Surgery as a first-line option for prolactinomas

References

• Casanueva FF, Molitch ME, Schlechte JA, et al. Guidelines of the pituitary society for the diagnosis and management of prolactinomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Aug;65(2):265–273 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loyo-Varela M, Herrada-Pineda T, Revilla-Pacheco F, et al. Pituitary tumor surgery: review of 3004 cases. World Neurosurg. 2013 Feb;79(2):331–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Younus I, Gerges MM, Uribe-Cardenas R, et al. How long is the tail end of the learning curve? Results from 1000 consecutive endoscopic endonasal skull base cases following the initial 200 cases. J Neurosurg. 2020;7:1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Mamelak AN, Carmichael J, Bonert VH, et al. Single-surgeon fully endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery: outcomes in three-hundred consecutive cases. Pituitary. 2013 Sep;16(3):393–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahlbusch R, Buchfelder M. Pituitary surgery. In: editor, Melmed S. The pituitary. 4th ed. Vol. 1. Philadeplphia: Elseiver; 2017:671–687.
   Google Scholar
• Ostrom QT, Patil N, Cioffi G, et al. CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2013-2017. Neuro Oncol. 2020 Oct 30;22(12Suppl 2):iv1–iv96.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buurman H, Saeger W. Subclinical adenomas in postmortem pituitaries: classification and correlations to clinical data. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006 May;154(5):753–758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molitch ME. Pituitary tumours: pituitary incidentalomas. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Oct;23(5):667–675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molitch ME. Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenomas: a review. JAMA. 2017 Feb 7;317(5):516–524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day PF, Loto MG, Glerean M, Day PF, Loto MG, Glerean M, et al. Incidence and prevalence of clinically relevant pituitary adenomas: retrospective cohort study in a health management organization in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Nov-Dec;60(6):554–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agustsson TT, Baldvinsdottir T, Jonasson JG, et al. The epidemiology of pituitary adenomas in Iceland, 1955-2012: a nationwide population-based study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015 Nov;173(5):655–664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruppetta M, Mercieca C, Vassallo J. Prevalence and incidence of pituitary adenomas: a population based study in Malta. Pituitary. 2013 Dec;16(4):545–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontana E, Gaillard R. Epidemiology of pituitary adenoma: results of the first Swiss study. Rev Med Suisse. 2009 Oct 28;5(223):2172–2174.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fernandez A, Karavitaki N, Wass JA. Prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a community-based, cross-sectional study in Banbury (Oxfordshire, UK). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010 Mar;72(3):377–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raappana A, Koivukangas J, Ebeling T, et al. Incidence of pituitary adenomas in Northern Finland in 1992-2007. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Sep;95(9):4268–4275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daly AF, Rixhon M, Adam C, et al. High prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a cross-sectional study in the province of Liege, Belgium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Dec;91(12):4769–4775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dekkers OM, Hammer S, de Keizer RJ, et al. The natural course of non-functioning pituitary macroadenomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007 Feb;156(2):217–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dekkers OM, Pereira AM, Roelfsema F, et al. Observation alone after transsphenoidal surgery for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 May;91(5):1796–1801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mamelak AN. Pituitary surgery. In: Melmed S, editor. The pituitary. 2022. Vol. 1. Philadeplphia PA: Elsevier. p. 723–752.
   Google Scholar
• Chanson P, Maiter D. The epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of Prolactinomas: the old and the new. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Apr;33(2):101290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramot Y, Rapoport MJ, Hagag P, et al. A study of the clinical differences between women and men with hyperprolactinemia. Gynecol Endocrinol. 1996 Dec;10(6):397–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgrange E, Trouillas J, Maiter D, et al. Sex-related difference in the growth of prolactinomas: a clinical and proliferation marker study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Jul;82(7):2102–2107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touraine P, Plu-Bureau G, Beji C, Touraine P, Plu-Bureau G, Beji C, et al. Long-term follow-up of 246 hyperprolactinemic patients. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2001 Feb;80(2):162–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berinder K, Stackenas I, Akre O, et al. Hyperprolactinaemia in 271 women: up to three decades of clinical follow-up. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005 Oct;63(4):450–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimon I, Bronstein MD, Shapiro J, et al. Women with prolactinomas presented at the postmenopausal period. Endocrine. 2014 Dec 47(3):889–894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santharam S, Tampourlou M, Arlt W, et al. Prolactinomas diagnosed in the postmenopausal period: clinical phenotype and outcomes. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2017 Nov;87(5):508–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgrange E, Donckier J. Gonadal dysfunction in males with prolactinoma: from functional modification to irreversible damage? Eur J Endocrinol. 1997 Jun;136(6):630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melmed S, Longo DL. Pituitary-tumor endocrinopathies. N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 5;382(10):937–950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Root AW, Reiter EO, Weisman Y. Current status and clinical application of the hypothalamic hormones. Adv Pediatr. 1976;23:151–211.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bernard V, Young J, Chanson P, et al. New insights in prolactin: pathological implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2015 May;11(5):265–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard V, Young J, Binart N. Prolactin — a pleiotropic factor in health and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2019 Jun;15(6):356–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bole-Feysot C, Goffin V, Edery M, et al. Prolactin (PRL) and its receptor: actions, signal transduction pathways and phenotypes observed in PRL receptor knockout mice. Endocr Rev. 1998 Jun;19(3):225–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffin V, Binart N, Clément-Lacroix P, Goffin V, Binart N, Clement-Lacroix P, et al. From the molecular biology of prolactin and its receptor to the lessons learned from knockout mice models. Genet Anal. 1999Nov;153–5:189–201
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goffin V, Bouchard B, Ormandy CJ, et al. Prolactin: a hormone at the crossroads of neuroimmunoendocrinology. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998 May;1(840):498–509.
   Google Scholar
• Barry S, Korbonits M. Update on the genetics of pituitary tumors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2020 Sep;49(3):433–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemmens I, Van de Ven WJ, Kas K, et al. Identification of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) gene. The European consortium on MEN1. Hum Mol Genet. 1997 Jul 6;(7):1177–1183. 10.1093/hmg/6.7.1177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandrasekharappa SC, Guru SC, Manickam P, et al. Positional cloning of the gene for multiple endocrine neoplasia-type 1. Science. 1997 Apr 18;276(5311):404–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marques P, Caimari F, Hernandez-Ramirez LC, et al. Significant benefits of AIP testing and clinical screening in familial isolated and young-onset pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 1; 105(6): Jun.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C, Xie W, Rosenblum JS, et al. Somatic SF3B1 hotspot mutation in prolactinomas. Nat Commun. 2020 May 19;11(1):2506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park SS, Kim JH, Kim YH, et al. Clinical and radiographic characteristics related to hyperprolactinemia in nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. World Neurosurg. 2018 Nov;119:e1035–e1040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruse A, Astrup J, Gyldensted C, et al. Hyperprolactinaemia in patients with pituitary adenomas The pituitary stalk compression syndrome. Br J Neurosurg. 1995;9(4):453–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergsneider M, Mirsadraei L, Yong WH, et al. The pituitary stalk effect: is it a passing phenomenon? J Neurooncol. 2014 May;117(3):477–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chanson P, Maiter D. Prolactionoma. In: Melmed S, editor. The pituitary. United Kingdom: Elsevier; 2017. p. 467–514.
   Google Scholar
• Behan LA, O’Sullivan EP, Glynn N, et al. Serum prolactin concentration at presentation of non-functioning pituitary macroadenomas. J Endocrinol Invest. 2013 Jul-Aug;36(7):508–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karavitaki N, Thanabalasingham G, Shore HC, et al. Do the limits of serum prolactin in disconnection hyperprolactinaemia need re-definition? A study of 226 patients with histologically verified non-functioning pituitary macroadenoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Oct;65(4):524–529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melmed S. Pathogenesis of pituitary tumors. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011 May;7(5):257–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chahal J, Schlechte J. Hyperprolactinemia. Pituitary. 2008;11(2):141–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faje A, Jones P, Swearingen B. The prolactin per unit tumor volume ratio accurately distinguishes prolactinomas from secondary hyperprolactinemia due to stalk effect. Endocrine Practice. 2022;28(6): 572–577. DOI:10.1016/j.eprac.2022.03.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlechte J, Dolan K, Sherman B, et al. The natural history of untreated hyperprolactinemia: a prospective analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989 Feb;68(2):412–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarwar KN, Huda MS, Van de Velde V, et al. The prevalence and natural history of pituitary hemorrhage in prolactinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Jun;98(6):2362–2367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonert V. Do nothing but observe microprolactinomas: when and how to replace sex hormones? Pituitary. 2020 Jun;23(3):307–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melmed S. Pituitary tumors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2015 Mar;44(1):1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krogh J, Selmer C, Torp-Pedersen C, et al. Hyperprolactinemia and the association with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality. Horm Metab Res. 2017 Jun;49(6):411–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dekkers OM, Romijn JA, de Boer A, et al. The risk for breast cancer is not evidently increased in women with hyperprolactinemia. Pituitary. 2010 Sep;13(3):195–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grattan DR, Kokay IC. Prolactin: a pleiotropic neuroendocrine hormone. J Neuroendocrinol. 2008 Jun;20(6):752–763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly MA, Rubinstein M, Asa SL, et al. Pituitary lactotroph hyperplasia and chronic hyperprolactinemia in dopamine D2 receptor-deficient mice. Neuron. 1997 Jul;19(1):103–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boguszewski CL, CM DS, KS S, et al. A comparison of cabergoline and bromocriptine on the risk of valvular heart disease in patients with prolactinomas. Pituitary. 2012 Mar;15(1):44–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorner MO, McNeilly AS, Hagan C, et al. Long-term treatment of galactorrhoea and hypogonadism with bromocriptine. Br Med J. 1974 May 25;2(5916):419–422.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Biller BM, Grossman AB, Stewart PM, et al. Treatment of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing’s syndrome: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Jul;93(7):2454–2462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colao A, Somma CD, Lombardi G. di Sarno A, Pivonello R, et al. Dopamine receptor agonists for treating prolactinomas. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 2002 Jun;11(6):787–800. DOI:10.1517/13543784.11.6.787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bevan JS, Webster J, Burke CW, et al. Dopamine agonists and pituitary tumor shrinkage. Endocr Rev. 1992 May;13(2):220–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorner MO, Martin WH, Rogol AD, et al. Rapid regression of pituitary prolactinomas during bromocriptine treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1980 Sep;51(3):438–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster J, Piscitelli G, Polli A, et al. A comparison of cabergoline and bromocriptine in the treatment of hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea cabergoline comparative study group. N Engl J Med. 1994 Oct 6;331(14):904–909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillam MP, Molitch ME, Lombardi G, et al. Advances in the treatment of prolactinomas. Endocr Rev. 2006 Aug;27(5):485–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colao A, Savastano S. Medical treatment of prolactinomas. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011 May;7(5):267–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rastogi A, Bhansali A, Dutta P, et al. A comparison between intensive and conventional cabergoline treatment of newly diagnosed patients with macroprolactinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013 Sep;79(3):409–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olafsdottir A, Schlechte J. Management of resistant prolactinomas. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Oct;2(10):552–561.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paepegaey AC, Salenave S, Kamenicky P, et al. Cabergoline tapering is almost always successful in patients with macroprolactinomas. J Endocr Soc. 2017 Mar 1;1(3):221–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dekkers OM, Lagro J, Burman P, et al. Recurrence of hyperprolactinemia after withdrawal of dopamine agonists: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Jan;95(1):43–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hage C, Salvatori R. Predictors of the response to dopaminergic therapy in patients with prolactinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 1;105(12):Dec.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kharlip J, Salvatori R, Yenokyan G, et al. Recurrence of hyperprolactinemia after withdrawal of long-term cabergoline therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Jul;94(7):2428–2436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber TM, Kenkre J, Garnett C, et al. Recurrence of hyperprolactinaemia following discontinuation of dopamine agonist therapy in patients with prolactinoma occurs commonly especially in macroprolactinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2011 Dec;75(6):819–824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anagnostis P, Adamidou F, Polyzos SA, et al. Long term follow-up of patients with prolactinomas and outcome of dopamine agonist withdrawal: a single center experience. Pituitary. 2012 Mar;15(1):25–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore TJ, Glenmullen J, Mattison DR. Reports of pathological gambling, hypersexuality, and compulsive shopping associated with dopamine receptor agonist drugs. JAMA Intern Med. 2014 Dec;174(12):1930–1933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noronha S, Stokes V, Karavitaki N, et al. Treating prolactinomas with dopamine agonists: always worth the gamble? Endocrine. 2016 Feb;51(2):205–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bancos I, Nannenga MR, Bostwick JM, et al. Impulse control disorders in patients with dopamine agonist-treated prolactinomas and nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: a case-control study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2014 Jun;80(6):863–868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su J, Simonsen U, Carlsen J, et al. Pulmonary artery occlusion and mediastinal fibrosis in a patient on dopamine agonist treatment for hyperprolactinemia. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8:492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsend M. Constrictive pericarditis and pleuropulmonary fibrosis secondary to cabergoline treatment for Parkinson’s disease. Heart. 2004 Aug;90(8):e47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin J, Neudert J, Zwermann L, et al. Reversible cardiac valve fibrosis secondary to treatment with high-dose cabergoline for Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol. 2011 Nov;258(11):2097–2099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogazzi F, Manetti L, Raffaelli V, et al. Cabergoline therapy and the risk of cardiac valve regurgitation in patients with hyperprolactinemia: a meta-analysis from clinical studies. J Endocrinol Invest. 2008 Dec;31(12):1119–1123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth BL. Drugs and valvular heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2007 Jan 4;356(1):6–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles CE, Tetteh-Wayoe ET, Bestwick J, et al. A meta-analysis of the prevalence of cardiac valvulopathy in patients with hyperprolactinemia treated with cabergoline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;104(2):523–538. DOI:10.1210/jc.2018-01071
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landolt AM, Keller PJ, Froesch ER, et al. Bromocriptine: does it jeopardise the result of later surgery for prolactinomas? Lancet. 1982 Sep 18;2(8299):657–658. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(82)92756-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menucci M, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Burger P, et al. Effect of dopaminergic drug treatment on surgical findings in prolactinomas. Pituitary. 2011 Mar;14(1):68–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Losa M, Mortini P, Barzaghi R, et al. Surgical treatment of prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas: early results and long-term outcome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Jul;87(7):3180–3186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda H, Watanabe K, Tominaga T, et al. Transsphenoidal microsurgical results of female patients with prolactinomas. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2013 Sep;115(9):1621–1625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Primeau V, Raftopoulos C, Maiter D. Outcomes of transsphenoidal surgery in prolactinomas: improvement of hormonal control in dopamine agonist-resistant patients. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012 May;166(5):779–786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honegger J, Nasi-Kordhishti I, Aboutaha N, et al. Surgery for prolactinomas: a better choice? Pituitary. 2020 Feb;23(1):45–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan N, Chia YY, Goh GH, et al. Cabergoline-induced fibrosis of prolactinomas: a neurosurgical perspective BMJ case rep. 2017;3. DOI:10.1136/bcr-2017-220971
   Google Scholar
• Kawabata Y, Ueno Y, Horikawa F, et al. Remarkable effects of cabergoline in a patient with huge prolactinoma resistant to high-dose bromocriptine: case report. Surg Neurol. 2008 Jan;691:85–8;. discussion 88.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lam A, Holbrook E. Skull base anatomy and CSF rhinorrhea. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;74:1–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Briet C, Salenave S, Bonneville JF, et al. Pituitary Apoplexy. Endocr Rev. 2015 Dec;36(6):622–645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colao A, Di Sarno A, Cappabianca P, et al. Withdrawal of long-term cabergoline therapy for tumoral and nontumoral hyperprolactinemia. N Engl J Med. 2003 Nov 20;349(21):2023–2033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caccavelli L, Feron F, Morange I, et al. Decreased expression of the two D2 dopamine receptor isoforms in bromocriptine-resistant prolactinomas. Neuroendocrinology. 1994 Sep;60(3):314–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyrrell JB, Lamborn KR, Hannegan LT, et al. Transsphenoidal microsurgical therapy of prolactinomas: initial outcomes and long-term results. Neurosurgery. 1999 Feb;442:254–261. discussion 261-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donoho DA, Laws ER Jr. The role of surgery in the management of prolactinomas. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2019 Oct;30(4):509–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couldwell WT, Weiss MH, Laws ER Jr. Prolactinomas. N Engl J Med. 2004 Mar 4;350(10):1054. author reply.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turner HE, Adams CB, Wass JA. Trans-sphenoidal surgery for microprolactinoma: an acceptable alternative to dopamine agonists? Eur J Endocrinol. 1999 Jan;140(1):43–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamanipoor Najafabadi AH, Zandbergen IM, de Vries F, et al. Surgery as a viable alternative first-line treatment for prolactinoma patientsa systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(1):Mar.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casanueva FF, Barkan AL, Buchfelder M, et al. Criteria for the definition of Pituitary Tumor Centers of Excellence (PTCOE): a pituitary society statement. Pituitary. 2017 Oct;20(5):489–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fatemi N, Dusick JR, de Paiva Neto MA, et al. The endonasal microscopic approach for pituitary adenomas and other parasellar tumors: a 10-year experience. Neurosurgery. 2008 Oct;634Suppl 2:244–256. discussion 256.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kreutzer J, Buslei R, Wallaschofski H, et al. Operative treatment of prolactinomas: indications and results in a current consecutive series of 212 patients. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008 Jan;158(1):11–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tampourlou M, Trifanescu R, Paluzzi A, et al. Therapy in endocrne disease: surgery in microprolactinomas: effectiveness and risks based on contemporary literature. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016 Sep;175(3):R89–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker FG 2nd, Klibanski A, Swearingen B. Transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumors in the United States, 1996-2000: mortality, morbidity, and the effects of hospital and surgeon volume. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Oct;88(10):4709–4719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gondim JA, Almeida JP, Albuquerque LA, et al. Endoscopic endonasal approach for pituitary adenoma: surgical complications in 301 patients. Pituitary. 2011 Jun;14(2):174–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jane JJ, Thapar K, Laws E. Pituitary tumors: funtioning and non-functioning. In: Winn H, editor. Youman’s neruological surgery. 2011. Vol. 2. Philadelphia PA:: Elseiver. p. 1476–1510.
   Google Scholar
• Sudhakar N, Ray A, Vafidis JA. Complications after trans-sphenoidal surgery: our experience and a review of the literature. Br J Neurosurg. 2004 Oct;18(5):507–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouyang T, Zhang N, Xie S, et al. Outcomes and complications of aggressive resection strategy for pituitary adenomas in knosp grade 4 with transsphenoidal endoscopy. Front Oncol. 2021;11:693063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winograd D, Staggers KA, Sebastian S, et al. An effective and practical fluid restriction protocol to decrease the risk of hyponatremia and readmissions after transsphenoidal surgery. Neurosurgery. 2020 Sep 15;87(4):761–769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahangiri A, Wagner J, Han SW, et al. Morbidity of repeat transsphenoidal surgery assessed in more than 1000 operations. J Neurosurg. 2014 Jul;121(1):67–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gondim JA, Schops M, de Almeida JP, et al. Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery: surgical results of 228 pituitary adenomas treated in a pituitary center. Pituitary. 2010;13(1):68–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimon I. Giant prolactinomas: multi-modal approach to achieve tumor control. Endocrine. 2017 May;56(2):227–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knosp E, Steiner E, Kitz K, et al. Pituitary adenomas with invasion of the cavernous sinus space: a magnetic resonance imaging classification compared with surgical findings. Neurosurgery. 1993 Oct;334:610–617. discussion 617-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Micko ASG, Wohrer A, Wolfsberger S, et al. Invasion of the cavernous sinus space in pituitary adenomas: endoscopic verification and its correlation with an MRI-based classification. J Neurosurg. 2015 Apr;122(4):803–811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briceno V, Zaidi HA, Doucette JA, et al. Efficacy of transsphenoidal surgery in achieving biochemical cure of growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas among patients with cavernous sinus invasion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol Res. 2017 May;39(5):387–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehdashti AR, Ganna A, Karabatsou K, et al. Pure endoscopic endonasal approach for pituitary adenomas: early surgical results in 200 patients and comparison with previous microsurgical series. Neurosurgery. 2008 May;625:1006–1015. discussion 1015-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jho DH, Biller BM, Agarwalla PK, et al. Pituitary apoplexy: large surgical series with grading system. World Neurosurg. 2014 Nov;82(5):781–790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonser RR, Wind JJ, Nieman LK, et al. Outcome of surgical treatment of 200 children with Cushing’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Mar;98(3):892–901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortini P, Losa M, Barzaghi R, et al. Results of transsphenoidal surgery in a large series of patients with pituitary adenoma. Neurosurgery. 2005 Jun;566:1222–1233. discussion 1233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babu H, Ortega A, Nuno M, et al. Long-term endocrine outcomes following endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery for acromegaly and associated prognostic factors. Neurosurgery. 2017 Aug 1;81(2):357–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jane JA Jr., Starke RM, Elzoghby MA, et al. Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for acromegaly: remission using modern criteria, complications, and predictors of outcome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Sep;96(9):2732–2740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooney MA, Sarris CE, Zhou JJ, et al. Proposal and validation of a simple grading scale (TRANSSPHER Grade) for predicting gross total resection of nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas after transsphenoidal surgery. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2019 Nov 1;17(5):460–469.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Little AS, Chicoine MR, Kelly DF, et al. Evaluation of surgical resection goal and its relationship to extent of resection and patient outcomes in a multicenter prospective study of patients with surgically treated, nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: a case series. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2020 Jan 1;18(1):26–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zielinski G, Sajjad EA, Maksymowicz M, et al. Double pituitary adenomas in a large surgical series. Pituitary. 2019 Dec;22(6):620–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Miranda JC, Zwagerman NT, Abhinav K, et al. Cavernous sinus compartments from the endoscopic endonasal approach: anatomical considerations and surgical relevance to adenoma surgery. J Neurosurg. 2018 Aug;129(2):430–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen-Cohen S, Gardner PA, Alves-Belo JT, et al. The medial wall of the cavernous sinus Part 2: selective medial wall resection in 50 pituitary adenoma patients. J Neurosurg. 2018 Sep 7;131(1):131–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang Y, Pei Z, Chen H, et al. Diagnostic value of Knosp grade and modified Knosp grade for cavernous sinus invasion in pituitary adenomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pituitary. 2021 Jun;24(3):457–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JY, Choi W, Hong AR, et al. Surgery is a safe, effective first-line treatment modality for noninvasive prolactinomas. Pituitary. 2021 Dec;24(6):955–963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babey M, Sahli R, Vajtai I, et al. Pituitary surgery for small prolactinomas as an alternative to treatment with dopamine agonists. Pituitary. 2011 Sep;14(3):222–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andereggen L, Frey J, Andres RH, et al. 10-year follow-up study comparing primary medical vs surgical therapy in women with prolactinomas. Endocrine. 2017 Jan;55(1):223–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zielinski G, Ozdarski M, Maksymowicz M, et al. Prolactinomas: prognostic factors of early remission after transsphenoidal surgery. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bao X, Deng K, Liu X, et al. Extended transsphenoidal approach for pituitary adenomas invading the cavernous sinus using multiple complementary techniques. Pituitary. 2016 Feb;19(1):1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimon I, Sosa E, Mendoza V, et al. Giant prolactinomas larger than 60 mm in size: a cohort of massive and aggressive prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas. Pituitary. 2016 Aug;19(4):429–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marigil Sanchez M, Karekezi C, Almeida JP, et al. Management of giant pituitary adenomas: role and outcome of the endoscopic endonasal surgical approach. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2019 Oct;30(4):433–444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couldwell WT, Weiss MH. Medical and surgical management of microprolactinoma. Pituitary. 2004;7(1):31–32.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jethwa PR, Patel TD, Hajart AF, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of microscopic and endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery versus medical therapy in the management of microprolactinoma in the United States. World Neurosurg. 2016 Mar;87:65–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cesar de Oliveira Naliato E, Dutra VAH, Caldas D, et al. Quality of life in women with microprolactinoma treated with dopamine agonists. Pituitary. 2008;11(3):247–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanettini R, Antonini A, Gatto G, et al. Valvular heart disease and the use of dopamine agonists for Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2007 Jan 4;356(1):39–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ono M, Miki N, Kawamata T, et al. Prospective study of high-dose cabergoline treatment of prolactinomas in 150 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Dec;93(12):4721–4727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan JP, Jagannathan J, Pouratian N, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery for pituitary adenomas: a review of the literature and our experience. Front Horm Res. 2006;34:185–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pouratian N, Sheehan J, Jagannathan J, et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery for medically and surgically refractory prolactinomas. Neurosurgery. 2006 Aug;592:255–266. discussion.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka S, Link MJ, Brown PD, et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery for patients with prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas. World Neurosurg. 2010 Jul;74(1):147–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowalchuck RO, Trifiletti DM, Brown PD. Radiotherapy in the mamangement of pituitary adenomas. Melmed S, editors. The Pituitary. Fifth ed. Cambridge MA:Elsevier; 2022. p.753–764.
   Google Scholar