References
- Khan M, Hashim M, King J, et al. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes–global burden of disease and forecasted trends. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2020;10(1):107.
- Juutilainen A, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, et al. Type 2 diabetes as a “coronary heart disease equivalent” an 18-year prospective population-based study in Finnish subjects. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(12):2901–2907.
- Herlitz J, Bång A, Karlson B. Mortality, place and mode of death and reinfarction during a period of 5 years after acute myocardial infarction in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Cardiology. 1996;87(5):423–428.
- Kattoor A, Pothineni N, Palagiri D, et al. Oxidative stress in atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2017;19(11):1–11.
- Antoniades C. ‘Dysfunctional’ adipose tissue in cardiovascular disease: a reprogrammable target or an innocent bystander? Cardiovasc Res. 2017;113(9):997–998.
- Meijer R, De Boer M, Groen M, et al. Insulin‐induced microvascular recruitment in skin and muscle are related and both are associated with whole‐body glucose uptake. Microcirculation. 2012;19(6):494–500.
- Mohammedi K, Woodward M, Marre M, et al. Comparative effects of microvascular and macrovascular disease on the risk of major outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2017;16(1):1–9.
- Haffner S, Cassells H, et al. Hyperglycemia as a cardiovascular risk factor. Am J Med. 2003;115(8):6–11.
- Zeadin M, Petlura C, Werstuck G. Molecular mechanisms linking diabetes to the accelerated development of atherosclerosis. Can J Diabetes. 2013;37(5):345–350.
- Malmberg K, Rydén L, Efendic S, et al. Randomized trial of insulin-glucose infusion followed by subcutaneous insulin treatment in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI study): effects on mortality at 1 year. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;26(1):57–65.
- Sasso FC, Rinaldi L, Lascar N, et al. Role of tight glycemic control during acute coronary syndrome on CV outcome in type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Res. 2018;2018:1–8.
- Marfella R, Sasso FC, Cacciapuoti F, et al. Tight glycemic control may increase regenerative potential of myocardium during acute infarction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(3):933–942.
- Ma P, Han L, Lv Z, et al. In-hospital free fatty acids levels predict the severity of myocardial ischemia of acute coronary syndrome. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2016;16(1):1–7.
- Caturano A, Galiero R, Pafundi PC, et al. Does a strict glycemic control during acute coronary syndrome play a cardioprotective effect? Pathophysiology and clinical evidence. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2021;178:108959.
- Liao CC, Shih CC, Yeh CC, et al. Impact of diabetes on stroke risk and outcomes: two nationwide retrospective cohort studies. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94(52):e2282.
- Beul DS. Stroke in the diabetic patient. Diabetes Care. 1994;17(3):213–219.
- Grundy SM, Benjamin IJ, Burke GL, et al. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 1999;100(10):1134–1146.
- Brenner BM, Cooper ME, De Zeeuw D, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(12):861–869.
- Keane WF, Brenner BM, De Zeeuw D, et al. The risk of developing end-stage renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy: the RENAAL study. Kidney Int. 2003;63(4):1499–1507.
- American Diabetes Association. Nephropathy in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(suppl_1):s79–s83.
- Sasso FC, Pafundi PC, Simeon V, et al. Efficacy and durability of multifactorial intervention on mortality and MACEs: a randomized clinical trial in type-2 diabetic kidney disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20(1):1–12.
- Wanner C, Inzucchi SE, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin and progression of kidney disease in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(4):323–334.
- Bai J, Ding X, Du X, et al. Diabetes is associated with increased risk of venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Res. 2015;135(1):90–95.
- Beckman JA, Creager MA, Libby P. Diabetes and atherosclerosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. Jama. 2002;287(19):2570–2581.
- Dunlay SM, Givertz MM, Aguilar D, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart failure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the heart failure society of America: this statement does not represent an update of the 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA heart failure guideline update. Circulation. 2019;140(7):e294–e324.
- Brooks BA, Franjic B, Ban CR, et al. Diastolic dysfunction and abnormalities of the microcirculation in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2008;10(9):739–746.
- Devereux RB, Roman MJ, Paranicas M, et al. Impact of diabetes on cardiac structure and function: the strong heart study. Circulation. 2000;101(19):2271–2276.
- Kannel WB, McGee DL. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease.The Framingham study. JAMA. 1979;241:2035–2038.
- Shimizu I, Minamino T, Toko H, et al. Excessive cardiac insulin signaling exacerbates systolic dysfunction induced by pressure overload in rodents. J Clin Invest. 2010;120(5):1506–1514.
- Lehrke M, Marx N. Diabetes mellitus and heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2017;120(1):S37–S47.
- Huxley RR, Filion KB, Konety S, et al. Meta-analysis of cohort and case–control studies of type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108(1):56–62.
- Packer M. Heart failure: the most important, preventable, and treatable cardiovascular complication of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(1):11–13.
- Sanchez-Rangel E, Inzucchi SE. Metformin: clinical use in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2017;60(9):1586–1593.
- Anabtawi A, and Miles JM. Metformin: nonglycemic effects and potential novel indications. Endocr Pract. 2016;22(8):999–1007.
- Zhang CS, Li M, Ma T, et al. Metformin activates AMPK through the lysosomal pathway. Cell Metab. 2016;24(4):521–522.
- Zhou G, Myers R, Li Y, et al. Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mechanism of metformin action. J Clin Invest. 2001;108(8):1167–1174.
- Holst JJ, Christensen M, Lund A, et al. Regulation of glucagon secretion by incretins. Diabetes Obesity Metab. 2011;13:89–94.
- Marso SP, Daniels GH, and Brown-Frandsen K, et al. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(4):311–322.
- Crowley MJ, McGuire DK, Alexopoulos A, et al. Effects of liraglutide on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes patients with and without baseline metformin use: post hoc analyses of the LEADER trial. Diabetes Care. 2016;43(9):e108–e110.
- Zinman B, Wanner C, and Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(22):2117–2128.
- McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, and Inzucchi SE. DAPA-HF. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(21):1995–2008.
- Packer M, Anker SD, Butler J, et al. Effect of empagliflozin on the clinical stability of patients with heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction: the EMPEROR-Reduced trial. Circulation. 2021;143(4):326–336.
- Hwang IC, Cho GY, Yoon YE, et al. Different effects of SGLT2 inhibitors according to the presence and types of heart failure in type 2 diabetic patients. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020;19(1):1–12.
- Verma S, McMurray JJ. SGLT2 inhibitors and mechanisms of cardiovascular benefit: a state-of-the-art review. Diabetologia. 2018;61(10):2108–2117.
- Ferrannini E, Mark M, Mayoux E. CV protection in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial: a “thrifty substrate” hypothesis. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(7):1108–1114.
- Kawanami D, Matoba K, Takeda Y, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors as a therapeutic option for diabetic nephropathy. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(5):1083.
- Baker C, Retzik-Stahr C, Singh V, et al. Should metformin remain the first-line therapy for treatment of type 2 diabetes? Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2021;12:204201882098022.
- De Zeeuw D, Akizawa T, Audhya P, et al. Bardoxolone methyl in type 2 diabetes and stage 4 chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(26):2492–2503.
- Sharma A, Rizky L, Stefanovic N, et al. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) activator dh404 protects against diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2017;16(1):1–13.
- McCarty MF, O’Keefe JH, DiNicolantonio JJ. Pentoxifylline for vascular health: a brief review of the literature. Open Heart. 2016;3(1):e000365.
- Bhupathiraju SN, Hu FB. Epidemiology of obesity and diabetes and their cardiovascular complications. Circ Res. 2016;118(11):1723–1735.
- Furtado RHM, Bonaca MP, and Raz I, et al. Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and previous myocardial infarction: subanalysis from the DECLARE-TIMI 58 Trial. Circulation. 2019;139(22):2516–2527.
- Mahaffey KW, Jardine MJ, Bompoint S, et al. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease in primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention groups: results from the randomized CREDENCE trial. Circulation. 2019;140(9):739–750.
- Santos-Gallego CG, Vargas-Delgado AP, Requena-Ibanez JA, et al. Randomized trial of empagliflozin in nondiabetic patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77(3):243–255.
- Cosentino F, Cannon CP, Cherney DZ, et al. Efficacy of ertugliflozin on heart failure–related events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: results of the VERTIS CV Trial. Circulation. 2020;142(23):2205–2215.
- Bhatt DL, Szarek M, Pitt B, et al. Sotagliflozin in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(2):129–139.
- Shah SR, Ali A, Ikram S. Sotagliflozin and decompensated heart failure: results of the SOLOIST-WHF trial. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2021;14(5):523–525.