected short bowel patients with intestinal failure. Gut. 1999;45(4):559–563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeppesen PB, Hartmann B, Thulesen J, et al. Elevated plasma glucagon-like peptide 1 and 2 concentrations in ileum resected short bowel patients with a preserved colon. Gut. 2000;47(3):370–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews NJ, Irving MH. Human gut hormone profiles in patients with short bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci. 1992;37(5):729–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin GR, Beck PL, Sigalet DL. Gut hormones, and short bowel syndrome: the enigmatic role of glucagon-like peptide-2 in the regulation of intestinal adaptation. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(26):4117–4129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vegge A, Thymann T, Lund P, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-2 induces rapid digestive adaptation following intestinal resection in preterm neonates. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2013;305(4):G277–G285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeppesen PB, Gilroy R, Pertkiewicz M, et al. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of teduglutide in reducing parenteral nutrition and/or intravenous fluid requirements in patients with short bowel syndrome. Gut. 2011;60(7):902–914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeppesen PB, Pertkiewicz M, Messing B, et al. Teduglutide reduces need for parenteral support among patients with short bowel syndrome with intestinal failure. Gastroenterology. 2012;143(6):1473–1481 e3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tappenden KA, Edelman J, Joelsson B. Teduglutide enhances structural adaptation of the small intestinal mucosa in patients with short bowel syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2013;47(7):602–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezeoke CC, Morley JE. Pathophysiology of anorexia in the cancer cachexia syndrome. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015;6(4):287–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia JM, Boccia RV, Graham CD, et al. Anamorelin for patients with cancer cachexia: an integrated analysis of two phase 2, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(1):108–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia JM, Friend J, Allen S. Therapeutic potential of anamorelin, a novel, oral ghrelin mimetic, in patients with cancer-related cachexia: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, crossover, pilot study. Support Care Cancer. 2013;21(1):129–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takayama K, Katakami N, Yokoyama T, et al. Anamorelin (ONO-7643) in Japanese patients with non-small cell lung cancer and cachexia: results of a randomized phase 2 trial. Support Care Cancer. 2016;24:3495–3505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temel JS, Abernethy AP, Currow DC, et al. Anamorelin in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and cachexia (ROMANA 1 and ROMANA 2): results from two randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trials. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17:519–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaji I, Karaki S, Kuwahara A. Short-chain fatty acid receptor and its contribution to glucagon-like peptide-1 release. Digestion. 2014;89(1):31–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Psichas A, Sleeth ML, Murphy KG, et al. The short chain fatty acid propionate stimulates GLP-1 and PYY secretion via free fatty acid receptor 2 in rodents. Int J Obes (Lond). 2015;39(3):424–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishman E, Melanson D, Lamport R, et al. A novel endoscopic delivery system for placement of a duodenal-jejunal implant for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2008;2008:2501–2503.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Jonge C, Rensen SS, Verdam FJ, et al. Impact of duodenal-jejunal exclusion on satiety hormones. Obes Surg. 2016;26(3):672–678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jonge C, Rensen SS, Verdam FJ, et al. Endoscopic duodenal-jejunal bypass liner rapidly improves type 2 diabetes. Obes Surg. 2013;23(9):1354–1360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schouten R, Rijs CS, Bouvy ND, et al. A multicenter, randomized efficacy study of the EndoBarrier gastrointestinal liner for presurgical weight loss prior to bariatric surgery. Ann Surg. 2010;251(2):236–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gersin KS, Rothstein RI, Rosenthal RJ, et al. Open-label, sham-controlled trial of an endoscopic duodenojejunal bypass liner for preoperative weight loss in bariatric surgery candidates. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;71(6):976–982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escalona A, Pimentel F, Sharp A, et al. Weight loss and metabolic improvement in morbidly obese subjects implanted for 1 year with an endoscopic duodenal-jejunal bypass liner. Ann Surg. 2012;255(6):1080–1085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohtani N, Yoshimoto S, Hara E. Obesity and cancer: a gut microbial connection. Cancer Res. 2014;74(7):1885–1889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liou AP, Paziuk M, Luevano JM Jr., et al. Conserved shifts in the gut microbiota due to gastric bypass reduce host weight and adiposity. Sci Transl Med. 2013;5(178):178ra41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, et al. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature. 2006;444(7122):1027–1031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinan TG, Stilling RM, Stanton C, et al. Collective unconscious: how gut microbes shape human behavior. J Psychiatr Res. 2015;63:1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsythe P, Kunze WA. Voices from within: gut microbes and the CNS. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2013;70(1):55–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fetissov SO, Hamze Sinno M, Coeffier M, et al. Autoantibodies against appetite-regulating peptide hormones and neuropeptides: putative modulation by gut microflora. Nutrition. 2008;24(4):348–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panaro BL, Tough IR, Engelstoft MS, et al. The melanocortin-4 receptor is expressed in enteroendocrine L cells and regulates the release of peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide 1 in vivo. Cell Metab. 2014;20(6):1018–1029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breton J, Tennoune N, Lucas N, et al. Gut commensal E. coli proteins activate host satiety pathways following nutrient-induced bacterial growth. Cell Metab. 2016;23(2):324–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmody JS, Munoz R, Yin H, et al. Peripheral, but not central, GLP-1 receptor signaling is required for improvement in glucose tolerance after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2016 May 15;310(10):E855–E861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jun LS, Showalter AD, Ali N, et al. A novel humanized GLP-1 receptor model enables both affinity purification and Cre-LoxP deletion of the receptor. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e93746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar