Risks vs. benefits of switching therapy in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis

References

• Johnston CB, Dagar M. Osteoporosis in Older Adults. Med Clin North Am. 2020 Sep;104(5):873–884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anthamatten A, Parish A. Clinical Update on Osteoporosis. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2019 May;64(3):265–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compston JE, McClung MR, Leslie WD. Osteoporosis. Lancet. 2019;393(10169):364–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez AV, Perez-Lopez FR, Piscoya A, et al. Comparative efficacy of bone anabolic therapies in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Maturitas. 2019 Nov;129:12–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosman F, Dempster DW. Anabolic Agents for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: how Do You Choose? Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2021 Apr;19(2):189–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan F, Peng W, Yang C, et al. Teriparatide versus bisphosphonates for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: a meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2019 Jun;66:1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anastasilakis AD, Polyzos SA, Makras P. THERAPY OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: denosumab vs bisphosphonates for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2018 Jul;179(1):R31–R45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosman F. Long-term treatment strategies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2018 Jul;30(4):420–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deeks ED. Denosumab: a Review in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Drugs Aging. 2018 Feb;35(2):163–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yavropoulou MP, Makras P, Anastasilakis AD. Bazedoxifene for the treatment of osteoporosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2019 Jul;20(10):1201–1210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anagnostis P, Paschou SA, Mintziori G, et al. Drug holidays from bisphosphonates and denosumab in postmenopausal osteoporosis: EMAS position statement. Maturitas. 2017 Jul;101:23–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leder BZ. Optimizing Sequential and Combined Anabolic and Antiresorptive Osteoporosis Therapy. JBMR Plus. 2018 Mar 2;2(2):62–68.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adler RA Atypical Femoral Fractures: risks and benefits of long term treatment of osteoporosis with anti- resorptive therapy. 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Bone HG, Wagman RB, Brandi ML, et al. 10 years of denosumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from the phase 3 randomised FREEDOM trial and open-label extension. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(7):513–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto T, Endo I. RANKL as a target for the treatment of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Metab. 2021 Jan;39(1):91–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anastasilakis AD, Makras P, Yavropoulou MP, et al. Denosumab Discontinuation and the Rebound Phenomenon: a Narrative Review. J Clin Med. 2021 Jan 4;10(1):1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bone HG, Bolognese MA, Yuen CK, et al. Effects of denosumab treatment and discontinuation on bone mineral density and bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women with low bone mass. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Apr;96(4):972–980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewiecki EM. New and emerging concepts in the use of denosumab for the treatment of osteoporosis. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2018 Nov;10(11):209–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsourdi E, Langdahl B, Cohen-Solal M, et al. Discontinuation of Denosumab therapy for osteoporosis: a systematic review and position statement by ECTS. Bone. 2017 Dec;105:11–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freemantle N, Cooper C, Diez-Perez A, et al. Results of indirect and mixed treatment comparison of fracture efficacy for osteoporosis treatments: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2013 Jan;24(1):209–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Macias J, Del Pino-Montes J, Olmos JM, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for posmenopausal, glucocorticoid-induced and male osteoporosis. spanish society for research on bone and mineral metabolism (3rd updated version 2014). Rev Clin Esp. 2015 Dec;215(9):515–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin-Merino E, Huerta-Alvarez C, Prieto-Alhambra D, et al. Cessation rate of anti-osteoporosis treatments and risk factors in Spanish primary care settings: a population-based cohort analysis. Arch Osteoporos. 2017 Dec;12(1):39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyes C, Tebe C, Martinez-Laguna D, et al. One and two-year persistence with different anti-osteoporosis medications: a retrospective cohort study. Osteoporos Int. 2017 Oct;28(10):2997–3004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usui T, Funagoshi M, Seto K, et al. Persistence of and switches from teriparatide treatment among women and men with osteoporosis in the real world: a claims database analysis. Arch Osteoporos. 2018 May 3;13(1):54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes KN, He N, Brown KA, et al. Over half of seniors who start oral bisphosphonate therapy are exposed for 3 or more years: novel rolling window approach and patterns of use. Osteoporos Int. 2021 Jan;32(7):1413–1420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorentzon M. Treating osteoporosis to prevent fractures: current concepts and future developments. J Intern Med. 2019 Apr;285(4):381–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guanabens N, Moro-Alvarez MJ, Casado E, et al. The next step after anti-osteoporotic drug discontinuation: an up-to-date review of sequential treatment. Endocrine. 2019 Jun;64(3):441–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell RG. Bisphosphonates: the first 40 years. Bone. 2011 Jul;49(1):2–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black DM, Schwartz AV, Ensrud KE, et al. Effects of continuing or stopping alendronate after 5 years of treatment: the Fracture Intervention Trial Long-term Extension (FLEX): a randomized trial. JAMA. 2006 Dec 27;296(24):2927–2938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosman F, Cauley JA, Eastell R, et al. Reassessment of fracture risk in women after 3 years of treatment with zoledronic acid: when is it reasonable to discontinue treatment? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Dec;99(12):4546–4554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naylor KE, Bradburn M, Paggiosi MA, et al. Effects of discontinuing oral bisphosphonate treatments for postmenopausal osteoporosis on bone turnover markers and bone density. Osteoporos Int. 2018 Jun;29(6):1407–1417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu Y, Huang Z, Wang Y, et al. The efficacy and safety of denosumab in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis previously treated with bisphosphonates: a review. J Orthop Translat. 2020 May;22:7–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyoshi A, Kameda H, Nagai S, et al. Beneficial effects of switching to denosumab from bisphosphonates or selective estrogen receptor modulators in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes and osteopenia/osteoporosis. J Diabetes Investig. 2021 Jul;12(7):1293–1300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi M, Sawada K, Yoshimura A, et al. Clinical effects of switching from minodronate to denosumab treatment in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a retrospective study. BMC Womens Health. 2020 Mar 5;20(1):48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendler DL, Roux C, Benhamou CL, et al. Effects of denosumab on bone mineral density and bone turnover in postmenopausal women transitioning from alendronate therapy. J Bone Miner Res. 2010 Jan;25(1):72–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller PD, Pannacciulli N, Brown JP, et al. Denosumab or zoledronic acid in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis previously treated with oral bisphosphonates. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Aug;101(8):3163–3170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freemantle N, Satram-Hoang S, Tang ET, et al. Final results of the DAPS (Denosumab Adherence Preference Satisfaction) study: a 24-month, randomized, crossover comparison with alendronate in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2012 Jan;23(1):317–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura Y, Shimizu T, Asano T, et al. Short-term efficacy and safety of zoledronate acid or denosumab in Japanese patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Metab. 2021 Apr;5:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Anastasilakis AD, Polyzos SA, Efstathiadou ZA, et al. Denosumab in treatment-naive and pre-treated with zoledronic acid postmenopausal women with low bone mass: effect on bone mineral density and bone turnover markers. Metabolism. 2015 Oct;64(10):1291–1297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarom N, Lazarovici TS, Whitefield S, et al. Rapid onset of osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients switching from bisphosphonates to denosumab. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2018 Jan;125(1):27–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyu H, Zhao SS, Yoshida K, et al. Comparison of teriparatide and denosumab in patients switching from long-term bisphosphonate use. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Nov 1;104(11):5611–5620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langdahl BL, Libanati C, Crittenden DB, et al. Romosozumab (sclerostin monoclonal antibody) versus teriparatide in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis transitioning from oral bisphosphonate therapy: a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2017;390(10102):1585–1594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimizu T, Arita K, Murota E, et al. Effects after starting or switching from bisphosphonate to romosozumab or denosumab in Japanese postmenopausal patients. J Bone Miner Metab. 2021 Apr;13:1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tominaga A, Wada K, Okazaki K, et al. Early clinical effects, safety, and predictors of the effects of romosozumab treatment in osteoporosis patients: one-year study. Osteoporos Int. 2021 Mar;26:1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebina K, Hirao M, Tsuboi H, et al. Effects of prior osteoporosis treatment on early treatment response of romosozumab in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone. 2020 Nov;140:115574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takada J, Dinavahi R, Miyauchi A, et al. Relationship between P1NP, a biochemical marker of bone turnover, and bone mineral density in patients transitioned from alendronate to romosozumab or teriparatide: a post hoc analysis of the STRUCTURE trial. J Bone Miner Metab. 2020 May;38(3):310–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagino H, Tanaka K, Silverman S, et al. Cost effectiveness of romosozumab versus teriparatide for severe postmenopausal osteoporosis in Japan. Osteoporos Int. 2021 Mar;27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gennari L, Merlotti D, Nuti R. Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: focus on lasofoxifene. Clin Interv Aging. 2010 Feb 2;5:19–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ettinger B, Black DM, Mitlak BH, et al. Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Investigators. JAMA 1999 Aug 18;282(7):637–645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delmas PD, Ensrud KE, Adachi JD, et al. Efficacy of raloxifene on vertebral fracture risk reduction in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: four-year results from a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Aug;87(8):3609–3617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siris ES, Harris ST, Eastell R, et al. Skeletal effects of raloxifene after 8 years: results from the continuing outcomes relevant to Evista (CORE) study. J Bone Miner Res. 2005 Sep;20(9):1514–1524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman SL, Christiansen C, Genant HK, et al. Efficacy of bazedoxifene in reducing new vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from a 3-year, randomized, placebo-, and active-controlled clinical trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2008 Dec;23(12):1923–1934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordstrom BL, Cai B, De Gregorio F, et al. Incidence of venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women prescribed ospemifene, selective estrogen receptor modulators for noncancer indications, or untreated vulvar and vaginal atrophy. Menopause. 2020 Aug;27(8):864–871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ettinger B, Grady D. The waning effect of postmenopausal estrogen therapy on osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 1993 Oct 14;329(16):1192–1193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenspan SL, Emkey RD, Bone HG, et al. Significant differential effects of alendronate, estrogen, or combination therapy on the rate of bone loss after discontinuation of treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosisA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2002 Dec 3;137(11):875–883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ascott-Evans BH, Guanabens N, Kivinen S, et al. Alendronate prevents loss of bone density associated with discontinuation of hormone replacement therapy: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Apr 14;163(7):789–794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosman F, Keaveny TM, Kopperdahl D, et al. Hip and spine strength effects of adding versus switching to teriparatide in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with prior alendronate or raloxifene. J Bone Miner Res. 2013 Jun;28(6):1328–1336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosman F, Wermers RA, Recknor C, et al. Effects of teriparatide in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis on prior alendronate or raloxifene: differences between stopping and continuing the antiresorptive agent. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Oct;94(10):3772–3780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakatoh S. Bone turnover rate and bone formation/resorption balance during the early stage after switching from a bone resorption inhibitor to denosumab are predictive factors of bone mineral density change. Osteoporos Sarcopenia. 2017 3;3(1):45–52.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silva BC, Costa AG, Cusano NE, et al. Catabolic and anabolic actions of parathyroid hormone on the skeleton. J Endocrinol Invest. 2011 Nov;34(10):801–810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leder BZ, Hormone P. Parathyroid hormone-related protein analogs in osteoporosis therapy. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2017 Apr;15(2):110–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dempster DW, Cosman F, Zhou H, et al. Effects of daily or cyclic teriparatide on bone formation in the iliac crest in women on no prior therapy and in women on alendronate. J Bone Miner Res. 2016 Aug;31(8):1518–1526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosman F, Nieves JW, Dempster DW. Treatment sequence matters: anabolic and antiresorptive therapy for osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2017 Feb;32(2):198–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahata M, Awad HA, O’Keefe RJ, et al. Endogenous tissue engineering: PTH therapy for skeletal repair. Cell Tissue Res. 2012 Mar;347(3):545–552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aspenberg P, Genant HK, Johansson T, et al. Teriparatide for acceleration of fracture repair in humans: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study of 102 postmenopausal women with distal radial fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2010 Feb;25(2):404–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oteo-Alvaro A, Moreno E. Atrophic humeral shaft nonunion treated with teriparatide (rh PTH 1–34): a case report. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2010 Oct;19(7):e22–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ohtori S, Inoue G, Orita S, et al. Teriparatide accelerates lumbar posterolateral fusion in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: prospective study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2012 Nov 1;37(23):E1464–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugimoto T, Shiraki M, Nakano T, et al. Vertebral fracture risk after once-weekly teriparatide injections: follow-up study of Teriparatide Once-Weekly Efficacy Research (TOWER) trial. Curr Med Res Opin. 2013 Mar;29(3):195–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leder BZ, Tsai JN, Uihlein AV, et al. Denosumab and teriparatide transitions in postmenopausal osteoporosis (the DATA-Switch study): extension of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;386(9999):1147–1155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leder BZ, Tsai JN, Jiang LA, et al. Importance of prompt antiresorptive therapy in postmenopausal women discontinuing teriparatide or denosumab: the denosumab and teriparatide follow-up study (DATA-Follow-up). Bone. 2017 May;98:54–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niimi R, Kono T, Nishihara A, et al. Efficacy of switching from teriparatide to bisphosphonate or denosumab: a prospective, randomized, open-label trial. JBMR Plus. 2018 Sep;2(5):289–294.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park CH, Yoo J-I, Choi CH, et al. The impact of sequential therapy from short-term teriparatide to denosumab compared with denosumab alone in patients with osteoporotic hip fracture: a 1-year follow-up study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020 Nov 14;21(1):751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyagi M, Fujimaki H, Naruse K, et al. The impact of switching once-weekly teriparatide to denosumab in osteoporosis patients. J Orthop Sci. 2019 Jan;24(1):153–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebina K, Hashimoto J, Kashii M, et al. The effects of switching daily teriparatide to oral bisphosphonates or denosumab in patients with primary osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Metab. 2017 Jan;35(1):91–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanley DA, Adachi JD, Bell A, et al. Denosumab: mechanism of action and clinical outcomes. Int J Clin Pract. 2012 Dec;66(12):1139–1146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DW D, Cl L, PJ K, et al. Role of RANK ligand and denosumab, a targeted RANK ligand inhibitor, in bone health and osteoporosis: a review of preclinical and clinical data. Clin Ther. 2012 Mar;34(3):521–536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavalli L, Brandi ML. Targeted approaches in the treatment of osteoporosis: differential mechanism of action of denosumab and clinical utility. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2012;8:253–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boquete-Castro A, Gómez-Moreno G, Calvo-Guirado JL, et al. Denosumab and osteonecrosis of the jaw. A systematic analysis of events reported in clinical trials. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2016 Mar;27(3):367–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan AA, Morrison A, Kendler DL, et al. Case-based review of osteonecrosis of the jaw (onj) and application of the international recommendations for management from the international task force on ONJ. J Clin Densitom. 2017 Jan-Mar;20(1):8–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings SR, San Martin J, McClung MR, et al. Denosumab for prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2009 Aug 20;361(8):756–765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyu H, Yoshida K, Zhao SS, et al. Delayed denosumab injections and fracture risk among patients with osteoporosis: a population-based cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2020 Oct 6;173(7):516–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings SR, Ferrari S, Eastell R, et al. Vertebral fractures after discontinuation of denosumab: a post hoc analysis of the randomized placebo-controlled FREEDOM Trial and Its Extension. J Bone Miner Res. 2018 Feb;33(2):190–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popp AW, Varathan N, Buffat H, et al. Bone mineral density changes after 1 year of denosumab discontinuation in postmenopausal women with long-term denosumab treatment for osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int. 2018 Jul;103(1):50–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anastasilakis AD, Polyzos SA, Makras P, et al. clinical features of 24 patients with rebound-associated vertebral fractures after denosumab discontinuation: systematic review and additional cases. J Bone Miner Res. 2017 Jun;32(6):1291–1296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anastasilakis AD, Yavropoulou MP, Makras P, et al. Increased osteoclastogenesis in patients with vertebral fractures following discontinuation of denosumab treatment. Eur J Endocrinol. 2017 Jun;176(6):677–683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClung MR, Wagman RB, Miller PD, et al. Observations following discontinuation of long-term denosumab therapy. Osteoporos Int. 2017 May;28(5):1723–1732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendler D, Chines A, Clark P, et al. Bone mineral density after transitioning from denosumab to alendronate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Mar 1;105(3):3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laroche M, Couture G, Ruyssen-Witrand A, et al. Effect of risedronate on bone loss at discontinuation of denosumab. Bone Rep. 2020 Dec;13:100290.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reid IR, Horne AM, Mihov B, et al. Bone loss after denosumab: only partial protection with zoledronate. Calcif Tissue Int. 2017 Oct;101(4):371–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anastasilakis AD, Papapoulos SE, Polyzos SA, et al. Zoledronate for the prevention of bone loss in women discontinuing denosumab treatment a prospective 2-year clinical trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2019 Dec;34(12):2220–2228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everts-Graber J, Reichenbach S, Ziswiler HR, et al. A single infusion of zoledronate in postmenopausal women following denosumab discontinuation results in partial conservation of bone mass gains. J Bone Miner Res. 2020 Jul;35(7):1207–1215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everts-Graber J, Reichenbach S, Gahl B, et al. Risk factors for vertebral fractures and bone loss after denosumab discontinuation: a real-world observational study. Bone. 2021 Mar;144:115830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann T, Aeberli D. Possible protective effect of switching from denosumab to zoledronic acid on vertebral fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2017 Oct;28(10):3067–3068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondo H, Okimoto N, Yoshioka T, et al. Zoledronic acid sequential therapy could avoid disadvantages due to the discontinuation of less than 3-year denosumab treatment. J Bone Miner Metab. 2020 Nov;38(6):894–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makras P, Papapoulos SE, Polyzos SA, et al. The three-year effect of a single zoledronate infusion on bone mineral density and bone turnover markers following denosumab discontinuation in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone. 2020 Sep;138:115478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebina K, Hashimoto J, Kashii M, et al. Effects of follow-on therapy after denosumab discontinuation in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Mod Rheumatol. 2021 Mar;31(2):485–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Rodriguez E, Stoll D, Lamy O. Raloxifene has no efficacy in reducing the high bone turnover and the risk of spontaneous vertebral fractures after denosumab discontinuation. Case Rep Rheumatol. 2018;2018:5432751.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsai JN, Nishiyama KK, Lin D, et al. Effects of denosumab and teriparatide transitions on bone microarchitecture and estimated Strength: the DATA-Switch HR-pQCT study. J Bone Miner Res. 2017 Oct;32(10):2001–2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai JN, Jiang LA, Lee H, et al. Effects of teriparatide, denosumab, or both on spine trabecular microarchitecture in data-switch: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Densitom. 2017 Oct - Dec;20(4):507–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClung MR, Grauer A, Boonen S, et al. Romosozumab in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density. N Engl J Med. 2014 Jan 30;370(5):412–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padhi D, Jang G, Stouch B, et al. Single-dose, placebo-controlled, randomized study of AMG 785, a sclerostin monoclonal antibody. J Bone Miner Res. 2011 Jan;26(1):19–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishibashi H, Crittenden DB, Miyauchi A, et al. Romosozumab increases bone mineral density in postmenopausal Japanese women with osteoporosis: a phase 2 study. Bone. 2017 Oct;103:209–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosman F, Crittenden DB, Adachi JD, et al. Romosozumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2016 Oct 20;375(16):1532–1543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saag KG, Petersen J, Brandi ML, et al. Romosozumab or alendronate for fracture prevention in women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2017 Oct 12;377(15):1417–1427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russow G, Jahn D, Appelt J, et al. Anabolic therapies in osteoporosis and bone regeneration. Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Dec 26;20(1):1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virk MS, Alaee F, Tang H, et al. Systemic administration of sclerostin antibody enhances bone repair in a critical-sized femoral defect in a rat model. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013 Apr 17;95(8):694–701.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schemitsch EH, Miclau T, Karachalios T, et al. A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study of Romosozumab for the Treatment of Hip Fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2020 Apr 15;102(8):693–702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosman F, Crittenden DB, Ferrari S, et al. FRAME study: the foundation effect of building bone with 1 year of romosozumab leads to continued lower fracture risk after transition to denosumab. J Bone Miner Res. 2018 Jul;33(7):1219–1226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewiecki EM, Dinavahi RV, Lazaretti-Castro M, et al. One year of romosozumab followed by two years of denosumab maintains fracture risk reductions: results of the frame extension study. J Bone Miner Res. 2019 Mar;34(3):419–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyauchi A, Dinavahi RV, Crittenden DB, et al. Increased bone mineral density for 1 year of romosozumab, vs placebo, followed by 2 years of denosumab in the Japanese subgroup of the pivotal FRAME trial and extension. Arch Osteoporos. 2019 Jun 5;14(1):59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyauchi A, Hamaya E, Yang W, et al. Romosozumab followed by denosumab in Japanese women with high fracture risk in the FRAME trial. J Bone Miner Metab. 2021 Mar;39(2):278–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau EMC, Dinavahi R, Woo YC, et al. Romosozumab or alendronate for fracture prevention in East Asian patients: a subanalysis of the phase III, randomized ARCH study. Osteoporos Int. 2020 Apr;31(4):677–685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Söreskog E, Lindberg I, Kanis JA, et al. Cost-effectiveness of romosozumab for the treatment of postmenopausal women with severe osteoporosis at high risk of fracture in Sweden. Osteoporos Int. 2021 Mar;32(3):585–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendler DL, Bone HG, Massari F, et al. Bone mineral density gains with a second 12-month course of romosozumab therapy following placebo or denosumab. Osteoporos Int. 2019 Dec;30(12):2437–2448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClung MR, Bolognese MA, Brown JP, et al. A single dose of zoledronate preserves bone mineral density for up to 2 years after a second course of romosozumab. Osteoporos Int. 2020 Nov;31(11):2231–2241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asano T, Shimizu T, Takahashi D, et al. Potential association with early changes in serum calcium level after starting or switching to denosumab combined with eldecalcitol. J Bone Miner Metab. 2019 Mar;37(2):351–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar