A multidisciplinary approach to the management of adrenal incidentaloma

References

• Fassnacht M, Arlt W, Bancos I, et al. Management of adrenal incidentalomas: European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016;175(2):G34. .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papanicolas I, Woskie LR, Jha AK. Health care spending in the United States and other high-income countries. J Am Med Assoc. 2018. DOI:10.1001/jama.2018.1150
   Google Scholar
• Song JH, Mayo-Smith WW. Incidentally discovered adrenal mass. Radiol Clin North Am. 2011;49(2):361–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grumbach MM, Biller BMK, Braunstein GD, et al. Management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass (“incidentaloma”). Ann Intern Med. 2003;138(5):424–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantero F, Terzolo M, Arnaldi G, et al. A survey on adrenal incidentaloma in Italy. Study Group on Adrenal Tumors of the Italian Society of Endocrinology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(2):637–644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barzon L, Sonino N, Fallo F, et al. Prevalence and natural history of adrenal incidentalomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003 October 273–285. DOI:10.1530/eje.0.1490273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bovio S, Cataldi A, Reimondo G, et al. Prevalence of adrenal incidentaloma in a contemporary computerized tomography series. J Endocrinol Invest. 2006;29(4):298–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnaldi G, Boscaro M. Adrenal incidentaloma. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;26(4):405–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terzolo M, Stigliano A, Chiodini I, et al. AME position statement on adrenal incidentaloma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011;164(6):851–870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong AR, Kim JH, Park KS, et al. Optimal follow-up strategies for adrenal incidentalomas: reappraisal of the 2016 ESE-ENSAT guidelines in real clinical practice. Eur J Endocrinol. 2017;177(6):475–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fassnacht M, Dekkers OM, Else T, et al. European society of endocrinology clinical practice guidelines on the management of adrenocortical carcinoma in adults, in collaboration with the European Network for the study of adrenal tumors. Eur J Endocrinol. 2018;179(4):G1–G46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grasso M, Boscaro M, Scaroni C, et al. Secondary arterial hypertension: from routine clinical practice to evidence in patients with adrenal tumor. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2018;25(4):345–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicala MV, Mantero F. Primary aldosteronism: what consensus for the diagnosis. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;24(6):915–921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenders JWM, Eisenhofer G. Update on modern management of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Endocrinol Metab. 2017;32(2):152.
   Google Scholar
• Boscaro M, Arnaldi G. Approach to the patient with possible Cushing’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(9):3121–3131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alencar GA, Lerario AM, Nishi MY, et al. ARMC5 mutations are a frequent cause of primary macronodular adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(8):E1501–E1509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vassiliadi DA, Tsagarakis S. Diagnosis and management of primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2019;26(10):R567–R581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbelt U, Trovato A, Kloth M, et al. Molecular and clinical evidence for an ARMC5 tumor syndrome: concurrent inactivating germline and somatic mutations are associated with both primary macronodular adrenal hyperplasia and meningioma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(1):E119–E128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamilaris CDC, Hannah-Shmouni F, Stratakis CA. Adrenocortical tumorigenesis: lessons from genetics. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;34(3):101428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Findling JW, Raff H. Differentiation of pathologic/neoplastic hypercortisolism (Cushing’s syndrome) from physiologic/non-neoplastic hypercortisolism (formerly known as pseudo-Cushing’s syndrome). Eur J Endocrinol. 2017;176(5):R205–R216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libè R, Dall’Asta C, Barbetta L, et al. Long-term follow-up study of patients with adrenal incidentalomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 2002;489–494. DOI:10.1530/eje.0.1470489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terzolo M, Pia A, Subclinical Cushing’s RG. syndrome: definition and management. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012;76(1):12–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceccato F, Antonelli G, Frigo AC, et al. First-line screening tests for Cushing’s syndrome in patients with adrenal incidentaloma: the role of urinary free cortisol measured by LC-MS/MS. J Endocrinol Invest. 2017;40(7):7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiodini I, Albani A, Ambrogio AG, et al. Six controversial issues on subclinical Cushing’s syndrome. Endocrine. 2016;56(2):262–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morelli V, Palmieri S, Lania A, et al. Cardiovascular events in patients with mild autonomous cortisol secretion: analysis with artificial neural networks. Eur J Endocrinol. 2017;177(1):73–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabarin A. Do the diagnostic criteria for subclinical hypercortisolism exist? Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2018;793:146–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceccato F, Boscaro M. Cushing’s syndrome: screening and diagnosis. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2016;23(3):209–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barzon L, Scaroni C, Sonino N, et al. Risk factors and long-term follow-up of adrenal incidentalomas 1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999. DOI:10.1210/jcem.84.2.5444.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cawood TJ, Hunt PJ, O’Shea D, et al. Recommended evaluation of adrenal incidentalomas is costly, has high false-positive rates and confers a risk of fatal cancer that is similar to the risk of the adrenal lesion becoming malignant; time for a rethink? Eur J Endocrinol. 2009;161(4):513–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiodini I. Diagnosis and treatment of subclinical hypercortisolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(5):1223–1236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NIH state-of-the-science statement on management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass (“incidentaloma”). NIH Consensus and State-of-the-Science Statements; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Giraldi FP, Saccani A, Cavagnini F. Assessment of ACTH assay variability: a multicenter study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011. DOI:10.1530/EJE-10-0962
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnaldi G, Angeli A, Atkinson AB, et al. Diagnosis and complications of Cushing’s syndrome: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(12):5593. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albiger NM, Occhi G, Sanguin F, et al. Adrenal nodules in patients with Cushing’s disease: prevalence, clinical significance and follow-up. J Endocrinol Invest. 2011;34(8):e204–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceccato F, Tizianel I, Vedolin CK, et al. Human Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone tests: 10 years of real-life experience in pituitary and adrenal disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 August;105(11). DOI:10.1210/clinem/dgaa564.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceccato F, Artusi C, Barbot M, et al. Dexamethasone measurement during low-dose suppression test for suspected hypercortisolism: threshold development with and validation. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43(8):1105–1113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceccato F, Boscaro M. Cushing's syndrome: screening and diagnosis. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2016 Sep;23(3):209-15. DOI: 10.1007/s40292-016-0153-4. Epub 2016 May 9. PMID: 27160717.
   Google Scholar
• Zeiger MA, Thompson GB, Duh QY, et al. American association of clinical endocrinologists and American association of endocrine surgeons medical guidelines for the management of adrenal incidentalomas: executive summary of recommendations. Endocr Pract. 2009. DOI:10.4158/EP.15.5.450.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieman LK, Biller BMK, Findling JW, et al. The diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(5):1526–1540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debono M, Bradburn M, Bull M, et al. Cortisol as a marker for increased mortality in patients with incidental adrenocortical adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(12):4462–4470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Dalmazi G, Vicennati V, Garelli S, et al. Cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with adrenal incidentalomas that are either non-secreting or associated with intermediate phenotype or subclinical Cushing’s syndrome: a 15-year retrospective study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(5):396–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Androulakis II, Kaltsas GA, Kollias GE, et al. Patients with apparently nonfunctioning adrenal incidentalomas may be at increased cardiovascular risk due to excessive cortisol secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(8):2754–2762. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hempen C, Elfering S, Mulder AHL, et al. Dexamethasone suppression test: development of a method for simultaneous determination of cortisol and dexamethasone in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Ann Clin Biochem. 2012;49(2):170–176.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hawley JM, Owen LJ, Lockhart SJ, et al. Serum cortisol: an up-to-date assessment of routine assay performance. Clin Chem. 2016;62(9):1220–1229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Farhan N, Rees DA, Evans C. Measuring cortisol in serum, urine and saliva - are our assays good enough? Ann Clin Biochem. 2017;54(3):308–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein SR, Allolio B, Arlt W, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of primary adrenal insufficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(2):364–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleseriu M, Hashim I, Karavitaki N, et al. Hormonal replacement in hypopituitarism in adults: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(11):3888–3921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceccato F, Antonelli G, Barbot M, et al. The diagnostic performance of urinary free cortisol is better than the cortisol: cortisone ratio in detecting de novo Cushing’s Syndrome: the use of a LC-MS/MS method in routine clinical practice. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;171(1):1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scaroni C, Albiger NM, Palmieri S, et al. Approach to patients with pseudo-Cushing’s states. Endocr Connect. 2020;9(1):R1–R13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceccato F, Lizzul L, Barbot M, et al. Pituitary-adrenal axis and peripheral cortisol metabolism in obese patients. Endocrine. 2020;69(2):386–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceccato F, Barbot M, Albiger N, et al. Daily salivary cortisol and cortisone rhythm in patients with adrenal incidentaloma. Endocrine. 2018;59(3):510–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masserini B, Morelli V, Bergamaschi S, et al. The limited role of midnight salivary cortisol levels in the diagnosis of subclinical hypercortisolism in patients with adrenal incidentaloma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009;160(1):87–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmieri S, Morelli V, Polledri E, et al. The role of salivary cortisol measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in the diagnosis of subclinical hypercortisolism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2013;168(3):289. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tirabassi G, Boscaro M, Arnaldi G. Harmful effects of functional hypercortisolism: a working hypothesis. Endocrine. 2014;46(3):370–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasquali R, Vicennati V, Cacciari M, et al. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1083(1):111–128.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fassnacht M, Assie G, Baudin E, et al. Adrenocortical carcinomas and malignant phaeochromocytomas: ESMO–EURACAN Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up†. Ann Oncol. 2020;31(11):1476–1490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fanelli F, Di Dalmazi G. Serum steroid profiling by mass spectrometry in adrenocortical tumors: diagnostic implications. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2019;26(3):160–165.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arlt W, Biehl M, Taylor AE, et al. Urine steroid metabolomics as a biomarker tool for detecting malignancy in adrenal tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(12):3775–3784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barzon L, Sonino N, Fallo F, et al. Prevalence and natural history of adrenal incidentalomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003;149(4):273–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funder JW, Carey RM, Mantero F, et al. The management of primary aldosteronism: case detection, diagnosis, and treatment: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(5):1889–1916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi GP, Ceolotto G, Rossitto G, et al. Effects of mineralocorticoid and AT1 receptor antagonism on the aldosterone-renin ratio in primary aldosteronism-the EMIRA study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(6):2060–2067.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morera J, Reznik Y. The role of confirmatory tests in the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2019;180(2):R45–R58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fallo F, Barzon L, Boscaro M, et al. Coexistence of aldosteronoma and contralateral nonfunctioning adrenal adenoma in primary aldosteronism. Am J Hypertens. 1997;10(4):476–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarlon-Bartoli G, Michel N, Taieb D, et al. Adrenal venous sampling is crucial before an adrenalectomy whatever the adrenal-nodule size on computed tomography. J Hypertens. 2011;29(6):1196–1202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parasiliti-Caprino M, Bioletto F, Ceccato F, et al. The diagnostic accuracy of adjusted unconventional indices for adrenal vein sampling in the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism subtypes. J Hypertens. 2020 November;38(9):1841–1848. .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sherlock M, Scarsbrook A, Abbas A, et al. Adrenal Incidentaloma. Presented at the: December 2020. doi:10.1210/endrev/bnaa008
   Google Scholar
• Haissaguerre M, Courel M, Caron P, et al. Normotensive incidentally discovered pheochromocytomas display specific biochemical, cellular, and molecular characteristics. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(11):4346–4354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenders JWM, Eisenhofer G, Mannelli M, et al. Phaeochromocytoma. Lancet (London, England). 2005;3669486:665–675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannelli M, Ianni L, Cilotti A, et al. Pheochromocytoma in Italy: a multicentric retrospective study. Eur J Endocrinol. 1999;141(6):619–624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopetschke R, Slisko M, Kilisli A, et al. Frequent incidental discovery of phaeochromocytoma: data from a German cohort of 201 phaeochromocytoma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009;161(2):355–361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falhammar H, Kjellman M, Calissendorff J. Initial clinical presentation and spectrum of pheochromocytoma: a study of 94 cases from a single center. Endocr Connect. 2018;7(1):186–192. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenders JWM, Duh Q-Y, Eisenhofer G, et al. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(6):1915–1942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oshmyansky AR, Mahammedi A, Dackiw A, et al. Serendipity in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2013;37(5):820–823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenhofer G, Pacak K, Huynh TT, et al. Catecholamine metabolomic and secretory phenotypes in phaeochromocytoma. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2011;18(1):97–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenhofer G, Lattke P, Herberg M, et al. Reference intervals for plasma free metanephrines with an age adjustment for normetanephrine for optimized laboratory testing of phaeochromocytoma. Ann Clin Biochem. 2013;50(1):62–69. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenhofer G, Goldstein DS, Walther MM, et al. Biochemical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma: how to distinguish true- from false-positive test results. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(6):2656–2666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebbehoj A, Li D, Kaur RJ, et al. Epidemiology of adrenal tumours in Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA: a population-based cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(11):894–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang F, Liu J, Zhang R, et al. CT and MRI of adrenal gland pathologies. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2018;8(8):853–875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Broek J, Geenen R, Heijnen L, et al. Adrenal Incidentalomas during diagnostic work-up of colorectal cancer patients: what is the risk of metastases? Ann Surg Oncol. 2018;25(7):1986–1991. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bancos I, Tamhane S, Shah M, et al. Diagnosis of endocrine disease: the diagnostic performance of adrenal biopsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016;175(2):R65–R80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams AR, Hammer GD, Else T. Transcutaneous biopsy of adrenocortical carcinoma is rarely helpful in diagnosis, potentially harmful, but does not affect patient outcome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;170(6):829–835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boland GWL, Lee MJ, Gazelle GS, et al. Characterization of adrenal masses using unenhanced CT: an analysis of the CT literature. Am J Roentgenol. 1998;171(1):201–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pena CS, Boland GWL, Hahn PF, et al. Characterization of indeterminate (lipid-poor) adrenal masses: use of washout characteristics at contrast-enhanced CT. Radiology. 2000;217(3):798–802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambre C, McMurray E, Baudry C, et al. The 10 Hounsfield units unenhanced computed tomography attenuation threshold does not apply to cortisol secreting adrenocortical adenomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;173(3):325–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canu L, Van Hemert JAW, Kerstens MN, et al. CT Characteristics of Pheochromocytoma: relevance for the Evaluation of Adrenal Incidentaloma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(2):312–318. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speiser PW, Azziz R, Baskin LS, et al. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(9):4133–4160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buitenwerf E, Links TP, Kema IP, et al. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia as a cause of adrenal incidentaloma. Neth J Med. 2017;75(7):298–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaresch S, Kornely E, Kley HK, et al. Adrenal incidentaloma and patients with homozygous or heterozygous congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992;74(3):685–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schieda N, Siegelman ES. Update on CT and MRI of adrenal nodules. Am J Roentgenol. 2017;208(6):1206–1217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fassnacht M, Kenn W, Allolio B. Adrenal tumors: how to establish malignancy? J Endocrinol Invest. 2004;27(4):387–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake MA, Kalra MK, Maher MM, et al. Pheochromocytoma: an imaging chameleon. Radiographics. 2004;24(Suppl 1):S87–99.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yun M, Kim W, Alnafisi N, et al. 18F-FDG PET in characterizing adrenal lesions detected on CT or MRI. J Nucl Med. 2001;42(12):1795–1799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SJ, Lee SW, Pak K, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of 18F-FDG PET or PET/CT for the characterization of adrenal masses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Radiol. 2018. DOI:10.1259/bjr.20170520.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendichovszky I, Powlson A, Manavaki R, et al. Targeted molecular imaging in adrenal disease—an emerging role for metomidate PET-CT. Diagnostics. 2016;6(4):42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennings J, Lindhe O, Bergström M, et al. [11C]metomidate positron emission tomography of adrenocortical tumors in correlation with histopathological findings. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(4):1410–1414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burman P, Falhammar H, Waldenström E, et al. 11C-Metomidate PET/CT Detected Multiple Ectopic Adrenal Rest Tumors in a Woman With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106(2):e675–e679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahner S, Kreissl MC, Fassnacht M, et al. [131I]Iodometomidate for targeted radionuclide therapy of advanced adrenocortical carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(3):914–922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soinio M, Luukkonen A-K, Seppänen M, et al. Functional imaging with 11C-metomidate PET for subtype diagnosis in primary aldosteronism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020;183(6):539–550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barollo S, Bertazza L, Watutantrige-Fernando S, et al. Overexpression of L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) and 2 (LAT2): novel markers of neuroendocrine tumors. PLoS One. 2016;11(5):e0156044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taïeb D, Pacak K. Molecular imaging and theranostic approaches in pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Cell Tissue Res. 2018;372(2):393–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmers HJLM, Chen CC, Carrasquillo JA, et al. Comparison of 18F-fluoro-L-DOPA, 18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose, and 18F-fluorodopamine PET and 123I-MIBG scintigraphy in the localization of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(12):4757–4767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papierska L, Cichocki A, Sankowski AJ, et al. Adrenal incidentaloma imaging - The first steps in therapeutic management. Polish J Radiol. 2013. DOI:10.12659/PJR.889541
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang CA, Pattison DA, Tothill RW, et al. 68Ga-DOTATATE and 18F-FDG PET/CT in paraganglioma and pheochromocytoma: utility, patterns and heterogeneity. Cancer Imaging. 2016;16(1). DOI:10.1186/s40644-016-0084-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ceccato F, Cecchin D, Gregianin M, et al. The role of 68Ga-DOTA derivatives PET-CT in patients with ectopic ACTH syndrome. Endocr Connect. 2020 March;9(4):337–345. .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Leo A, Mosconi C, Zavatta G, et al. Radiologically defined lipid-poor adrenal adenomas: histopathological characteristics. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43(9):1197–1204. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantalone KM, Gopan T, Remer EM, et al. Change in adrenal mass size as a predictor of a malignant tumor. Endocr Pract. 2010;16(4):577–587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sbardella E, Minnetti M, D’Aluisio D, et al. Cardiovascular features of possible autonomous cortisol secretion in patients with adrenal incidentalomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 2018;178(5):501–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scaroni C, Zilio M, Foti M, et al. Glucose metabolism abnormalities in Cushing syndrome: from molecular basis to clinical management. Endocr Rev. 2017;38(3):189–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Dalmazi G, Fanelli F, Mezzullo M, et al. Steroid profiling by LC-MS/MS in nonsecreting and subclinical cortisol-secreting adrenocortical adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(9):3529–3538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiodini I, Morelli V, Salcuni AS, et al. Beneficial metabolic effects of prompt surgical treatment in patients with an adrenal incidentaloma causing biochemical hypercortisolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(6):2736–2745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toniato A, Merante-Boschin I, Opocher G, et al. Surgical versus conservative management for subclinical Cushing syndrome in adrenal incidentalomas: a prospective randomized study. Ann Surg. 2009;249(3):388. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park J, De Luca A, Dutton H, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes in autonomous cortisol secretion and nonfunctioning adrenal adenoma: a systematic review. J Endocr Soc. 2019;3(5):996–1008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrova J, Kjellman M, Wahrenberg H, et al. Increased mortality in patients with adrenal incidentalomas and autonomous cortisol secretion: a 13-year retrospective study from one center. Endocrine. 2017;58(2):267–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi R, Tauchmanova L, Luciano A, et al. Subclinical Cushing’s syndrome in patients with adrenal incidentaloma: clinical and biochemical features. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000. DOI:10.1210/jc.85.4.1440.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torlontano M, Chiodini I, Pileri M, et al. Altered bone mass and turnover in female patients with adrenal incidentaloma: the effect of subclinical hypercortisolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84(7):2381–2385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnaldi G, Mancini T, Polenta B, et al. Cardiovascular risk in Cushing’s syndrome. Pituitary. 2004;7(4):253–256.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nieman LK, Biller BMK, Findling JW, et al. Treatment of Cushing’s Syndrome: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(8):2807–2831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puglisi S, Perotti P, Barbot M, et al. Preoperative treatment with metyrapone in patients with cushing’s syndrome due to adrenal adenoma: a pilot prospective study. Endocr Connect. 2018;7(11):1227–1235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zilio M, Mazzai L, Sartori MT, et al. A venous thromboembolism risk assessment model for patients with Cushing’s syndrome. Endocrine. 2016;52(2):322–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Świątkowska-Stodulska R, Skibowska-Bielińska A, Wiśniewski P, et al. Activity of selected coagulation factors in overt and subclinical hypercortisolism. Endocr J. 2015;62(8):687–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koutroumpi S, Spiezia L, Albiger N, et al. Thrombin generation in Cushing’s Syndrome: do the conventional clotting indices tell the whole truth? Pituitary. 2014;17(1):68–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbot M, Ceccato F, Lizzul L, et al. Perioperative multidisciplinary management of endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for sellar lesions: practical suggestions from the Padova model. Neurosurg Rev. 2019;1–8. DOI:10.1007/s10143-019-01132-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alesina PF, Hommeltenberg S, Meier B, et al. Posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy for clinical and subclinical Cushing’s syndrome. World J Surg. 2010;34(6):1391–1397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Dalmazi G, Berr CM, Fassnacht M, et al. Adrenal Function After Adrenalectomy for Subclinical Hypercortisolism and Cushing’s Syndrome: a Systematic Review of the Literature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(8):2637–2645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morelli V, Minelli L, Eller-Vainicher C, et al. Predictability of hypoadrenalism occurrence and duration after adrenalectomy for ACTH-independent hypercortisolism. J Endocrinol Invest. 2018;41(4):485–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi SH, Kwon TG, Kim T-H. Active potassium supplementation might be mandatory during laparoscopic adrenalectomy for primary hyperaldosteronism. J Endourol. 2012;26(6):666–669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suurd DPD, Vorselaars WMCM, Van Beek D-J, et al. Trends in blood pressure-related outcomes after adrenalectomy in patients with primary aldosteronism: a systematic review. Am J Surg. 2020 Dec 3;S0002-9610(20)30781-9. DOI:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.12.003. PMID: 33298320.
   Google Scholar
• Schreiner F, Anand G, Beuschlein F. Perioperative management of endocrine active adrenal tumors. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2019;127(2/3):137–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams TA, Lenders JWM, Mulatero P, et al. Outcomes after adrenalectomy for unilateral primary aldosteronism: an international consensus on outcome measures and analysis of remission rates in an international cohort. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(9):689–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arlt W, Lang K, Sitch AJ, et al. Steroid metabolome analysis reveals prevalent glucocorticoid excess in primary aldosteronism. JCI Insight. 2017;2(8):8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer E, Hanslik G, Pallauf A, et al. Prolonged zona glomerulosa insufficiency causing hyperkalemia in primary aldosteronism after adrenalectomy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(11):3965–3973.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weismann D, Fassnacht M, Weinberger F, et al. Intraoperative haemodynamic stability in patients with phaeochromocytoma - Minimally invasive vs conventional open surgery. Clin Endocrinol. 2006;65(3):352–358. (Oxf).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naranjo J, Dodd S, Martin YN. Perioperative management of pheochromocytoma. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2017;31(4):1427–1439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingstone M, Duttchen K, Thompson J, et al. Hemodynamic stability during pheochromocytoma resection: lessons learned over the last two decades. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015;22(13):4175–4180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers S, Donald RA, Espiner EA, et al. Hypoglycaemia following removal of phaeochromocytoma: case report and review of the literature. Postgrad Med J. 1982. doi:10.1136/pgmj.58.682.503
   Google Scholar
• Iacobone M, Citton M, Viel G, et al. Surgical approaches in hereditary endocrine tumors. Updates Surg. 2017;69(2):181–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berends AMA, Kerstens MN, Lenders JWM, et al. Approach to the patient: perioperative management of the patient with pheochromocytoma or sympathetic paraganglioma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(9):3088–3102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb BW, Brown KF, Nagpal K, et al. Quality of care management decisions by multidisciplinary cancer teams: a systematic review. Ann Surg Oncol. 2011;18(8):2116–2125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casanueva FF, Barkan AL, Buchfelder M, et al. Criteria for the definition of Pituitary Tumor Centers of Excellence (PTCOE): a Pituitary Society Statement. Pituitary. 2017;20(5):489–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong NJL, Wright FC, Gagliardi AR, et al. Examining the potential relationship between multidisciplinary cancer care and patient survival: an international literature review. J Surg Oncol. 2010;102(2):125–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesson EM, Allardice GM, George WD, et al. Effects of multidisciplinary team working on breast cancer survival: retrospective, comparative, interventional cohort study of 13 722 women. BMJ. 2012;344(apr26 1):e2718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuoka H, Shigemura K, Kanzawa M, et al. The impact of adrenal tumor multidisciplinary team meetings on clinical outcomes. Endocrine. 2020;69(3):519–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morelli V, Scillitani A, Arosio M, et al. Follow-up of patients with adrenal incidentaloma, in accordance with the European society of endocrinology guidelines: could we be safe? J Endocrinol Invest. 2017;40(3):331–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caccese M, Ceccato F, Fassan M, et al. Letter to Editor: reply to R.T. Casey (Semin Oncol. 2018 Jun;45(3):151-155). Semin Oncol. 2019;46(1):104–105.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar