COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus: implications for prognosis and clinical management

References

• Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson KG, Wood JM, Zambon M. Influenza. Lancet. 2003;362(9397):1733–1745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1199–1207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guan WJ, Liang WH, Zhao Y, et al. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with Covid-19 in China: a nationwide analysis. Eur Respir J. 2020;2000547. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00547-2020.
   Google Scholar
• Dal Canto E, Ceriello A, Ryden L, et al. Diabetes as a cardiovascular risk factor: an overview of global trends of macro and micro vascular complications. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019;26(2_suppl):25–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmet PZ, Magliano DJ, Herman WH, et al. Diabetes: a 21st century challenge. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(1):56–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goeijenbier M, Van Sloten TT, Slobbe L, et al. Benefits of flu vaccination for persons with diabetes mellitus: A review. Vaccine. 2017;35(38):5095–5101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2095–2128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klekotka RB, Mizgala E, Krol W. The etiology of lower respiratory tract infections in people with diabetes. Pneumonol Alergol Pol. 2015;83(5):401–408.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Restrepo BI, Camerlin AJ, Rahbar MH, et al. Cross-sectional assessment reveals high diabetes prevalence among newly-diagnosed tuberculosis cases. Bull World Health Organ. 2011;89(5):352–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloomgarden ZT. Diabetes and COVID-19. J Diabetes. 2020;12(4):347–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu H, Lau ESH, Ma RCW, et al. Secular trends in all-cause and cause-specific mortality rates in people with diabetes in Hong Kong, 2001-2016: a retrospective cohort study. Diabetologia. 2020;63(4):757–766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iuliano AD, Roguski KM, Chang HH, et al. Estimates of global seasonal influenza-associated respiratory mortality: a modelling study. Lancet. 2018;391(10127):1285–1300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mertz D, Kim TH, Johnstone J, et al. Populations at risk for severe or complicated influenza illness: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2013;347(aug23 1):f5061.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peleg AY, Weerarathna T, Mccarthy JS, et al. Common infections in diabetes: pathogenesis, management and relationship to glycaemic control. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2007;23(1):3–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimenez-Garcia R, Lopez-De-Andres A, Hernandez-Barrera V, et al. Influenza vaccination in people with type 2 diabetes, coverage, predictors of uptake, and perceptions. Result of the MADIABETES cohort a 7years follow up study. Vaccine. 2017;35(1):101–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang YT, Lee YC, Hsiao CJ. Hospitalization for ambulatory-care-sensitive conditions in Taiwan following the SARS outbreak: a population-based interrupted time series study. J Formos Med Assoc. 2009;108(5):386–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan-Yeung M, Xu RH. SARS: epidemiology. Respirology. 2003;8(Suppl):S9–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morra ME, Van Thanh L, Kamel MG, et al. Clinical outcomes of current medical approaches for Middle East respiratory syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol. 2018;28(3):e1977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulcsar KA, Coleman CM, Beck SE, et al. Comorbid diabetes results in immune dysregulation and enhanced disease severity following MERS-CoV infection. JCI Insight. 2019;4(20):e131774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Baadani AM, Elzein FE, Alhemyadi SA, et al. Characteristics and outcome of viral pneumonia caused by influenza and Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus infections: A 4-year experience from a tertiary care center. Ann Thorac Med. 2019;14(3):179–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hespanhol VP, Barbara C. Pneumonia mortality, comorbidities matter? Pulmonology. 2020;26(3):123-129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isturiz RE, Ramirez J, Self WH, et al. Pneumococcal epidemiology among us adults hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia. Vaccine. 2019;37(25):3352–3361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrouste-Orgeas M, Azoulay E, Ruckly S, et al. Diabetes was the only comorbid condition associated with mortality of invasive pneumococcal infection in ICU patients: a multicenter observational study from the Outcomerea research group. Infection. 2018;46(5):669–677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neidich SD, Green WD, Rebeles J, et al. Increased risk of influenza among vaccinated adults who are obese. Int J Obes (Lond). 2017;41(9):1324–1330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao Kondapally Seshasai S, Kaptoge S, Thompson A, et al. Diabetes mellitus, fasting glucose, and risk of cause-specific death. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(9):829–841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulme KD, Gallo LA, Short KR. Influenza virus and glycemic variability in diabetes: a killer combination? Front Microbiol. 2017;8:861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Summers KL, Marleau AM, Mahon JL, et al. Reduced IFN-alpha secretion by blood dendritic cells in human diabetes. Clin Immunol. 2006;121(1):81–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price CL, Hassi HO, English NR, et al. Methylglyoxal modulates immune responses: relevance to diabetes. J Cell Mol Med. 2010;14(6B):1806–1815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casqueiro J, Casqueiro J, Alves C. Infections in patients with diabetes mellitus: A review of pathogenesis. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16(Suppl 1):S27–36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith AG, Sheridan PA, Tseng RJ, et al. Selective impairment in dendritic cell function and altered antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in diet-induced obese mice infected with influenza virus. Immunology. 2009;126(2):268–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biancari F, Giordano S. Glycated hemoglobin and the risk of sternal wound infection after adult cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2019;31(3):465–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller L, Di Benedetto S, Pawelec G. The immune system and its dysregulation with aging. Subcell Biochem. 2019;91:21–43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fang L, Karakiulakis G, Roth M. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? Lancet Respir Med. 2020;e21. DOI:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30116-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(5):475–481.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708–1720.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang JJ, Dong X, Cao YY, et al. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China. Allergy. 2020. DOI:10.1111/all.14238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Z, Mcgoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese center for disease control and prevention. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentile S, Strollo F, Ceriello A. COVID-19 infection in italian people with diabetes: lessons learned for our future (an experience to be used). Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020. DOI:10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108137
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Team CC-R. Preliminary estimates of the prevalence of selected underlying health conditions among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 - United States, February 12-March 28, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(13):382–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muniyappa R, Gubbi S. COVID-19 pandemic, corona viruses, and diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2020;E736-E741. DOI:10.1152/ajpendo.00124.2020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu L, She ZG, Cheng X, et al. Association of blood glucose control and outcomes in patients with COVID-19 and pre-existing type 2 diabetes. Cell Metab. 2020. DOI:10.1016/j.cmet.2020.04.021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wysocki J, Ye M, Soler MJ, et al. ACE and ACE2 activity in diabetic mice. Diabetes. 2006;55(7):2132–2139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser UB, Mirmira RG, Stewart PM. Our response to COVID-19 as endocrinologists and diabetologists. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(5):1299–1301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta R, Ghosh A, Singh AK, et al. Clinical considerations for patients with diabetes in times of COVID-19 epidemic. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;318(5):211–212.
   Google Scholar
• Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, et al. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med. 2020. DOI:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, et al. Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) implicate special control measures. J Med Virol. 2020;92(6):568–576.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang JK, Feng Y, Yuan MY, et al. Plasma glucose levels and diabetes are independent predictors for mortality and morbidity in patients with SARS. Diabet Med. 2006;23(6):623–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim SF, Jong M, Chew DEK, et al. Impact of timing between insulin administration and meal consumption on glycemic fluctuation and outcomes in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes. J Pharm Pract. 2018. DOI:10.1177/0897190018818908
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godinjak A, Iglica A, Burekovic A, et al. Hyperglycemia in Critically Ill Patients: management and Prognosis. Med Arch. 2015;69(3):157–160.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ceriello A, Monnier L, Owens D. Glycaemic variability in diabetes: clinical and therapeutic implications. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7(3):221–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iqbal A, Prince LR, Novodvorsky P, et al. Effect of hypoglycemia on inflammatory responses and the response to low-dose endotoxemia in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(4):1187–1199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brownlee M. Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature. 2001;414(6865):813–820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dungan KM, Braithwaite SS, Preiser JC. Stress hyperglycaemia. Lancet. 2009;373(9677):1798–1807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teijaro JR, Walsh KB, Cahalan S, et al. Endothelial cells are central orchestrators of cytokine amplification during influenza virus infection. Cell. 2011;146(6):980–991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Short KR, Kroeze E, Fouchier RAM, et al. Pathogenesis of influenza-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14(1):57–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao WC, Tseng CH, Wu CL, et al. Higher glycemic variability within the first day of ICU admission is associated with increased 30-day mortality in ICU patients with sepsis. Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10(1):17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, et al. Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from Wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS coronavirus. J Virol. 2020;94(7). DOI:10.1128/JVI.00127-20
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li XC, Zhang J, Zhuo JL. The vasoprotective axes of the renin-angiotensin system: physiological relevance and therapeutic implications in cardiovascular, hypertensive and kidney diseases. Pharmacol Res. 2017;125(Pt A):21–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel AB, Verma A. COVID-19 and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: what is the evidence? JAMA. 2020. DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.4812
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuan IHS, Savage RL, Duffull SB, et al. The association between metformin therapy and lactic acidosis. Drug Saf. 2019;42(12):1449–1469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature. 2003;426(6965):450–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raj VS, Mou H, Smits SL, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC. Nature. 2013;495(7440):251–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluger AY, Tecson KM, Barbin CM, et al. Cardiorenal outcomes in the CANVAS, DECLARE-TIMI 58, and EMPA-REG OUTCOME trials: a systematic review. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2018;19(2):41–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Li L, Li S, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors and risk of diabetic ketoacidosis in patients with type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020. DOI:10.1111/dom.14075
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(19):1834–1844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(4):311–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar