The effects of alcohol on testosterone synthesis in men: a review

References

• Dietler M, Hayden B. Feasts: archaeological and ethnographic perspectives on food, politics, and power. Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States: University of Alabama Press; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Banerjee N. Neurotransmitters in alcoholism: a review of neurobiological and genetic studies. Indian J Hum Genet. 2014 Jan;20(1):20–31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gilpin NW, Koob GF. Neurobiology of alcohol dependence: focus on motivational mechanisms. Alcohol Res Health. 2008;31(3):185–195.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adinoff B, Bone GH, Linnoila M. Acute ethanol poisoning and the ethanol withdrawal syndrome. Med Toxicol adverse drug exper. 1988 May-Jun;3(3):172–196.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Griswold MG, Fullman N, Hawley C, Collaborators GBDA. Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. Lancet. 2018 Sep 22;392(10152):1015–1035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valimaki MJ, Harkonen M, Eriksson CJ, et al. Sex hormones and adrenocortical steroids in men acutely intoxicated with ethanol. Alcohol. 1984 Jan-Feb;1(1):89–93.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cicero TJ, Bell RD, Meyer ER, et al. Ethanol and acetaldehyde directly inhibit testicular steroidogenesis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1980 May;213(2):228–233.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valimaki M, Tuominen JA, Huhtaniemi I, et al. The pulsatile secretion of gonadotropins and growth hormone, and the biological activity of luteinizing hormone in men acutely intoxicated with ethanol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1990 Dec;14(6):928–931.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Widenius TV, Eriksson CJ, Ylikahri RH, et al. Inhibition of testosterone synthesis by ethanol: role of luteinizing hormone. Alcohol. 1989 May-Jun;6(3):241–244.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duca Y, Aversa A, Condorelli RA, et al. Substance abuse and male hypogonadism. J Clin Med. 2019 May 22;8(5):732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaiyasong S, Huckle T, Mackintosh AM, et al. Drinking patterns vary by gender, age and country-level income: cross-country analysis of the international alcohol control study. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2018 Aug;37(Suppl 2):S53–S62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Travison TG, Araujo AB, Kupelian V, et al. The relative contributions of aging, health, and lifestyle factors to serum testosterone decline in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Feb;92(2):549–555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapauw B, Goemaere S, Zmierczak H, et al. The decline of serum testosterone levels in community-dwelling men over 70 years of age: descriptive data and predictors of longitudinal changes. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008 Oct;159(4):459–468.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu PY, Beilin J, Meier C, et al. Age-related changes in serum testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin in Australian men: longitudinal analyses of two geographically separate regional cohorts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Sep;92(9):3599–3603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson AM, Jensen TK, Juul A, et al. Secular decline in male testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin serum levels in Danish population surveys. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Dec;92(12):4696–4705.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Westley CJ, Amdur RL, Irwig MS. High rates of depression and depressive symptoms among men referred for borderline testosterone levels. J Sex Med. 2015 Aug;12(8):1753–1760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandhi J, Dagur G, Warren K, et al. The role of diabetes mellitus in sexual and reproductive health: an overview of pathogenesis, evaluation, and management. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2017;13(6):573–581.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lamm S, Chidakel A, Bansal R. Obesity and hypogonadism. Urol Clin North Am. 2016 May;43(2):239–245.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cunningham GR. Testosterone and metabolic syndrome. Asian J Androl. 2015 Mar-Apr;17(2):192–196.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lehtonen A, Huupponen R, Tuomilehto J, et al. Serum testosterone but not leptin predicts mortality in elderly men. Age Ageing. 2008 Jul;37(4):461–464.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laughlin GA, Barrett-Connor E, Bergstrom J. Low serum testosterone and mortality in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(1):68–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shores MM, Matsumoto AM, Sloan KL, et al. Low serum testosterone and mortality in male veterans. Arch Internal Med. 2006;166(15):1660–1665.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paton A. Alcohol in the body. BMJ. 2005 Jan 8;330(7482):85–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halsted CH, Robles EA, Mezey E. Distribution of ethanol in the human gastrointestinal tract. Am J Clin Nutr. 1973 Aug;26(8):831–834.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tang Y, Banan A, Forsyth CB, et al. Effect of alcohol on miR-212 expression in intestinal epithelial cells and its potential role in alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008 Feb;32(2):355–364.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seitz HK, Gartner U, Egerer G, et al. Ethanol metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract and its possible consequences. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl. 1994;2:157–162.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu J. Ethanol and liver: recent insights into the mechanisms of ethanol-induced fatty liver. World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Oct 28;20(40):14672–14685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norberg A, Jones AW, Hahn RG, et al. Role of variability in explaining ethanol pharmacokinetics: research and forensic applications. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2003;42(1):1–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez JA, Lopez-Sanchez RC, Rendon-Ramirez A. Lipids and oxidative stress associated with ethanol-induced neurological damage. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016;2016:1543809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rachdaoui N, Sarkar DK. Pathophysiology of the effects of alcohol abuse on the endocrine system. Alcohol Res. 2017;38(2):255–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiels MS, Rohrmann S, Menke A, et al. Association of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity with sex steroid hormone levels in US men. Cancer Causes Control. 2009 Aug;20(6):877–886.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hansen ML, Thulstrup AM, Bonde JP, et al. Does last week’s alcohol intake affect semen quality or reproductive hormones? A cross-sectional study among healthy young Danish men. Reprod Toxicol. 2012 Nov;34(3):457–462.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jensen TK, Swan S, Jorgensen N, et al. Alcohol and male reproductive health: a cross-sectional study of 8344 healthy men from Europe and the USA. Hum Reprod. 2014 Aug;29(8):1801–1809.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jensen TK, Gottschau M, Madsen JO, et al. Habitual alcohol consumption associated with reduced semen quality and changes in reproductive hormones; a cross-sectional study among 1221 young Danish men. BMJ Open. 2014 Oct 2;4(9):e005462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkola T, Eriksson CJ. Testosterone increases in men after a low dose of alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2003 Apr;27(4):682–685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phipps WR, Lukas SE, Mendelson JH, et al. Acute ethanol administration enhances plasma testosterone levels following gonadotropin stimulation in men. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1987;12(6):459–465.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ida Y, Tsujimaru S, Nakamaura K, et al. Effects of acute and repeated alcohol ingestion on hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal functioning in normal males. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1992 Oct;31(1):57–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mendelson JH, Mello NK, Ellingboe J. Effects of acute alcohol intake on pituitary-gonadal hormones in normal human males. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1977;202(3):676–682.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sierksma A, Sarkola T, Eriksson CJ, et al. Effect of moderate alcohol consumption on plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, testosterone, and estradiol levels in middle-aged men and postmenopausal women: a diet-controlled intervention study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004 May;28(5):780–785.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koziris LP, Kraemer WJ, Gordon SE, et al. Effect of acute postexercise ethanol intoxication on the neuroendocrine response to resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2000;88:165–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes MJ, Mundel T, Stannard SR. The effects of acute alcohol consumption on recovery from a simulated rugby match. J Sports Sci. 2012;30(3):295–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Röjdmark S, Calissendorff J, Brismar K. Alcohol ingestion decreases both diurnal and nocturnal secretion of leptin in healthy individuals. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2001;55(5):639–647.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andersson S, Cronholm T, Sjovall J. Redox effects of ethanol on steroid metabolism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1986;10(6Suppl):55S–63S.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sarkola T, Adlercreutz H, Heinonen S, et al. The role of the liver in the acute effect of alcohol on androgens in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 May;86(5):1981–1985.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jenkinson C, Petroczi A, Naughton DP. Red wine and component flavonoids inhibit UGT2B17 in vitro. Nutr J. 2012 Sep 7;11:67.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Leon J. Glucuronidation enzymes, genes and psychiatry. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2003 Mar;6(1):57–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PY L, JD V. Hypothalamo-pituitary unit, testis, and male accessory organs. In: Yen and Jaffe’s reproductive endocrinology. 8th ed. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier; 2019. p. 285–300.
   Google Scholar
• Faix JD. Principles and pitfalls of free hormone measurements. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Oct;27(5):631–645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombo S, Buclin T, Decosterd LA, et al. Orosomucoid (alpha1-acid glycoprotein) plasma concentration and genetic variants: effects on human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor clearance and cellular accumulation. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Oct;80(4):307–318.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li Q, Zhong W, Qiu Y, et al. Preservation of hepatocyte nuclear factor-4alpha contributes to the beneficial effect of dietary medium chain triglyceride on alcohol-induced hepatic lipid dyshomeostasis in rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013 Apr;37(4):587–598.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baker HW, Burger HG, de Kretser DM, et al. A study of the endocrine manifestations of hepatic cirrhosis. Q J Med. 1976 Jan;45(177):145–178.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Thiel DH, Lester R, Sherins RJ. Hypogonadism in alcoholic liver disease: evidence for a double defect. Gastroenterology. 1974 Dec;67(6):1188–1199.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kalme T, Loukovaara M, Koistinen R, et al. Estradiol increases the production of sex hormone-binding globulin but not insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 in cultured human hepatoma cells. Fertil Steril. 1999 Aug;72(2):325–329.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gordon GG, Olivo J, Rafil F, et al. Conversion of androgens to estrogens in cirrhosis of the liver. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1975 Jun;40(6):1018–1026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green JR, Mowat NA, Fisher RA, et al. Plasma oestrogens in men with chronic liver disease. Gut. 1976 Jun;17(6):426–430.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adlercreutz H. Oestrogen metabolism in liver disease. J Endocrinol. 1970 Jan;46(1):129–163.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Basaria S. Male hypogonadism. Lancet. 2014 Apr 5;383(9924):1250–1263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JH, Kim HJ, Noh HS, et al. Suppression by ethanol of male reproductive activity. Brain Res. 2003 Oct 31;989(1):91–98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lomniczi A, Mastronardi CA, Faletti AG, et al. Inhibitory pathways and the inhibition of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release by alcohol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Feb 29;97(5):2337–2342.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rettori V, McCann SM. The mechanism of action of alcohol to suppress gonadotropin secretion. Mol Psychiatry. 1997 Sep;2(5):350–354.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• George SR, Van Loon GR. beta-endorphin alters dopamine uptake by the dopamine neurons of the hypothalamus and striatum. Brain Res. 1982 Sep 30;248(2):293–303.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seilicovich A, Rubio M, Duvilanski B, et al. Inhibition by naloxone of the rise in hypothalamic dopamine and serum prolactin induced by ethanol. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1985;87(4):461–463.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frias J, Torres JM, Miranda MT, et al. Effects of acute alcohol intoxication on pituitary-gonadal axis hormones, pituitary-adrenal axis hormones, beta-endorphin and prolactin in human adults of both sexes. Alcohol Alcohol. 2002 Mar-Apr;37(2):169–173.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grattan DR, Jasoni CL, Liu X, et al. Prolactin regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons to suppress luteinizing hormone secretion in mice. Endocrinology. 2007 Sep;148(9):4344–4351.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Emanuele MA, Hojvat S, Emanuele NV, et al. The effect of alcohol on quantitative and qualitative changes in luteinizing hormone (LH) in the female rat. Endocr Res. 1986;12(2):123–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creighton-Taylor JA, Rudeen PK. Fetal alcohol exposure and effects of LHRH and PMA on LH beta-mRNA expression in the female rat. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1991 Dec;15(6):1031–1035.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steiner J, Kirsteins L, LaPaglia N, et al. The effect of acute ethanol (EtOH) exposure on protein kinase C (PKC) activity in anterior pituitary. Alcohol. 1997 May-Jun;14(3):209–211.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Emanuele MA, Emanuele NV. Alcohol’s effects on male reproduction. Alcohol Health Res World. 1998;22(3):195–201.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Emanuele MA, Emanuele N. Alcohol and the male reproductive system. Alcohol Res Health. 2001;25(4):282–287.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu X, Wang L, Luo D, et al. Effect of testosterone synthesis and conversion on serum testosterone levels in obese men. Horm Metab Res. 2018 Sep;50(9):661–670.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ellingboe J, Varanelli CC. Ethanol inhibits testosterone biosynthesis by direct action on Leydig cells. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1979 Apr;24(1):87–102.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gordon GG, Vittek J, Southren AL, et al. Effect of chronic alcohol ingestion on the biosynthesis of steroids in rat testicular homogenate in vitro. Endocrinology. 1980 Jun;106(6):1880–1885.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Srikanth V, Balasubramanian K, Govindarajulu P. Effects of ethanol treatment on Leydig cellular NADPH-generating enzymes and lipid profiles. Endocr J. 1995 Oct;42(5):705–712.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gianoulakis C. Characterization of the effects of acute ethanol administration on the release of beta-endorphin peptides by the rat hypothalamus. Eur J Pharmacol. 1990 May 3;180(1):21–29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siomek-Gorecka A, Dlugosz A, Czarnecki D. The molecular basis of alcohol use disorder (AUD). genetics, epigenetics, and nutrition in AUD: an amazing triangle. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Apr 20;22(8):4262.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weber RF, Calogero AE. Prolactin stimulates rat hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone and pituitary adrenocorticotropin secretion in vitro. Neuroendocrinology. 1991 Sep;54(3):248–253.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rivier C, Lee S. Acute alcohol administration stimulates the activity of hypothalamic neurons that express corticotropin-releasing factor and vasopressin. Brain Res. 1996 Jul 8;726(1–2):1–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brownlee KK, Moore AW, Hackney AC. Relationship between circulating cortisol and testosterone: influence of physical exercise. J Sports Sci Med. 2005 Mar 1;4(1):76–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cumming DC, Quigley ME, Yen SSC. Acute suppression of circulating testosterone levels by cortisol in men*. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1983;57(3):671–673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacAdams MR, White RH, Chipps BE. Reduction of serum testosterone levels during chronic glucocorticoid therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1986 May;104(5):648–651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens MA, Wand G. Stress and the HPA axis: role of glucocorticoids in alcohol dependence. Alcohol Res. 2012;34(4):468–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson HN, Lee SY, O’Dell LE, et al. Alcohol self-administration acutely stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, but alcohol dependence leads to a dampened neuroendocrine state. Eur J Neurosci. 2008 Oct;28(8):1641–1653.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sarnyai Z, Shaham Y, Heinrichs SC. The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in drug addiction. Pharmacol Rev. 2001 Jun;53(2):209–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wand GS, Dobs AS. Alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in actively drinking alcoholics. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991 Jun;72(6):1290–1295.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Esel E, Sofuoglu S, Aslan SS, et al. Plasma levels of beta-endorphin, adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol during early and late alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol Alcohol. 2001 Nov-Dec;36(6):572–576.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keedwell PA, Poon L, Papadopoulos AS, et al. Salivary cortisol measurements during a medically assisted alcohol withdrawal. Addict Biol. 2001 Jul;6(3):247–256.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tilbrook AJ, Canny BJ, Serapiglia MD, et al. Suppression of the secretion of luteinizing hormone due to isolation/restraint stress in gonadectomised rams and ewes is influenced by sex steroids. J Endocrinol. 1999 Mar;160(3):469–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breen KM, Mellon PL. Influence of stress-induced intermediates on gonadotropin gene expression in gonadotrope cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2014 Mar 25;385(1–2):71–77.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Volpato S, Pahor M, Ferrucci L, et al. Relationship of alcohol intake with inflammatory markers and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in well-functioning older adults: the health, aging, and body composition study. Circulation. 2004;109(5):607–612.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang JJ, Tung TH, Yin WH, et al. Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on inflammatory biomarkers. Acta Cardiol. 2008 Feb;63(1):65–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel S, Behara R, Swanson GR, et al. Alcohol and the Intestine. Biomolecules. 2015 Oct 15;5(4):2573–2588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villegas R, Xiang YB, Cai H, et al. Lifestyle determinants of C-reactive protein in middle-aged, urban Chinese men. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2012 Mar;22(3):223–230.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barnes PJ. How corticosteroids control inflammation: quintiles Prize Lecture 2005. Br J Pharmacol. 2006 Jun;148(3):245–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pruett SB, Schwab C, Zheng Q, et al. Suppression of innate immunity by acute ethanol administration: a global perspective and a new mechanism beginning with inhibition of signaling through TLR3. J Immunol. 2004 Aug 15;173(4):2715–2724.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mandrekar P, Bala S, Catalano D, et al. The opposite effects of acute and chronic alcohol on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation are linked to IRAK-M in human monocytes. J Immunol. 2009 Jul 15;183(2):1320–1327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohamad NV, Wong SK, Wan Hasan WN, et al. The relationship between circulating testosterone and inflammatory cytokines in men. Aging Male. 2018 Jun;21:1–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gloire G, Legrand-Poels S, Piette J. NF-kappaB activation by reactive oxygen species: fifteen years later. Biochem Pharmacol. 2006 Nov 30;72(11):1493–1505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang HJ, Zakhari S, Jung MK. Alcohol, inflammation, and gut-liver-brain interactions in tissue damage and disease development. World J Gastroenterol. 2010 Mar 21;16(11):1304–1313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Igaz P, Salvi R, Rey J-P, et al. Effects of cytokines on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) gene expression in primary hypothalamic neurons and in GnRH neurons immortalized conditionally. Endocrinology. 2006;147(2):1037–1043.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daniel JA, Abrams MS, deSouza L, et al. Endotoxin inhibition of luteinizing hormone in sheep. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2003 Jul;25(1):13–19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coleman ES, Elsasser TH, Kemppainen RJ, et al. Effect of endotoxin on pituitary hormone secretion in sheep. Neuroendocrinology. 1993 Jul;58(1):111–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braden TD, Fry C, Sartin JL. Effects of interleukins on secretion of luteinizing hormone from ovine pituitary cells. Am J Vet Res. 1998 Nov;59(11):1488–1493.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xiao E, Xia-Zhang L, Ferin M. Inhibitory effects of endotoxin on LH secretion in the ovariectomized monkey are prevented by naloxone but not by an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2000;7(1):6–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soromou LW, Zhang Z, Li R, et al. Regulation of inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage by 7-O-methyl-naringenin. Molecules. 2012 Mar 22;17(3):3574–3585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haziak K, Herman AP, Wojtulewicz K, et al. Effect of CD14/TLR4 antagonist on GnRH/LH secretion in ewe during central inflammation induced by intracerebroventricular administration of LPS. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2018;9:52.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herman AP, Tomaszewska-Zaremba D. Effect of endotoxin on the expression of GnRH and GnRHR genes in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland of anestrous ewes. Anim Reprod Sci. 2010 Jul;120(1–4):105–111.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tremellen K, McPhee N, Pearce K, et al. Endotoxin-initiated inflammation reduces testosterone production in men of reproductive age. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Mar 1;314(3):E206–E213.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park BS, Lee JO. Recognition of lipopolysaccharide pattern by TLR4 complexes. Exp Mol Med. 2013 Dec 6;45:e66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shang T, Zhang X, Wang T, et al. Toll-like receptor-initiated testicular innate immune responses in mouse Leydig cells. Endocrinology. 2011 Jul;152(7):2827–2836.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kawai T, Akira S. TLR signaling. Cell Death Differ. 2006 May;13(5):816–825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hales DB. Testicular macrophage modulation of Leydig cell steroidogenesis. J Reprod Immunol. 2002 Oct-Nov;57(1–2):3–18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maggio M, Basaria S, Ceda GP, et al. The relationship between testosterone and molecular markers of inflammation in older men. J Endocrinol Invest. 2005;28(11Suppl Proceedings):116–119.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu D, Cederbaum AI. Alcohol, oxidative stress, and free radical damage. Alcohol Res Health. 2003;27(4):277–284.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martel C, Rheaume E, Takahashi M, et al. Distribution of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene expression and activity in rat and human tissues. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1992 Mar;41(3–8):597–603.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wheeler MD. Endotoxin and Kupffer cell activation in alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol Res Health. 2003;27(4):300–306.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCann SM, Rettori V. The role of nitric oxide in reproduction. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1996 Jan;211(1):7–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rettori V, Belova N, Dees WL, et al. Role of nitric oxide in the control of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release in vivo and in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Nov 1;90(21):10130–10134.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Canteros G, Rettori V, Genaro A, et al. Nitric oxide synthase content of hypothalamic explants: increase by norepinephrine and inactivated by NO and cGMP. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Apr 30;93(9):4246–4250.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ren JC, Banan A, Keshavarzian A, et al. Exposure to ethanol induces oxidative damage in the pituitary gland. Alcohol. 2005 Feb;35(2):91–101.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhao J, Zhai L, Liu Z, et al. Leptin level and oxidative stress contribute to obesity-induced low testosterone in murine testicular tissue. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2014;2014:190945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta A, Sekhon C, Giri S, et al. Attenuation of ischemia/reperfusion induced MAP kinases by N-acetyl cysteine, sodium nitroprusside and phosphoramidon. Mol Cell Biochem. 2002;240(1):19–29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cao L, Leers-Sucheta S, Azhar S. Aging alters the functional expression of enzymatic and non-enzymatic anti-oxidant defense systems in testicular rat Leydig cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2004;88(1):61–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo L, Chen H, Trush MA, et al. Aging and the brown Norway rat leydig cell antioxidant defense system. J Andrology. 2006;27(2):240–247.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen H, Ge R-S, Zirkin BR. Leydig cells: from stem cells to aging. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2009;306(1):9–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velarde MC. Mitochondrial and sex steroid hormone crosstalk during aging. Longev Healthspan. 2014 Feb 5;3(1):2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Traish AM, Abdallah B, Yu G. Androgen deficiency and mitochondrial dysfunction: implications for fatigue, muscle dysfunction, insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig. 2011 Oct 1;8(1):431–444.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fernandes I, Perez-Gregorio R, Soares S, et al. Wine flavonoids in health and disease prevention. Molecules. 2017 Feb 14;22(2):292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar