New paradigms in the treatment of low-risk thyroid cancer

References

• Sawka AM, Brierley JD, Tsang RW, et al. An updated systematic review and commentary examining the effectiveness of radioactive iodine remnant ablation in well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008;37:457–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer. [cited 2020 May 1]. Available from: http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/cancers/32-Thyroid-fact-sheet.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• American Cancer Society. Key statistics for prostate cancer: how common is prostate cancer? Am Cancer Soc. [Internet]. 2019; Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/prostate-cancer/about/key-statistics.html
   Google Scholar
• Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2018: cancer statistics, 2018. CA. Cancer J Clin. [Internet]. 2018;68:7–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Cancer Institute Surveillance. Epidemiology, and end results program. cancer stat facts: thyroid cancer; 2018. [cited 2020 May 1]. Available from: https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/thyro.html. Available at: https://seer.cancer.gov/
   Google Scholar
• Prpic M, Dabelic N, Stanicic J, et al. Adjuvant thyroid remnant ablation in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma confined to the thyroid: A comparison of ablation success with different activities of radioiodine (I-131). Ann Nucl Med. 2012;26:744–751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uz Zaman M, Fatima N, Padhy AK, et al. Controversies about radioactive iodine-131 remnant ablation in low risk thyroid cancers: are we near a consensus? Asian Pacific J. Cancer Prev. 2013;14:6209–6213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thyroid Cancer. Mayo clinic. [cited 2020 May 1]. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thyroid-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20354161%0D
   Google Scholar
• Thyroid Cancer. MD anderson cancer center. [cited 2020 May 1]. Available from: https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/thyroid-cancer.html
   Google Scholar
• Bradford Carter W, Tourtelot JB, Savell JG, et al. New treatments and shifting paradigms in differentiated thyroid cancer management. Cancer Control. 2011;18:96–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valachis A, Nearchou A. High versus low radioiodine activity in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: A meta-analysis. Acta Oncol (Madr). 2013;52:1055–1061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDow AD, Pitt SC. Extent of Surgery for Low-Risk Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Surg Clin North Am. . 2019;99:599–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iñiguez-Ariza NM, Brito JP. Management of low-risk papillary thyroid cancer. Endocrinol Metab. 2018;33:185–194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang TS, Sosa JA. Thyroid surgery for differentiated thyroid cancer — recent advances and future directions. Nat Rev Endocrinol. []. 2018;14:670–683. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arpaia D, Ippolito S, Peirce C, et al. Importance of recombinant human thyrotropin as an adjuvant in the radioiodine treatment of thyroid cancer. Exp Rev Endocrinol Metab. [Internet]. 2017;12:261–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ain KB. Radioiodine-remnant ablation in low-risk differentiated thyroid cancer: pros. Endocrine. 2015;50:61–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megwalu UC, Orloff LA, Ma Y. Adjuvant external beam radiotherapy for locally invasive papillary thyroid cancer. Head Neck. 2019;41:1719–1724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyauchi A, Ito Y. Conservative surveillance management of low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. [Internet]. 2019;48:215–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdel-rahman O. Prediagnostic BMI and thyroid cancer incidence in the PLCO trial. Future Oncology. 2019;15:3451–3456.
   Google Scholar
• Kovatch KJ, Hoban CW, Shuman AG. Thyroid cancer surgery guidelines in an era of de-escalation. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2018;44:297–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verburg FA, Mäder U, Kruitwagen CLJJ, et al. A comparison of prognostic classification systems for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010;72:830–838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ylli D, Van Nostrand D, Wartofsky L. Conventional radioiodine therapy for differentiated thyroid cancer. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2019;48:181–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo CY, Chan WF, Lam KY, et al. Follicular thyroid carcinoma: the role of histology and staging systems in predicting survival. Ann Surg. 2005;242:708–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brierley JD, Panzarella T, Tsang RW, et al. A comparison of different staging systems predictability of patient outcome: thyroid carcinoma as an example. Cancer. 1997;79:2414–2423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pontius LN, Oyekunle TO, Thomas SM, et al. Projecting survival in papillary thyroid cancer: a comparison of the seventh and eighth editions of the American joint commission on cancer/union for international cancer control staging systems in two contemporary national patient cohorts. Thyroid. 2017;27:1408–1416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuttle RM, Haugen B, Perrier ND. Updated American joint committee on cancer/tumor-node-metastasis staging system for differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancer (Eighth Edition): what changed and why? Thyroid. 2017;27:751–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamartina L, Grani G, Arvat E, et al. 8th edition of the AJCC/TNM staging system of thyroid cancer: what to expect (ITCO#2). Endocr Relat Cancer. [Internet]. 2018;25:L7–L11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim M, Kim WG, Oh HS, et al. Comparison of the seventh and eighth editions of the American joint committee on cancer/union for international cancer control tumor-node-metastasis staging system for differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2017;27:1149–1155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Velsen EFS, Stegenga MT, Van Kemenade FJ, et al. Comparing the prognostic value of the eighth edition of the American joint committee on cancer/tumor node metastasis staging system between papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2018;28:976–981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underwood HJ, Patel KN. Comparing the 7th and 8th editions of the american joint committee on cancer staging systems for differentiated thyroid cancer: improvements observed and future horizons. Ann Surg Oncol. [Internet]. 2019;26:2653–2654. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: the American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2015;2016(26):1–133.
   Google Scholar
• Omry-Orbach G. Risk Stratification in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: an Ongoing Process. Rambam Maimonides Med J. 2016;7:e0003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarasova VD, Tuttle RM. Current Management of Low Risk Differentiated Thyroid Cancer and Papillary Microcarcinoma. Clin Oncol. [Internet]. 2017;29:290–297. .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikiforov YE, Seethala RR, Tallini G, et al. Nomenclature Revision for Encapsulated Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. JAMA Oncol. [Internet]. 2016;2:1023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd RV, Asa SL, LiVolsi VA, et al. The evolving diagnosis of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP). Hum Pathol. 2018;74:1–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson LD. Ninety-four cases of encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: A name change to Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-like Nuclear Features would help prevent overtreatment. Mod Pathol. 2016;29:698–707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosario PW, Mourão GF, Nunes MB, et al. Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-Like Nuclear Features: an Evidence-Based Nomenclature Change. Patholog Res Int. 2017;2017:893–897.
   Google Scholar
• Xu B, Tallini G, Scognamiglio T, et al. Outcome of Large Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-Like Nuclear Features. Thyroid. 2017;27:512–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito Y, Miyauchi A, Oda H. Low-risk papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid: A review of active surveillance trials. Eur J Surg Oncol. [Internet].2018;44:307–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castagna MG, Maino F, Cipri C, et al. Delayed risk stratification, to include the response to initial treatment (surgery and radioiodine ablation), has better outcome predictivity in differentiated thyroid cancer patients. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011;165:441–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen FC, Hsieh CJ, Huang IC, et al. Dynamic Risk Estimates of Outcome in Chinese Patients with Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer after Total Thyroidectomy and Radioactive Iodine Remnant Ablation. Thyroid. 2017;27:531–536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung TY, Cho JW, Lee YM, et al. Dynamic Risk Stratification in Stage i Papillary Thyroid Cancer Patients Younger Than 45 Years of Age. Thyroid. 2017;27:1400–1407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho JW, Lee YM, Lee YH, et al. Dynamic risk stratification system in post-lobectomy low-risk and intermediate-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2018;89:100–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee YM, Cho JW, Hong SJ, et al. Dynamic risk stratification in papillary thyroid carcinoma measuring 1 to 4 cm. J Surg Oncol. 2018;118:636–643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park S, Kim WG, Song E, et al. Dynamic Risk Stratification for Predicting Recurrence in Patients with Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Treated Without Radioactive Iodine Remnant Ablation Therapy. Thyroid. 2017;27:524–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuttle RM, Tala H, Shah J, et al. Estimating risk of recurrence in differentiated thyroid cancer after total thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine remnant ablation: using response to therapy variables to modify the initial risk estimates predicted by the new American thyroid association st. Thyroid. 2010;20:1341–1349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nixon I. The Surgical Approach to Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. F1000Res. 2015;4:1–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Conzo G, Avenia N, Bellastella G, et al. The role of surgery in the current management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Endocrine. 2014;47:380–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miccoli P, Bakkar S. Surgical management of papillary thyroid carcinoma: an overview. Updates Surg. 2017;69(2):145–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• To K, Nixon IJ. The surgical approach to managing differentiated thyroid cancer. Indian J Med Res. 2016;143:689–695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzaferri EL, Young RL Papillary thyroid carcinoma: A 10 year follow-up report of the impact of therapy in 576 patients. Am. J. Med. 1981;70:511–518.
   Google Scholar
• Bilimoria KY, Bentrem DJ, Ko CY, et al. Extent of surgery affects survival for papillary thyroid cancer. Ann Surg. 2007;246:375–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah JP, Loree TR, Dharker D, et al. Lobectomy versus total thyroidectomy for differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid: A matched-pair analysis. Am J Surg. 1993;166:331–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaisman F, Shaha A, Fish S, et al. Initial therapy with either thyroid lobectomy or total thyroidectomy without radioactive iodine remnant ablation is associated with very low rates of structural disease recurrence in properly selected patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2011;75:112–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adam MA, Pura J, Gu L, et al. Extent of surgery for papillary thyroid cancer is not associated with survival. Ann Surg. 2014;260:601–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nixon IJ, Ganly I, Patel SG, et al. Thyroid lobectomy for treatment of well differentiated intrathyroid malignancy. Surgery. [Internet]. 2012;151:571–579. Available from]. ;:.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gartland RM, Lubitz CC. Impact of Extent of Surgery on Tumor Recurrence and Survival for Papillary Thyroid Cancer Patients. Ann Surg Oncol. [Internet]. 2018;25:2520–2525. Available from]: http://link.springer.com/10.1245/s10434-018-6550-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vargas-Pinto S, Romero Arenas MA. Lobectomy Compared to Total Thyroidectomy for Low-Risk Papillary Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review. J Surg Res. [Internet]. 2019;242:244–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng W, Li J, Lv P, et al. Treatment efficacy between total thyroidectomy and lobectomy for patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol. [Internet]. 2018;44:1679–1684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hay ID, Hutchinson ME, Gonzalez-Losada T, et al. Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: A study of 900 cases observed in a 60-year period. Surgery. [Internet]. 2008;144:980–988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang TS, Goffredo P, Sosa JA, et al. Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: an over-treated malignancy? World J Surg. 2014;38:2297–2303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryu J, Ryu YM, Jung YS, et al. Extent of thyroidectomy affects vocal and throat functions: A prospective observational study of lobectomy versus total thyroidectomy. Surgery (United States). [Internet]. 2013;154:611–620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauch A, Al-Qurayshi Z, Randolph G, et al. Total Thyroidectomy is Associated with Increased Risk of Complications for Low- and High-Volume Surgeons. Ann Surg Oncol. 2014;21:3844–3852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitt SC, Sippel RS, Chen H. Contralateral papillary thyroid cancer: does size matter? Am J Surg. []. 2009;197:342–347. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang TS, Cheung K, Farrokhyar F, et al. A meta-analysis of the effect of prophylactic central compartment neck dissection on locoregional recurrence rates in patients with papillary thyroid cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2013;20:3477–3483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyauchi A. Clinical Trials of Active Surveillance of Papillary Microcarcinoma of the Thyroid. World J Surg. 2016;40:516–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugitani I, Toda K, Yamada K, et al. Three Distinctly Different Kinds of Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma should be Recognized: our Treatment Strategies and Outcomes. World J Surg. 2010;34:1222–1231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito Y, Miyauchi A, Inoue H, et al. An observational trial for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma in Japanese patients. World J Surg. 2010;34:28–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito Y, Miyauchi A, Kihara M, et al. Patient age is significantly related to the progression of papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid under observation. Thyroid. 2014;24:27–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oda H, Miyauchi A, Ito Y, et al. Incidences of Unfavorable Events in the Management of Low-Risk Papillary Microcarcinoma of the Thyroid by Active Surveillance Versus Immediate Surgery. Thyroid. 2016;26:150–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oda H, Miyauchi A, Ito Y, et al. Comparison of the costs of active surveillance and immediate surgery in the management of low-risk papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid. Endocr J. 2017;64:59–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang BHH, Wong CKH. A cost-effectiveness comparison between early surgery and non-surgical approach for incidental papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;173:367–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacini F, Brianzoni E, Durante C, et al. Recommendations for post-surgical thyroid ablation in differentiated thyroid cancer: A 2015 position statement of the Italian Society of Endocrinology. J Endocrinol Invest. 2016;39:341–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuttle RM, Ahuja S, Avram AM, et al. in the Use of 131 I Therapy in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer : A Joint Statement from the American Thyroid Association, the European Association of Nuclear Medicine, the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. Thyroid. 2019;29:461–470.
   Google Scholar
• Andresen NS, Buatti JM, Tewfik HH, et al. Radioiodine Ablation following Thyroidectomy for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: literature Review of Utility, Dose, and Toxicity. Eur Thyroid J. 2017;6:187–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robenshtok E, Tuttle RM. Role of Recombinant Human Thyrotropin (rhTSH) in the Treatment of Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Indian J Surg Oncol. [Internet]. 2012;3:182–189. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13193-011-0115-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Molinaro E, Giani C, Agate L, et al. Patients with differentiated thyroid cancer who underwent radioiodine thyroid remnant ablation with low-activity131I after either recombinant human TSH or thyroid hormone therapy withdrawal showed the same outcome after a 10-year follow-up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:2693–2700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carballo M, Quiros RM. To treat or not to treat: the role of adjuvant radioiodine therapy in thyroid cancer patients. J Oncol. 2012;2012:707156.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schlumberger M, Catargi B, Borget I, et al. Strategies of Radioiodine Ablation in Patients with Low-Risk Thyroid Cancer. N Engl J Med. [Internet]. 2012;366:1663–1673.Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJMoa1108586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallick U, Harmer C, Yap B, et al. Ablation with low-dose radioiodine and thyrotropin alfa in thyroid cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1674–1685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma C, Tang L, Fu H, et al. RhTSH-aided low-activity versus high-activity regimens of radioiodine in residual ablation for differentiated thyroid cancer: A meta-analysis. Nucl Med Commun. 2013;34:1150–1156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang BHH, Wong IOL, Wong KP, et al. Risk of second primary malignancy in differentiated thyroid carcinoma treated with radioactive iodine therapy. Surgery (United States). [Internet]. 2012;151:844–850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown AP, Chen J, Hitchcock YJ, et al. The risk of second primary malignancies up to three decades after the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:504–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyer NG, Morris LGT, Tuttle RM, et al. Rising incidence of second cancers in patients with low-risk (T1N0) thyroid cancer who receive radioactive iodine therapy. Cancer. 2011;117:4439–4446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben Ghachem T, Yeddes I, Meddeb I, et al. A comparison of low versus high radioiodine administered activity in patients with low-risk differentiated thyroid cancer. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 2017;274:655–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kukulska A, Krajewska J, Gawkowska-Suwiska M, et al. Radioiodine thyroid remnant ablation in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC): prospective comparison of long-term outcomes of treatment with 30, 60 and 100 mCi. Thyroid Res. 2010;3:2–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheng W, Ma C, Fu H, et al. Low- or high-dose radioiodine remnant ablation for differentiated thyroid carcinoma: A meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:1353–1360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonklaas J, Sarlis NJ, Litofsky D, et al. Outcomes of Patients with Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma Following Initial Therapy. Thyroid. [Internet]. 2006;16:1229–1242. Available from: https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/thy.2006.16.1229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schvartz C, Bonnetain F, Dabakuyo S, et al. Impact on overall survival of radioactive iodine in low-risk differentiated thyroid cancer patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:1526–1535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks W, Fung CH, Chang JT, et al. The effectiveness of radioactive iodine for treatment of low-risk thyroid cancer: A systematic analysis of the peer-reviewed literature from 1966 to April 2008. Thyroid. [Internet]. 2010;20:1235–1245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brierley J, Tsang R, Panzarella T, et al. Prognostic factors and the effect of treatment with radioactive iodine and external beam radiation on patients with differentiated thyroid cancer seen at a single institution over 40 years. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005;63:418–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross DS, Litofsky D, Ain KB, et al. Recurrence after treatment of micropapillary thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2009;19:1043–1048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PWS R, Borges MAR, MMA V, et al. Is adjuvant therapy useful in patients with papillary carcinoma smaller than 2 cm? Thyroid. 2007;17:1225–1228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamartina L, Durante C, Filetti S, et al. Low-risk differentiated thyroid cancer and radioiodine remnant ablation: A systematic review of the literature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100:1748–1761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Díez JJ, Grande E, Iglesias P. Postoperative radioiodine ablation in patients with low risk differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Med Clín (English Ed). [Internet]. 2015;144:35–41. .
   Google Scholar
• Kim BW, Yousman W, Wong WX, et al. Less is more: comparing the 2015 and 2009 American thyroid association guidelines for thyroid nodules and cancer. Thyroid. 2016;26:759–764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohinc BN, Perkins JM. Appropriate dosing of adjuvant radioactive iodine for differentiated thyroid cancer. Curr Opin Oncol. 2014;26:31–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuttle RM, Sabra MM. Selective use of RAI for ablation and adjuvant therapy after total thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid cancer: A practical approach to clinical decision making. Oral Oncol. []. 2013;49:676–683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biondi B, Cooper DS. Benefits of thyrotropin suppression versus the risks of adverse effects in differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2010;20:135–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diessl S, Holzberger B, Mäder U, et al. Impact of moderate vs stringent TSH suppression on survival in advanced differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012;76:586–592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlumberger M, Tahara M, Wirth LJ, et al. Lenvatinib versus Placebo in Radioiodine-Refractory Thyroid Cancer. N Engl J Med. [Internet]. 2015;372:621–630. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1406470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brose MS, Nutting CM, Jarzab B, et al. Sorafenib in locally advanced or metastatic, radioactive iodinerefractory, differentiated thyroid cancer: a randomized, doubleblind, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2015;384:319–328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothenberg SM, Mcfadden DG, Palmer EL, et al. Redifferentiation of Iodine-Refractory BRAF V600E-Mutant Metastatic Papillary Thyroid Cancer with Dabrafenib. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21:1028–1036.
   Google Scholar
• Ho AL, Grewal RK, Leboe R, et al. Selumetinib-Enhanced Radioiodine Uptake in Advanced Thyroid Cancer. NEJM. 2013;368:623–632.
   Google Scholar
• Xing M. Recent Advances in Molecular Biology of Thyroid Cancer and Their Clinical Implications. Otolaryngol. Clin North Am. [Internet]. 2008;41:1135–1146. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0030666508001163
   Google Scholar
• Hu S, Liu D, Tufano RP, et al. Association of aberrant methylation of tumor suppressor genes with tumor aggressiveness and BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid cancer. Int J Cancer. 2006;2329:2322–2329.
   Google Scholar