207
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Treatment of type 2 diabetes patients with heart conditions

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 255-265 | Received 16 Dec 2022, Accepted 17 Apr 2023, Published online: 20 Apr 2023

References

  • Koye DN, Magliano DJ, Nelson RG, et al. The global epidemiology of diabetes and kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2018 Mar;25(2):121–132.
  • Niemeyer NV, Janney LM. Thiazolidinedione-induced edema. Pharmacotherapy. 2002 Jul;22(7):924–929.
  • Zannad F, Ferreira JP, Pocock SJ, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a meta-analysis of the EMPEROR-Reduced and DAPA-HF trials. Lancet. 2020 Sep 19;396(10254):819–829.
  • Schramm TK, Gislason GH, Køber L, et al. Diabetes patients requiring glucose-lowering therapy and nondiabetics with a prior myocardial infarction carry the same cardiovascular risk: a population study of 3.3 million people. Circulation. 2008 Apr 15;117(15):1945–1954.
  • Lundberg V, Stegmayr B, Asplund K, et al. Diabetes as a risk factor for myocardial infarction: population and gender perspectives. J Intern Med. 1997 Jun;241(6):485–492.
  • Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jun 12;358(24):2560–2572.
  • Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jun 12;358(24):2545–2559.
  • Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, et al. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jan 8;360(2):129–139.
  • UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet. 1998 Sep 12;352(9131):837–853.
  • Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, et al. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008 Oct 9;359(15):1577–1589.
  • Mannucci E, Monami M, Lamanna C, et al. Prevention of cardiovascular disease through glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2009 Nov;19(9):604–612.
  • American Diabetes Association. 6. Glycemic targets: standards of medical care in diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jan;41(Suppl 1):S55–s64.
  • Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015 Nov 26;373(22):2117–2128.
  • Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, et al. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017 Aug 17;377(7):644–657.
  • Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jul 28;375(4):311–322.
  • Wiviott SD, Raz I, Bonaca MP, et al. Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jan 24;380(4):347–357.
  • Vaccaro O, Masulli M, Nicolucci A, et al. Effects on the incidence of cardiovascular events of the addition of pioglitazone versus sulfonylureas in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin (TOSCA.IT): a randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017 Nov;5(11):887–897.
  • Scirica BM, Bhatt DL, Braunwald E, et al. Saxagliptin and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2013 Oct 3;369(14):1317–1326.
  • White WB, Cannon CP, Heller SR, et al. Alogliptin after acute coronary syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2013 Oct 3;369(14):1327–1335.
  • Green JB, Bethel MA, Armstrong PW, et al. Effect of sitagliptin on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jul 16;373(3):232–242.
  • Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJ, et al. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the proactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone clinical trial in macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005 Oct 8;366(9493):1279–1289.
  • Durina J, Remkova A. Prothrombotic state in metabolic syndrome. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2007;108(6):279–280.
  • Cersosimo E, DeFronzo RA. Insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: the road map to cardiovascular diseases. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2006 Nov;22(6):423–436.
  • Anfossi G, Russo I, Doronzo G, et al. Relevance of the vascular effects of insulin in the rationale of its therapeutical use. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets. 2007 Dec;7(4):228–249.
  • Zhao YT, Weng CL, Chen ML, et al. Comparison of glucose-insulin-potassium and insulin-glucose as adjunctive therapy in acute myocardial infarction: a contemporary meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Heart. 2010 Oct;96(20):1622–1626.
  • Zhang L, Zhang L, Li YH, et al. High-dose glucose-insulin-potassium treatment reduces myocardial apoptosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Eur J Clin Invest. 2005 Mar;35(3):164–170.
  • Li Y, Zhang L, Zhang L, et al. High-dose glucose-insulin-potassium has hemodynamic benefits and can improve cardiac remodeling in acute myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention: from a randomized controlled study. J Cardiovasc Dis Res. 2010 Jul;1(3):104–109.
  • Malmberg K, Rydén L, Efendic S, et al. Randomized trial of insulin-glucose infusion followed by subcutaneous insulin treatment in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI study): effects on mortality at 1 year. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995 Jul;26(1):57–65.
  • Malmberg K, Rydén L, Wedel H, et al. Intense metabolic control by means of insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI 2): effects on mortality and morbidity. Eur Heart J. 2005 Apr;26(7):650–661.
  • Mellbin LG, Malmberg K, Norhammar A, et al. The impact of glucose lowering treatment on long-term prognosis in patients with type 2 diabetes and myocardial infarction: a report from the DIGAMI 2 trial. Eur Heart J. 2008 Jan;29(2):166–176.
  • Cai L, Li W, Wang G, et al. Hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis in mouse myocardium: mitochondrial cytochrome C-mediated caspase-3 activation pathway. Diabetes. 2002 Jun;51(6):1938–1948.
  • Zhu D, Xie H, Wang X, et al. Correlation of plasma catestatin level and the prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(4):e0122993.
  • Ritsinger V, Malmberg K, Mårtensson A, et al. Intensified insulin-based glycaemic control after myocardial infarction: mortality during 20 year follow-up of the randomised diabetes mellitus insulin glucose infusion in acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI 1) trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014 Aug;2(8):627–633.
  • Rizzo M, Berneis K. Small, dense low-density-lipoproteins and the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2007 Jan;23(1):14–20.
  • Deedwania P, Kosiborod M, Barrett E, et al. Hyperglycemia and acute coronary syndrome: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Diabetes Committee of the council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism. Circulation. 2008 Mar 25;117(12):1610–1619.
  • Rydén L, Grant PJ, Anker SD, et al. ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD: the Task Force on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and developed in collaboration with the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Eur Heart J. 2013 Oct;34(39):3035–3087.
  • American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jan;41(Suppl 1):S13–s27.
  • International Hypoglycaemia Study Group. Glucose concentrations of less than 3.0 mmol/l (54 mg/dl) should be reported in clinical trials: a joint position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2017 Jan;40(1):155–157.
  • Yusuf S, Pitt B, Davis CE, et al. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1991 Aug 1;325(5):293–302.
  • Zannad F, McMurray JJ, Krum H, et al. Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jan 6;364(1):11–21.
  • McMurray JJ, Packer M, Desai AS, et al. Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2014 Sep 11;371(11):993–1004.
  • Granger CB, McMurray JJ, Yusuf S, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Alternative trial. Lancet. 2003 Sep 6;362(9386):772–776.
  • Jankauskas SS, Kansakar U, Varzideh F, et al. Heart failure in diabetes. Metabolism. 2021 Dec;125:154910.
  • Singh S, Loke YK, Furberg CD. Long-term risk of cardiovascular events with rosiglitazone: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2007 Sep 12;298(10):1189–1195.
  • Mannucci E, Monami M, Di Bari M, et al. Cardiac safety profile of rosiglitazone: a comprehensive meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Int J Cardiol. 2010 Aug 20;143(2):135–140.
  • Graham DJ, Ouellet-Hellstrom R, MaCurdy TE, et al. Risk of acute myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and death in elderly Medicare patients treated with rosiglitazone or pioglitazone. JAMA. 2010 Jul 28;304(4):411–418.
  • Kaul S, Bolger AF, Herrington D, et al. Thiazolidinedione drugs and cardiovascular risks: a science advisory from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation. 2010 Apr 27;121(16):1868–1877.
  • Aguilar D, Bozkurt B, Ramasubbu K, et al. Relationship of hemoglobin A1C and mortality in heart failure patients with diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 Jul 28;54(5):422–428.
  • Eshaghian S, Horwich TB, Fonarow GC. An unexpected inverse relationship between HbA1c levels and mortality in patients with diabetes and advanced systolic heart failure. Am Heart J. 2006 Jan;151(1):91.
  • Gerstein HC, Swedberg K, Carlsson J, et al. The hemoglobin A1c level as a progressive risk factor for cardiovascular death, hospitalization for heart failure, or death in patients with chronic heart failure: an analysis of the Candesartan in Heart failure: assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity (CHARM) program. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Aug 11;168(15):1699–1704.
  • Elder DH, Singh JS, Levin D, et al. Mean HbA1c and mortality in diabetic individuals with heart failure: a population cohort study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2016 Jan;18(1):94–102.
  • Castagno D, Baird-Gunning J, Jhund PS, et al. Intensive glycemic control has no impact on the risk of heart failure in type 2 diabetic patients: evidence from a 37,229 patient meta-analysis. Am Heart J. 2011 Nov;162(5):938–948.e2.
  • American Diabetes Association. 6. Glycemic targets: standards of medical care in diabetes-2020. Diabetes Care. 2020 Jan;43(Suppl 1):S66–s76.
  • Cooper LB, Mi X, Mentz RJ, et al. Management of newly treated diabetes in Medicare beneficiaries with and without heart failure. Clin Cardiol. 2017 Jan;40(1):38–45.
  • Riehle C, Abel ED. Insulin signaling and heart failure. Circ Res. 2016 Apr 1;118(7):1151–1169.
  • Gerstein HC, Jung H, Rydén L, et al. Effect of basal insulin glargine on first and recurrent episodes of heart failure hospitalization: the ORIGIN Trial (Outcome Reduction with Initial Glargine Intervention). Circulation. 2018 Jan 2;137(1):88–90.
  • Cosmi F, Shen L, Magnoli M, et al. Treatment with insulin is associated with worse outcome in patients with chronic heart failure and diabetes. Eur J Heart Fail. 2018 May;20(5):888–895.
  • Gong L, Goswami S, Giacomini KM, et al. Metformin pathways: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2012 Nov;22(11):820–827.
  • Tseng CH. Metformin use is associated with a lower risk of hospitalization for heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019 Nov 5;8(21):e011640.
  • UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet. 1998 Sep 12;352(9131):854–865.
  • Eurich DT, Majumdar SR, McAlister FA, et al. Improved clinical outcomes associated with metformin in patients with diabetes and heart failure. Diabetes Care. 2005 Oct;28(10):2345–2351.
  • Romero SP, Andrey JL, Garcia-Egido A, et al. Metformin therapy and prognosis of patients with heart failure and new-onset diabetes mellitus. A propensity-matched study in the community. Int J Cardiol. 2013 Jun 20;166(2):404–412.
  • Eurich DT, Weir DL, Majumdar SR, et al. Comparative safety and effectiveness of metformin in patients with diabetes mellitus and heart failure: systematic review of observational studies involving 34,000 patients. Circ Heart Fail. 2013 May;6(3):395–402.
  • Della-Morte D, Palmirotta R, Rehni AK, et al. Pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics of thiazolidinediones: role in diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors. Pharmacogenomics. 2014 Dec;15(16):2063–2082.
  • Erdmann E, Charbonnel B, Wilcox RG, et al. Pioglitazone use and heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes and preexisting cardiovascular disease: data from the PROactive study (PROactive 08). Diabetes Care. 2007 Nov;30(11):2773–2778.
  • Nissen SE, Wolski K. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med. 2007 Jun 14;356(24):2457–2471.
  • Wallach JD, Wang K, Zhang AD, et al. Updating insights into rosiglitazone and cardiovascular risk through shared data: individual patient and summary level meta-analyses. BMJ. 2020 Feb 5;368:l7078.
  • Komajda M, McMurray JJ, Beck-Nielsen H, et al. Heart failure events with rosiglitazone in type 2 diabetes: data from the RECORD clinical trial. Eur Heart J. 2010 Apr;31(7):824–831.
  • Proks P, Reimann F, Green N, et al. Sulfonylurea stimulation of insulin secretion. Diabetes. 2002 Dec;51(Suppl 3):S368–76.
  • Frye RL, August P, Brooks MM, et al. A randomized trial of therapies for type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jun 11;360(24):2503–2515.
  • Roumie CL, Min JY, McGowan L D, et al. Comparative safety of sulfonylurea and metformin monotherapy on the risk of heart failure: a cohort study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017 Apr 19;6(4):e005379.
  • Tzoulaki I, Molokhia M, Curcin V, et al. Risk of cardiovascular disease and all cause mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes prescribed oral antidiabetes drugs: retrospective cohort study using UK general practice research database. BMJ. 2009 Dec 3;339:b4731.
  • Rosenstock J, Kahn SE, Johansen OE, et al. Effect of linagliptin vs glimepiride on major adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: the CAROLINA randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019 Sep 24;322(12):1155–1166.
  • Thornberry NA, Gallwitz B. Mechanism of action of inhibitors of dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4). Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Aug;23(4):479–486.
  • Widlansky ME, Puppala VK, Suboc TM, et al. Impact of DPP-4 inhibition on acute and chronic endothelial function in humans with type 2 diabetes on background metformin therapy. Vasc Med. 2017 Jun;22(3):189–196.
  • Rosenstock J, Perkovic V, Johansen OE, et al. Effect of linagliptin vs placebo on major cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular and renal risk: the CARMELINA randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019 Jan 1;321(1):69–79.
  • Zheng SL, Roddick AJ, Aghar-Jaffar R, et al. Association between use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists, and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors with all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2018 Apr 17;319(15):1580–1591.
  • Trujillo JM, Nuffer W, Ellis SL. GLP-1 receptor agonists: a review of head-to-head clinical studies. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Feb;6(1):19–28.
  • Drucker DJ, Nauck MA. The incretin system: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 2006 Nov 11;368(9548):1696–1705.
  • Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016 Nov 10;375(19):1834–1844.
  • Pérez-Belmonte LM, Sanz-Cánovas J, García de Lucas MD, et al. Efficacy and safety of semaglutide for the management of obese patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic heart failure in real-world clinical practice. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:851035.
  • Pfeffer MA, Claggett B, Diaz R, et al. Lixisenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes and acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2015 Dec 3;373(23):2247–2257.
  • Holman RR, Bethel MA, Mentz RJ, et al. Effects of once-weekly exenatide on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017 Sep 28;377(13):1228–1239.
  • Margulies KB, Hernandez AF, Redfield MM, et al. Effects of liraglutide on clinical stability among patients with advanced heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: a randomized clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016 Aug 2;316(5):500–508.
  • Jorsal A, Kistorp C, Holmager P, et al. Effect of liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue, on left ventricular function in stable chronic heart failure patients with and without diabetes (LIVE)-a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017 Jan;19(1):69–77.
  • Li L, Li S, Liu J, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and heart failure in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and observational studies. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2016 May 11;16:91.
  • Kalra S. Sodium glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors: a review of their basic and clinical pharmacology. Diabetes Ther. 2014 Dec;5(2):355–366.
  • Chao EC. SGLT-2 inhibitors: a new mechanism for glycemic Control. Clin Diabetes. 2014 Jan;32(1):4–11.
  • Chen S, Coronel R, Hollmann MW, et al. Direct cardiac effects of SGLT2 inhibitors. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022 Mar 18;21(1):45.
  • Zhang A, Luo X, Meng H, et al. Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors reduce the risk of heart failure hospitalization in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Endocrinol. 2020;11:604250.
  • Mone P, Lombardi A, Gambardella J, et al. Empagliflozin improves cognitive impairment in frail older adults with type 2 diabetes and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Diabetes Care. 2022 May 1;45(5):1247–1251.
  • Damman K, Valente MA, Voors AA, et al. Renal impairment, worsening renal function, and outcome in patients with heart failure: an updated meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2014 Feb;35(7):455–469.
  • Packer M, Anker SD, Butler J, et al. Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with empagliflozin in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2020 Oct 8;383(15):1413–1424.
  • Jhund PS, Solomon SD, Docherty KF, et al. Efficacy of dapagliflozin on renal function and outcomes in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: results of DAPA-HF. Circulation. 2021 Jan 26;143(4):298–309.
  • Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B, et al. Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jun 13;380(24):2295–2306.
  • Cosentino F, Cannon CP, Cherney DZI, et al. Efficacy of ertugliflozin on heart failure-related events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: results of the VERTIS CV trial. Circulation. 2020 Dec 8;142(23):2205–2215.
  • Zelniker TA, Wiviott SD, Raz I, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials. Lancet. 2019 Jan 5;393(10166):31–39.
  • Bilgin S, Kurtkulagi O, Duman TT, et al. Sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor, Empagliflozin, is associated with significant reduction in weight, body mass index, fasting glucose, and A1c levels in Type 2 diabetic patients with established coronary heart disease: the SUPER GATE study. Ir J Med Sci. 2022 Aug;191(4):1647–1652.
  • Kosiborod M, Cavender MA, Fu AZ, et al. Lower risk of heart failure and death in patients initiated on sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 Inhibitors versus other glucose-lowering drugs: the CVD-REAL Study (Comparative Effectiveness of Cardiovascular Outcomes in new users of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors). Circulation. 2017 Jul 18;136(3):249–259.
  • Patorno E, Pawar A, Franklin JM, et al. Empagliflozin and the risk of heart failure hospitalization in routine clinical care. Circulation. 2019 Jun 18;139(25):2822–2830.
  • Pan X, Xu S, Li J, et al. The effects of DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1RAs, and SGLT-2/1 inhibitors on heart failure outcomes in diabetic patients with and without heart failure history: insights from CVOTs and drug mechanism. Front Endocrinol. 2020;11:599355.
  • McMurray J. EMPA-REG - the “diuretic hypothesis”. J Diabetes Complications. 2016 Jan;30(1):3–4.
  • Scheen AJ. Pharmacodynamics, efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs. 2015 Jan;75(1):33–59.
  • Mudaliar S, Alloju S, Henry RR. Can a shift in fuel energetics explain the beneficial cardiorenal outcomes in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME Study? A unifying hypothesis. Diabetes Care. 2016 Jul;39(7):1115–1122.
  • Singh AK, Singh R. Gender difference in cardiovascular outcomes with SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonist in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardio-vascular outcome trials. Diabet Metab Syndrome: Clin Res Rev. 2020 May;14(3):181–187.
  • Berezin AA, Obradovic Z, Fushtey IM, et al. The impact of SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin on adropin serum levels in men and women with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic heart failure. Biomedicines. 2023;11(2):457.
  • Colilla S, Crow A, Petkun W, et al. Estimates of current and future incidence and prevalence of atrial fibrillation in the U.S. adult population. Am J Cardiol. 2013 Oct 15;112(8):1142–1147.
  • Russo I, Frangogiannis NG. Diabetes-associated cardiac fibrosis: cellular effectors, molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2016 Jan;90:84–93.
  • Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Shrader P, Thomas L, et al. Care patterns and outcomes in atrial fibrillation patients with and without diabetes: oRBIT-AF Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Sep 12;70(11):1325–1335.
  • Chang SH, Wu LS, Chiou MJ, et al. Association of metformin with lower atrial fibrillation risk among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population-based dynamic cohort and in vitro studies. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2014 Aug 10;13:123.
  • Liou YS, Yang FY, Chen HY, et al. Antihyperglycemic drugs use and new-onset atrial fibrillation: a population-based nested case control study. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(8):e0197245.
  • Gerstein HC, Bosch J, Dagenais GR, et al. Basal insulin and cardiovascular and other outcomes in dysglycemia. N Engl J Med. 2012 Jul 26;367(4):319–328.
  • Kume O, Takahashi N, Wakisaka O, et al. Pioglitazone attenuates inflammatory atrial fibrosis and vulnerability to atrial fibrillation induced by pressure overload in rats. Heart Rhythm. 2011 Feb;8(2):278–285.
  • Zhang Z, Zhang X, Korantzopoulos P, et al. Thiazolidinedione use and atrial fibrillation in diabetic patients: a meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2017 Apr 5;17(1):96.
  • Chao TF, Leu HB, Huang CC, et al. Thiazolidinediones can prevent new onset atrial fibrillation in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes. Int J Cardiol. 2012 Apr 19;156(2):199–202.
  • Newman JD, Vani AK, Aleman JO, et al. The changing landscape of diabetes therapy for cardiovascular risk reduction: jACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Oct 9;72(15):1856–1869.
  • Monami M, Nreu B, Scatena A, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Endocrinol Invest. 2017 Nov;40(11):1251–1258.
  • Usman MS, Siddiqi TJ, Memon MM, et al. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2018 Mar;25(5):495–502.
  • Kwon CH, Kim YJ, Kim MJ, et al. Effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors on major adverse cardiovascular events and hospitalization for heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2022 Sep 1;178:35–42.
  • Butt JH, Docherty KF, Jhund PS, et al. Dapagliflozin and atrial fibrillation in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: insights from DAPA-HF. Eur J Heart Fail. 2022 Mar;24(3):513–525.
  • Boulmpou A, Patoulias D, Papadopoulos CE, et al. Meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials assessing the impact of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on major cardiac arrhythmias. Acta Cardiol. 2022 Jun;14:1–6.
  • Packer M, Lam CSP, Lund LH, et al. Interdependence oF atrial fibrillation and heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction reflects a common underlying atrial and ventricular myopathy. Circulation. 2020 Jan 7;141(1):4–6.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.