301
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Management of diabetes in elderly patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: current and future perspectives

ORCID Icon, &
Pages 181-189 | Received 30 Dec 2020, Accepted 06 May 2021, Published online: 07 Jun 2021

References

  • Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, et al. Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) implicate special control measures. J Med Virol. 2020;92(6):568–576.
  • Sun J, He WT, Wang L, et al. COVID-19: epidemiology, evolution, and cross-disciplinary perspectives. Trends Mol Med. 2020 May;26(5):483–495.
  • Bode B, Garrett V, Messler J, et al. Glycemic characteristics and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients hospitalized in the United States. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2020 Jul;14(4):813–821.
  • Santilli F, Cipollone F, Mezzetti A, et al. The role of nitric oxide in the development of diabetic angiopathy. Horm Metab Res. 2004 May;36(5):319–335.
  • Kim SH, Park KW, Kim YS, et al. Effects of acute hyperglycemia on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose metabolism. Endothelium. 2003;10(2):65–70.
  • Gupta S, Koirala J, Khardori R, et al. Infections in diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2007 Sep;21(3):617–38, vii.
  • Van Crevel R, Van De Vijver S, Moore DAJ. The global diabetes epidemic: what does it mean for infectious diseases in tropical countries? Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017 Jun;5(6):457–468.
  • Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, et al. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(7):934–943.
  • Arentz M, Yim E, Klaff L, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of 21 critically Ill patients with COVID-19 in Washington State. Jama. 2020 Apr 28;323(16):1612–1614.
  • Onder G, Rezza G, Brusaferro S. Case-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy. Jama. 2020 May 12;323(18):1775–1776.
  • Rajpal A, Rahimi L, Ismail-Beigi F. Factors leading to high morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 COVID-19 in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes. 2020 Jul 16;12(12):895–908.
  • Casqueiro J, Casqueiro J, Alves C. Infections in patients with diabetes mellitus: a review of pathogenesis. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16(Suppl1):S27–S36.
  • Saulnier DD, Brolin Ribacke K, Von Schreeb J. No calm after the storm: a systematic review of human health following flood and storm disasters. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017 Oct;32(5):568–579.
  • Fonseca VA, Smith H, Kuhadiya N, et al. Impact of a natural disaster on diabetes: exacerbation of disparities and long-term consequences. Diabetes Care. 2009 Sep;32(9):1632–1638.
  • Ng J, Atkin SL, Rigby AS, et al. The effect of extensive flooding in Hull on the glycaemic control of patients with diabetes. Diabet Med. 2011 May;28(5):519–524.
  • Grenard JL, Munjas BA, Adams JL, et al. Depression and medication adherence in the treatment of chronic diseases in the United States: a meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2011;26(10):1175–1182.
  • Qiu J, Shen B, Zhao M, et al. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. Gen Psychiatr. 2020;33(2):e100213.
  • Clement S, Braithwaite SS, Magee MF, et al. Management of diabetes and hyperglycemia in hospitals. Diabetes Care. 2004 Feb;27(2):553–591.
  • Moghissi ES, Korytkowski MT, DiNardo M, et al. American association of clinical endocrinologists and American diabetes association consensus statement on inpatient glycemic control. Diabetes Care. 2009 Jun;32(6):1119–1131.
  • Kansagara D, Fu R, Freeman M, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in hospitalized patients: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2011 Feb 15;154(4):268–282.
  • American Diabetes Association. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of medical care in diabetes-2020. Diabetes Care. 2020 Jan;43(Suppl 1):S193–S202.
  • Umpierrez G, Korytkowski M. Diabetic emergencies - ketoacidosis, hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state and hypoglycaemia. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016 Apr;12(4):222–232.
  • Umpierrez G, Rushakoff R, Seley JJ, et al. Hospital Diabetes Meeting 2020. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2020 Sep;14(5):928–944.
  • Sinclair A, Dhatariya K, Burr O, et al. Guidelines for the management of diabetes in care homes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Diabet Med. 2020 Jul;37(7):1090–1093.
  • Emami A, Javanmardi F, Pirbonyeh N, et al. Prevalence of underlying diseases in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Acad Emerg Med. 2020;8(1):e35.
  • Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, et al. Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2020 May;94:91–95.
  • Center for Disease Control. National diabetes statistics report. 2020. [ Cited 2020 Aug 12]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics/statistics-report.html
  • Sardu C, Gargiulo G, Esposito G, et al. Impact of diabetes mellitus on clinical outcomes in patients affected by COVID-19. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020 Jun 11;19(1):76.
  • Yan Y, Yang Y, Wang F, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2020;8:1.
  • Sardu C, D’Onofrio N, Balestrieri ML, et al. Outcomes in patients with hyperglycemia affected by COVID-19: can we do more on glycemic control? Diabetes Care. 2020 Jul;43(7):1408–1415.
  • Zhu L, She ZG, Cheng X, et al. Association of blood glucose control and outcomes in patients with COVID-19 and pre-existing type 2 diabetes. Cell Metab. 2020 Jun 2;31(6):1068–1077 e3.
  • Singh AK, Singh R. Hyperglycemia without diabetes and new-onset diabetes are both associated with poorer outcomes in COVID-19. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020 Sep;167:108382.
  • Wang S, Ma P, Zhang S, et al. Fasting blood glucose at admission is an independent predictor for 28-day mortality in patients with COVID-19 without previous diagnosis of diabetes: a multi-centre retrospective study. Diabetologia. 2020 Oct;63(10):2102–2111.
  • Cariou B, Hadjadj S, Wargny M, et al. Phenotypic characteristics and prognosis of inpatients with COVID-19 and diabetes: the CORONADO study. Diabetologia. 2020;63(8):1500–1515.
  • Investigators N-S-S, Finfer S, Chittock DR, et al. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 26;360(13):1283–1297.
  • Chan KH, Thimmareddygari D, Ramahi A, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome in patients with combined diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state associated with COVID-19: a retrospective, hospital-based observational case series. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020 Aug;166:108279.
  • Pal R, Banerjee M, Yadav U, et al. Clinical profile and outcomes in COVID-19 patients with diabetic ketoacidosis: a systematic review of literature. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020 Aug 18;14(6):1563–1569.
  • RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19. New England Journal of Medicine. 2021;384(8):693-704.
  • [ Cited 2020 Jan 1]. Available from: https://www.dexcom.com/hospitalfacts
  • FDA. [ Cited 2020 Jan 11]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/coronavirus-covid-19-and-medical-devices/using-home-use-blood-glucose-meters-hospitals-during-covid-19-pandemic
  • Galindo RJ, Aleppo G, Klonoff DC, et al. Implementation of continuous glucose monitoring in the hospital: emergent considerations for remote glucose monitoring during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2020 Jul;14(4):822–832.
  • Galindo RJ, Migdal AL, Davis GM, et al. Comparison of the freestyle libre pro flash continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system and point-of-care capillary glucose testing in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes treated with basal-bolus insulin regimen. Diabetes Care. 2020 Nov;43(11):2730–2735.
  • Palermo NE, Sadhu AR, McDonnell ME. Diabetic ketoacidosis in COVID-19: unique concerns and considerations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Aug 1;105(8):2819–2829.
  • Umpierrez GE, Cuervo R, Karabell A, et al. Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis with subcutaneous insulin aspart. Diabetes Care. 2004 Aug;27(8):1873–1878.
  • Pasquel FJ, Umpierrez GE. Individualizing inpatient diabetes management during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2020 Jul;14(4):705–707.
  • Pasquel FJ, Gianchandani R, Rubin DJ, et al. Efficacy of sitagliptin for the hospital management of general medicine and surgery patients with type 2 diabetes (Sita-Hospital): a multicentre, prospective, open-label, non-inferiority randomised trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017 Feb;5(2):125–133.
  • Abbott. [ Cited 2020 Jan 11]. Available from: https://abbott.mediaroom.com/2020-04-08-Abbotts-FreeStyle-R-Libre-14-Day-System-Now-Available-in-U-S-for-Hospitalized-Patients-with-Diabetes-During-COVID-19-Pandemic
  • Gomez AM, Imitola Madero A, Henao Carrillo DC, et al. Hypoglycemia incidence and factors associated in a cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes hospitalized in general ward treated with basal bolus insulin regimen assessed by continuous glucose monitoring. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2020 Mar;14(2):233–239.
  • Nair BG, Dellinger EP, Flum DR, et al. A pilot study of the feasibility and accuracy of inpatient continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Care. 2020 Nov;43(11):e168–e169.
  • Maltese G, Corsonello A, Di Rosa M, et al. Frailty and COVID-19: a systematic scoping review. J Clin Med. 2020 Jul 4;9(7):2106.
  • Sayyed Kassem L, Aron DC. The assessment and management of quality of life of older adults with diabetes mellitus. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Mar;15(2):71–81.
  • Holman N, Knighton P, Kar P, et al. Risk factors for COVID-19-related mortality in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in England: a population-based cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(10):823–833.
  • Williamson EJ, Walker AJ, Bhaskaran K, et al. Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY. Nature. 2020 Aug;584(7821):430–436.
  • Xue T, Li Q, Zhang Q, et al. Blood glucose levels in elderly subjects with type 2 diabetes during COVID-19 outbreak: a retrospective study in a single center. medRxiv. 2020: 2020.03.31.20048579.
  • Bornstein SR, Rubino F, Khunti K, et al. Practical recommendations for the management of diabetes in patients with COVID-19. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(6):546–550.
  • Conlin PR, Colburn J, Aron D, et al. Synopsis of the 2017 U.S. department of veterans affairs/U.S. department of defense clinical practice guideline: management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 2017 Nov 7;167(9):655–663.
  • Shah K, Tiwaskar M, Chawla P, et al. Hypoglycemia at the time of COVID-19 pandemic. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020 Sep-Oct;14(5):1143–1146.
  • Infante M, Ricordi C, Fabbri A. Antihyperglycemic properties of hydroxychloroquine in patients with diabetes: risks and benefits at the time of COVID-19 pandemic. J Diabetes. 2020 Sep;12(9):659–667.
  • Rena G, Hardie DG, Pearson ER. The mechanisms of action of metformin. Diabetologia. 2017 Sep;60(9):1577–1585.
  • Kawanami D, Matoba K, Takeda Y, et al. SGLT2 Inhibitors as a therapeutic option for diabetic nephropathy. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(5):1083.
  • Fernandez-Fernandez B, D’Marco L, Górriz JL, et al. Exploring sodium glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for organ protection in COVID-19. J Clin Med. 2020;9(7):2030.
  • Zhang W, Xu YZ, Liu B, et al. Pioglitazone upregulates angiotensin converting enzyme 2 expression in insulin-sensitive tissues in rats with high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. ScientificWorldJournal. 2014;2014:603409.
  • Ohnuma K, Takahashi N, Yamochi T, et al. Role of CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV in human T cell activation and function. Front Biosci. 2008 Jan 1;13(13):2299–2310.
  • Iacobellis G. COVID-19 and diabetes: can DPP4 inhibition play a role? Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020 Apr;162:108125.
  • Rahimi L, Malek M, Ismail-Beigi F, et al. Challenging issues in the management of cardiovascular risk factors in diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic: a review of current literature. Adv Ther. 2020;37(8):3450–3462.
  • Fosbøl EL, Butt JH, Østergaard L, et al. Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker use with COVID-19 diagnosis and mortality. Jama. 2020 Jul 14;324(2):168–177.
  • Petrilli CM, Jones SA, Yang J, et al. Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among 5279 people with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York City: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2020;369:m1966.
  • Ye S, Kronish I, Fleck E, et al. Telemedicine expansion during the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential for technology-driven disparities. J Gen Intern Med. 2021 Jan;36(1):256-258.
  • Ramaswamy A, Yu M, Drangsholt S, et al. Patient satisfaction with telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic: retrospective cohort study. J Med Internet Res. 2020 Sep 9;22(9):e20786.
  • Baker J, Stanley A. Telemedicine technology: a review of services, equipment, and other aspects. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2018 Sep 26;18(11):60.
  • Iacobucci G. COVID-19: diabetes clinicians set up social media account to help alleviate patients’ fears. Bmj. 2020 Mar;27(368):m1262.
  • Riddell MC, Pooni R, Fontana FY, et al. Diabetes technology and exercise. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2020 Mar;49(1):109–125.
  • Kubiak T, Priesterroth L, Barnard-Kelly KD. Psychosocial aspects of diabetes technology. Diabet Med. 2020 Mar;37(3):448–454.
  • Toschi E, Munshi MN. Benefits and challenges of diabetes technology use in older adults. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2020 Mar;49(1):57–67.
  • Iancu I, Iancu B. Designing mobile technology for elderly. A theoretical overview. Technol Forecasting Social Change. 2020;155(C):S0040162519302069.
  • Serrano V, Spencer-Bonilla G, Boehmer KR, et al. Minimally disruptive medicine for patients with diabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2017 Sep 23;17(11):104.
  • Shi C, Zhu H, Liu J, et al. Barriers to self-management of type 2 diabetes during COVID-19 medical isolation: a qualitative study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2020;13:3713–3725.
  • Coma E, Mora N, Méndez L, et al. Primary care in the time of COVID-19: monitoring the effect of the pandemic and the lockdown measures on 34 quality of care indicators calculated for 288 primary care practices covering about 6 million people in Catalonia. BMC Fam Pract. 2020;21(1):208.
  • Williams RJD, Ashcroft DM, Brown B, et al. Diagnosis of physical and mental health conditions in primary care during the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Public Health. 2020 Oct;5(10):e543–e550.
  • Kerr D, Glantz N. Diabetes, like COVID-19, is a wicked problem. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Nov;8(11):873–874.
  • Sahin OSH, Suprun E, Richards R, et al. Developing a preliminary causal loop diagram for understanding the wicked complexity of the COVID-19 pandemic. Systems. 2020 Jun;8(2):20.
  • Sinclair AJ, Gadsby R, Abdelhafiz AH, et al. Failing to meet the needs of generations of care home residents with diabetes: a review of the literature and a call for action. Diabet Med. 2018 Jun 6;35(9):1144–1156.
  • Chatterjee P, Kelly S, Qi M, et al. Characteristics and quality of US nursing homes reporting cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Network Open. 2020 Jul 1;3(7):e2016930.
  • Libiseller A, Lichtenegger KM, De Campo A, et al. Diabetes management according to health status in older adults with type 2 diabetes staying in geriatric care facilities. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2020;13:1932296820905827.
  • Richardson SJ, Carroll CB, Close J, et al. Research with older people in a world with COVID-19: identification of current and future priorities, challenges and opportunities. Age Ageing. 2020;49(6):901–906.
  • Peeri NC, Shrestha N, Rahman MS, et al. The SARS, MERS and novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemics, the newest and biggest global health threats: what lessons have we learned? Int J Epidemiol. 2020;49(3):717–726.
  • Agarwal S, Griffith ML, Murphy EJ, et al. Innovations in diabetes care for a better “new normal” beyond COVID-19. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021 Jan;106(1):e377-81.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.