Surgical options for thyroid cancer and post-surgical management

References

• Liu C, Wang S, Zeng W, et al. Total tumour diameter is superior to unifocal diameter as a predictor of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma prognosis. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1846.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davies L, Morris LGT, Haymart M, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Disease State Clinical Review: the increasing incidence of thyroid cancer. Endocr Pract. 2015;21(6):686–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzaferri EL. Long-term outcome of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma: effect of therapy. Endocr Pract. 2000;6(6):469–476.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ron E, Lubin JH, Shore RE, et al. Thyroid cancer after exposure to external radiation: a pooled analysis of seven studies. Radiat Res. 1995;141(3):259–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis RE, Rowlings PA, Deeg HJ, et al. Solid cancers after bone marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(13):897–904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacini F, Vorontsova T, Demidchik EP, et al. Post-Chernobyl thyroid carcinoma in Belarus children and adolescents: comparison with naturally occurring thyroid carcinoma in Italy and France. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82(11):3563–3569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ron E, Saftlas AF. Head and neck radiation carcinogenesis: epidemiologic evidence. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996;115(5):403–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2016;26(1):1–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frates MC, Benson CB, Doubilet PM, et al. Prevalence and distribution of carcinoma in patients with solitary and multiple thyroid nodules on sonography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(9):3411–3417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeh S-K, Jung SL, Kim BS, et al. Evaluating the degree of conformity of papillary carcinoma and follicular carcinoma to the reported ultrasonographic findings of malignant thyroid tumor. Korean J Radiol. 2007;8(3):192–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cibas ES, Ali SZ. The 2017 Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology. J Am Soc Cytopathol. 2017;6(6):217–222.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee HY, Baek JH, Yoo H, et al. Repeat fine-needle aspiration biopsy within a short interval does not increase the atypical cytologic results for thyroid nodules with previously nondiagnostic results. Acta Cytol. 2014;58(4):330–334.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singh RS, Wang HH. Timing of repeat thyroid fine-needle aspiration in the management of thyroid nodules. Acta Cytol. 2011;55(6):544–548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu X-M, Schneider DF, Leverson G, et al. Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma is a unique clinical entity: a population-based study of 10,740 cases. Thyroid. 2013;23(10):1263–1268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikiforov YE, Seethala RR, Tallini G, et al. Nomenclature revision for encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a paradigm shift to reduce overtreatment of indolent tumors. JAMA Oncol. 2016;2(8):1023–1029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carneiro-Pla D, Amin S. Comparison between preconsultation ultrasonography and office surgeon-performed ultrasound in patients with thyroid cancer. World J Surg. 2014;38(3):622–627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grebe SK, Hay ID. Thyroid cancer nodal metastases: biologic significance and therapeutic considerations. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 1996;5(1):43–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ito Y, Uruno T, Nakano K, et al. An observation trial without surgical treatment in patients with papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid. Thyroid. 2003;13(4):381–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nam-Goong IS, Kim HY, Gong G, et al. Ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration of thyroid incidentaloma: correlation with pathological findings. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2004;60(1):21–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheumann GF, Gimm O, Wegener G, et al. Prognostic significance and surgical management of locoregional lymph node metastases in papillary thyroid cancer. World J Surg. 1994;18(4):559–567. discussion 567–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow S-M, Law SCK, Chan JKC, et al. Papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid-prognostic significance of lymph node metastasis and multifocality. Cancer. 2003;98(1):31–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qubain SW, Nakano S, Baba M, et al. Distribution of lymph node micrometastasis in pN0 well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Surgery. 2002;131(3):249–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leboulleux S, Girard E, Rose M, et al. Ultrasound criteria of malignancy for cervical lymph nodes in patients followed up for differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(9):3590–3594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuna SK, Bracic I, Tesic V, et al. Ultrasonographic differentiation of benign from malignant neck lymphadenopathy in thyroid cancer. J Ultrasound Med. 2006;25(12):1531–1537. quiz 1538–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snozek CLH, Chambers EP, Reading CC, et al. Serum thyroglobulin, high-resolution ultrasound, and lymph node thyroglobulin in diagnosis of differentiated thyroid carcinoma nodal metastases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(11):4278–4281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim E, Park JS, Son K-R, et al. Preoperative diagnosis of cervical metastatic lymph nodes in papillary thyroid carcinoma: comparison of ultrasound, computed tomography, and combined ultrasound with computed tomography. Thyroid. 2008;18(4):411–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haymart MR, Repplinger DJ, Leverson GE, et al. Higher serum thyroid stimulating hormone level in thyroid nodule patients is associated with greater risks of differentiated thyroid cancer and advanced tumor stage. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(3):809–814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boelaert K, Horacek J, Holder RL, et al. Serum thyrotropin concentration as a novel predictor of malignancy in thyroid nodules investigated by fine-needle aspiration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(11):4295–4301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oltmann SC, Leverson G, Lin SH-I, et al. Markedly elevated thyroglobulin levels in the preoperative thyroidectomy patient correlates with metastatic burden. J Surg Res. 2014;187(1):1–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeod DSA, Cooper DS, Ladenson PW, et al. Prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer in relation to serum thyrotropin and thyroglobulin antibody status at time of diagnosis. Thyroid. 2014;24(1):35–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray SE, Sippel RS, Chen H. Incidence of concomitant hyperparathyroidism in patients with thyroid disease requiring surgery. J Surg Res. 2012;178(1):264–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elisei R, Bottici V, Luchetti F, et al. Impact of routine measurement of serum calcitonin on the diagnosis and outcome of medullary thyroid cancer: experience in 10,864 patients with nodular thyroid disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(1):163–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahm JR, Lee MS, Min YK, et al. Routine measurement of serum calcitonin is useful for early detection of medullary thyroid carcinoma in patients with nodular thyroid diseases. Thyroid. 2001;11(1):73–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrag TY, Samlan RA, Lin FR, et al. The utility of evaluating true vocal fold motion before thyroid surgery. Laryngoscope. 2006;116(2):235–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randolph GW, Kamani D. The importance of preoperative laryngoscopy in patients undergoing thyroidectomy: voice, vocal cord function, and the preoperative detection of invasive thyroid malignancy. Surgery. 2006;139(3):357–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roh JL, Yoon YH, Park CI. Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis in patients with papillary thyroid carcinomas: evaluation and management of resulting vocal dysfunction. Am J Surg. 2009;197(4):459–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyauchi A. Clinical trials of active surveillance of papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid. World J Surg. 2016;40(3):516–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuttle RM, Fagin JA, Minkowitz G, et al. Natural history and tumor volume kinetics of papillary thyroid cancers during active surveillance. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017;143(10):1015–1020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta P, Wong R, Roman BR. Active surveillance for low risk papillary thyroid cancer. Annals of Thyroid. 2018;3(1).
   Google Scholar
• Uruno T, Miyauchi A, Shimizu K, et al. Usefulness of thyroglobulin measurement in fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens for diagnosing cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid cancer. World J Surg. 2005;29(4):483–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito Y, Miyauchi A, Oda H. Active surveillance as the initial course of action in low-risk papillary cicrocarcinoma. In: Mancino A, Kim L, Editors. Management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG; 2017. p. 135–141.
   Google Scholar
• Goffredo P, Jillard C, Thomas S, et al. Minimally invasive follicular carcinoma: predictors of vascular invasion and impact on patterns of care. Endocrine. 2016;51(1):123–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randle RW, Sippel RS. Clinical presentation and diagnosis of follicular thyroid cancer. In: Kim L, Mancino A, Editors. Management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG; 2017. p. 93–104.
   Google Scholar
• Stoll SJ, Pitt SC, Liu J, et al. Thyroid hormone replacement after thyroid lobectomy. Surgery. 2009;146(4):554–558. discussion 558–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox C, Bosley M, Southerland LB, et al. Lobectomy for treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer: can patients avoid postoperative thyroid hormone supplementation and be compliant with the American Thyroid Association guidelines? Surgery. 2018;163(1):75–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuzu K, Sugino K, Masudo K, et al. Thyroid lobectomy for papillary thyroid cancer: long-term follow-up study of 1,088 cases. World J Surg. 2014;38(1):68–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nixon IJ, Ganly I, Patel SG, et al. Thyroid lobectomy for treatment of well differentiated intrathyroid malignancy. Surgery. 2012;151(4):571–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaisman F, Shaha A, Fish S, et al. Initial therapy with either thyroid lobectomy or total thyroidectomy without radioactive iodine remnant ablation is associated with very low rates of structural disease recurrence in properly selected patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2011;75(1):112–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdem E, Gülçelik MA, Kuru B, et al. Comparison of completion thyroidectomy and primary surgery for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2003;29(9):747–749.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oltmann SC, Schneider DF, Leverson G, et al. Radioactive iodine remnant uptake after completion thyroidectomy: not such a complete cancer operation. Ann Surg Oncol. 2014;21(4):1379–1383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glockzin G, Hornung M, Kienle K, et al. Completion thyroidectomy: effect of timing on clinical complications and oncologic outcome in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. World J Surg. 2012;36(5):1168–1173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bal CS, Kumar A, Pant GS. Radioiodine lobar ablation as an alternative to completion thyroidectomy in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Nucl Med Commun. 2003;24(2):203–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbesino G, Goldfarb M, Parangi S, et al. Thyroid lobe ablation with radioactive iodine as an alternative to completion thyroidectomy after hemithyroidectomy in patients with follicular thyroid carcinoma: long-term follow-up. Thyroid. 2012;22(4):369–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duren M, Yavuz N, Bukey Y, et al. Impact of initial surgical treatment on survival of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: experience of an endocrine surgery center in an iodine-deficient region. World J Surg. 2000;24(11):1290–1294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandil E, Noureldine SI, Abbas A, et al. The impact of surgical volume on patient outcomes following thyroid surgery. Surgery. 2013;154(6):1346–1352. discussion 1352–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loyo M, Tufano RP, Gourin CG. National trends in thyroid surgery and the effect of volume on short-term outcomes. Laryngoscope. 2013;123(8):2056–2063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sosa JA, Bowman HM, Tielsch JM, et al. The importance of surgeon experience for clinical and economic outcomes from thyroidectomy. Ann Surg. 1998;228(3):320–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauch A, Al-Qurayshi Z, Randolph G, et al. Total thyroidectomy is associated with increased risk of complications for low- and high-volume surgeons. Ann Surg Oncol. 2014;21(12):3844–3852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cetta F, Montalto G, Gori M, et al. Germline mutations of the APC gene in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis-associated thyroid carcinoma: results from a European cooperative study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(1):286–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito Y, Miyauchi A, Ishikawa H, et al. Our experience of treatment of cribriform morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma; difference in clinicopathological features of FAP-associated and sporadic patients. Endocr J. 2011;58(8):685–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laury AR, Bongiovanni M, Tille J-C, et al. Thyroid pathology in PTEN-hamartoma tumor syndrome: characteristic findings of a distinct entity. Thyroid. 2011;21(2):135–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moley J. Lymph node dissection for differentiated thyroid cancer. In: Mancino A, Kim L, Editors. Management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, AG; 2017. p. 153–170.
   Google Scholar
• Howell GM, Nikiforova MN, Carty SE, et al. BRAF V600E mutation independently predicts central compartment lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2013;20(1):47–52.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Conzo G, Docimo G, Pasquali D, et al. Predictive value of nodal metastases on local recurrence in the management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Retrospective clinical study. BMC Surg. 2013;13(Suppl 2):S3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Randolph GW, Duh Q-Y, Heller KS, et al. The prognostic significance of nodal metastases from papillary thyroid carcinoma can be stratified based on the size and number of metastatic lymph nodes, as well as the presence of extranodal extension. Thyroid. 2012;22(11):1144–1152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sippel RS, Chen H. Controversies in the surgical management of newly diagnosed and recurrent/residual thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2009;19(12):1373–1380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conzo G, Docimo G, Mauriello C, et al. The current status of lymph node dissection in the treatment of papillary thyroid cancer. A literature review. Clin Ter. 2013;164(4):e343–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider DF, Mazeh H, Chen H, et al. Lymph node ratio predicts recurrence in papillary thyroid cancer. Oncologist. 2013;18(2):157–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barczyński M, Konturek A, Stopa M, et al. Prophylactic central neck dissection for papillary thyroid cancer. Br J Surg. 2013;100(3):410–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartl DM, Mamelle E, Borget I, et al. Influence of prophylactic neck dissection on rate of retreatment for papillary thyroid carcinoma. World J Surg. 2013;37(8):1951–1958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popadich A, Levin O, Lee JC, et al. A multicenter cohort study of total thyroidectomy and routine central lymph node dissection for cN0 papillary thyroid cancer. Surgery. 2011;150(6):1048–1057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laird AM, Gauger PG, Miller BS, et al. Evaluation of postoperative radioactive iodine scans in patients who underwent prophylactic central lymph node dissection. World J Surg. 2012;36(6):1268–1273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang BH-H, Ng S-H, Lau LLH, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of prophylactic central neck dissection on short-term locoregional recurrence in papillary thyroid carcinoma after total thyroidectomy. Thyroid. 2013;23(9):1087–1098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnet S, Hartl D, Leboulleux S, et al. Prophylactic lymph node dissection for papillary thyroid cancer less than 2 cm: implications for radioiodine treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(4):1162–1167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito Y, Higashiyama T, Takamura Y, et al. Risk factors for recurrence to the lymph node in papillary thyroid carcinoma patients without preoperatively detectable lateral node metastasis: validity of prophylactic modified radical neck dissection. World J Surg. 2007;31(11):2085–2091.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conzo G, Mauriello C, Docimo G, et al. Clinicopathological pattern of lymph node recurrence of papillary thyroid cancer. Implications for surgery. Int J Surg. 2014;12(Suppl 1):S194–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim SY, Kim S-M, Chang H, et al. Long-term outcomes of ethanol injection therapy for locally recurrent papillary thyroid cancer. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2017;274(9):3497–3501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates MF, Lamas MR, Randle RW, et al. Back so soon? Is early recurrence of papillary thyroid cancer really just persistent disease? Surgery. 2018;163(1):118–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuttle RM, Haugen B, Perrier ND. Updated AMERICAN JOINT COMMITTEE on Cancer/Tumor-Node-Metastasis Staging System for Differentiated and Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer (Eighth Edition): what changed and why? Thyroid. 2017;27(6):751–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis Z, Schlumberger M. Serum thyroglobulin determination in thyroid cancer patients. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;22(6):1039–1046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torlontano M, Crocetti U, Augello G, et al. Comparative evaluation of recombinant human thyrotropin-stimulated thyroglobulin levels, 131I whole-body scintigraphy, and neck ultrasonography in the follow-up of patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma who have not undergone radioiodine therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(1):60–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirk D. Surveillance strategies after initial treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer. In: Kim L, Mancino A, Editors. Management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG; 2017. p. 281–312.
   Google Scholar
• Elisei R, Agate L, Viola D, et al. How to manage patients with differentiated thyroid cancer and a rising serum thyroglobulin level. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2014;43(2):331–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashat L, Orlov S, Orlov D, et al. Serial post-surgical stimulated and unstimulated highly sensitive thyroglobulin measurements in low- and intermediate-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma patients not receiving radioactive iodine. Endocrine. 2016;54(2):460–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leboeuf R, Perron P, Carpentier AC, et al. L-T3 preparation for whole-body scintigraphy: a randomized-controlled trial. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007;67(6):839–844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee J, Yun MJ, Nam KH, et al. Quality of life and effectiveness comparisons of thyroxine withdrawal, triiodothyronine withdrawal, and recombinant thyroid-stimulating hormone administration for low-dose radioiodine remnant ablation of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 2010;20(2):173–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacini F, Mariotti S, Formica N, et al. Thyroid autoantibodies in thyroid cancer: incidence and relationship with tumour outcome. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1988;119(3):373–380.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spencer C, LoPresti J, Fatemi S. How sensitive (second-generation) thyroglobulin measurement is changing paradigms for monitoring patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, in the absence or presence of thyroglobulin autoantibodies. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2014;21(5):394–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latrofa F, Ricci D, Montanelli L, et al. Lymphocytic thyroiditis on histology correlates with serum thyroglobulin autoantibodies in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma: impact on detection of serum thyroglobulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(7):2380–2387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorges R, Maniecki M, Jentzen W, et al. Development and clinical impact of thyroglobulin antibodies in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma during the first 3 years after thyroidectomy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005;153(1):49–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castagna MG, Brilli L, Pilli T, et al. Limited value of repeat recombinant human thyrotropin (rhTSH)-stimulated thyroglobulin testing in differentiated thyroid carcinoma patients with previous negative rhTSH-stimulated thyroglobulin and undetectable basal serum thyroglobulin levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(1):76–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han JM, Kim WB, Yim JH, et al. Long-term clinical outcome of differentiated thyroid cancer patients with undetectable stimulated thyroglobulin level one year after initial treatment. Thyroid. 2012;22(8):784–790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kloos RT, Mazzaferri EL. A single recombinant human thyrotropin-stimulated serum thyroglobulin measurement predicts differentiated thyroid carcinoma metastases three to five years later. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(9):5047–5057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacini F, Sabra MM, Tuttle RM. Clinical relevance of thyroglobulin doubling time in the management of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2011;21(7):691–692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chindris AM, Diehl NN, Crook JE, et al. Undetectable sensitive serum thyroglobulin (<0.1 ng/ml) in 163 patients with follicular cell-derived thyroid cancer: results of rhTSH stimulation and neck ultrasonography and long-term biochemical and clinical follow-up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(8):2714–2723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahimpasic T, Nixon IJ, Palmer FL, et al. Undetectable thyroglobulin after total thyroidectomy in patients with low- and intermediate-risk papillary thyroid cancer–is there a need for radioactive iodine therapy? Surgery. 2012;152(6):1096–1105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edmonds CJ, Hayes S, Kermode JC, et al. Measurement of serum TSH and thyroid hormones in the management of treatment of thyroid carcinoma with radioiodine. Br J Radiol. 1977;50(599):799–807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawka AM, Ibrahim-Zada I, Galacgac P, et al. Dietary iodine restriction in preparation for radioactive iodine treatment or scanning in well-differentiated thyroid cancer: a systematic review. Thyroid. 2010;20(10):1129–1138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silberstein EB. Comparison of outcomes after (123)I versus (131)I pre-ablation imaging before radioiodine ablation in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med. 2007;48(7):1043–1046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pineda JD, Lee T, Ain K, et al. Iodine-131 therapy for thyroid cancer patients with elevated thyroglobulin and negative diagnostic scan. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80(5):1488–1492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlumberger M, Mancusi F, Baudin E, et al. 131I therapy for elevated thyroglobulin levels. Thyroid. 1997;7(2):273–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander C, Bader JB, Schaefer A, et al. Intermediate and long-term side effects of high-dose radioiodine therapy for thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med. 1998;39(9):1551–1554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacini F, Capezzone M, Elisei R, et al. Diagnostic 131-iodine whole-body scan may be avoided in thyroid cancer patients who have undetectable stimulated serum Tg levels after initial treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(4):1499–1501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torlontano M, Crocetti U, D’Aloiso L, et al. Serum thyroglobulin and 131I whole body scan after recombinant human TSH stimulation in the follow-up of low-risk patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003;148(1):19–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonklaas J, Sarlis NJ, Litofsky D, et al. Outcomes of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma following initial therapy. Thyroid. 2006;16(12):1229–1242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandel SJ, Shankar LK, Benard F, et al. Superiority of iodine-123 compared with iodine-131 scanning for thyroid remnants in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Clin Nucl Med. 2001;26(1):6–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robbins RJ, Wan Q, Grewal RK, et al. Real-time prognosis for metastatic thyroid carcinoma based on 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography scanning. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(2):498–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider DF, Ojomo KA, Chen H, et al. Remnant uptake as a postoperative oncologic quality indicator. Thyroid. 2013;23(10):1269–1276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brabant G. Thyrotropin suppressive therapy in thyroid carcinoma: what are the targets? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(4):1167–1169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins J. Considerations in thyrotropin-stimulating hormone suppression in individuals with differentiated thyroid cancer. In: Mancino A, Kim L, Editors. Management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Chom, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG; 2017. p. 223–232.
   Google Scholar
• Tuttle RM, Tala H, Shah J, et al. Estimating risk of recurrence in differentiated thyroid cancer after total thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine remnant ablation: using response to therapy variables to modify the initial risk estimates predicted by the new American Thyroid Association staging system. Thyroid. 2010;20(12):1341–1349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper DS, Specker B, Ho M, et al. Thyrotropin suppression and disease progression in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: results from the National Thyroid Cancer Treatment Cooperative Registry. Thyroid. 1998;8(9):737–744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pujol P, Daures JP, Nsakala N, et al. Degree of thyrotropin suppression as a prognostic determinant in differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81(12):4318–4323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaisman F, Momesso D, Bulzico DA, et al. Spontaneous remission in thyroid cancer patients after biochemical incomplete response to initial therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012;77(1):132–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawin CT, Geller A, Wolf PA, et al. Low serum thyrotropin concentrations as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in older persons. N Engl J Med. 1994;331(19):1249–1252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper DS, Cooper DS, Doherty GM, et al. Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2009;19(11):1167–1214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaha AR, Loree TR, Shah JP. Prognostic factors and risk group analysis in follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. Surgery. 1995;118(6):1131–1136. discussion 1136–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar