Can analysis of serum androgens aid in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in adolescents?

References

• Jason J. Polycystic ovary syndrome in the United States: clinical visit rates, characteristics, and associated health care costs. Arch Internal Med. 2011;171(13):1209–1211.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naz MSG, Tehrani FR, Majd HA, et al. The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Reprod BioMed. 2019;17(8):533.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hickey M, Doherty D, Atkinson H, et al. Clinical, ultrasound and biochemical features of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents: implications for diagnosis. Hum Reprod. 2011;26(6):1469–1477.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dokras A. Cardiovascular disease risk in women with PCOS. Steroids. 2013;78(8):773–776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tasali E, Van Cauter E, Ehrmann DA. Polycystic ovary syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med Clin. 2008;3(1):37–46.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brutocao C, Zaiem F, Alsawas M, et al. Psychiatric disorders in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocrine. 2018;62(2):318–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asfari MM, Sarmini MT, Baidoun F, et al. Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and polycystic ovarian syndrome. BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 2020;7(1):e000352.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carmina E. Diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome: from NIH criteria to ESHRE-ASRM guidelines. Minerva Ginecol. 2004;56(1):1–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teede HJ, Misso ML, and Costello MF, et al. Recommendations from the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod. 2018;33(9):1602–1618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capozzi A, Scambia G, Lello S. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and adolescence: how can we manage it? Eur J Obstetrics Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020;250:235–240.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hsu M-I. Changes in the PCOS phenotype with age. Steroids. 2013;78(8):761–766.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abbara A, Eng PC, Phylactou M, et al. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) in the diagnosis of menstrual disturbance due to polycystic ovarian syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;10:656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt J, Brännström M, Landin-Wilhelmsen K, et al. Reproductive hormone levels and anthropometry in postmenopausal women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a 21-year follow-up study of women diagnosed with PCOS around 50 years ago and their age-matched controls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(7):2178–2185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doretto L, Mari FC, Chaves AC. Polycystic ovary syndrome and psychotic disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coutinho EA, Kauffman AS. The role of the brain in the pathogenesis and physiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Med Sci. 2019;7(8):84.
   Google Scholar
• Schiffer L, Arlt W, and Storbeck K-H. Intracrine androgen biosynthesis, metabolism and action revisited. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2018;465:4–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAllister JM, Legro RS, Modi BP, et al. 3rd. Functional genomics of PCOS: from GWAS to molecular mechanisms. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2015;26(3):118–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winters SJ, Gogineni J, Karegar M, et al. Sex hormone-binding globulin gene expression and insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(12):E2780–E8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nestler JE, Powers LP, Matt DW, et al. A direct effect of hyperinsulinemia on serum sex hormone-binding globulin levels in obese women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991;72(1):83–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marti N, Galván JA, Pandey AV, et al. Genes and proteins of the alternative steroid backdoor pathway for dihydrotestosterone synthesis are expressed in the human ovary and seem enhanced in the polycystic ovary syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2017;441:116–123.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nagasaki K, Takase K, and Numakura C, et al. Foetal virilisation caused by overproduction of non-aromatisable 11-oxygenated C19 steroids in maternal adrenal tumour. Hum Reprod. 2020;35(11):2609–2612.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosenfield RL. Definition, clinical features and differential diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents. Outubro. 2014;25:227–235.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw N, Rosenfield MRL. Etiology and pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents. UptoDate Jun19. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Roe AH, Dokras A. The diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents. Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2011;4(2):45.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pena AS, Witchel SF, Hoeger KM, et al. Adolescent polycystic ovary syndrome according to the international evidence-based guideline. BMC Med. 2020;18(1):72.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tay CT, Hart RJ, Hickey M, et al. Updated adolescent diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome: impact on prevalence and longitudinal body mass index trajectories from birth to adulthood. BMC Med. 2020;18(1):389.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Witchel SF, Oberfield SE, Pena AS. Polycystic ovary syndrome: pathophysiology, presentation, and treatment with emphasis on adolescent girls. J Endocr Soc. 2019;3(8):1545–1573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatt DK, Basit A, Zhang H, et al. Hepatic abundance and activity of androgen- and drug-metabolizing enzyme UGT2B17 are associated with genotype, age, and sex. Drug Metab Dispos. 2018;46(6):888–896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun T, Oh WK, Jacobus S, et al. The impact of common genetic variations in genes of the sex hormone metabolic pathways on steroid hormone levels and prostate cancer aggressiveness. Cancer Prev Res. 2011;4(12):2044–2050.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peña AS, Witchel SF, Hoeger KM, et al. Adolescent polycystic ovary syndrome according to the international evidence-based guideline. BMC Med. 2020;18(1):1–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tennilä J, Jääskeläinen J, Utriainen P, et al. PCOS features and steroid profiles among young adult women with a history of premature adrenarche. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106(9):e3335–e3345.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Swart AC, du Toit T, Gourgari E, et al. Steroid hormone analysis of adolescents and young women with polycystic ovarian syndrome and adrenocortical dysfunction using UPC 2-MS/MS. Pediatr Res. 2021;89(1):118–126.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gilling-Smith C, Willis DS, Beard RW, et al. Hypersecretion of androstenedione by isolated thecal cells from polycystic ovaries. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;79(4):1158–1165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbieri RL. Steroid hormone metabolism in polycystic ovary syndrome. 2021. (https://www.uptodate.com/contents/steroid-hormone-metabolism-in-polycystic-ovary-syndrome)
   Google Scholar
• Dhayat NA, Marti N, and Kollmann Z, et al. Urinary steroid profiling in women hints at a diagnostic signature of the polycystic ovary syndrome: a pilot study considering neglected steroid metabolites. PloS one. 2018;13(10):e0203903.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O’Reilly MW, Kempegowda P, and Jenkinson C, et al. 11-Oxygenated C19 steroids are the predominant androgens in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(3):840–848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turcu AF, Rege J, Auchus RJ, et al. 11-Oxygenated androgens in health and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2020;16(5):284–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsilchorozidou T, Honour JW, Conway GS. Altered cortisol metabolism in polycystic ovary syndrome: insulin enhances 5α-reduction but not the elevated adrenal steroid production rates. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(12):5907–5913.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA cautions about using testosterone products for low testosterone due to aging; requires labeling change to inform of possible increased risk of heart attack and stroke with use: FDA. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm436259.htm
   Google Scholar