219
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Endocrine factors associated with infertility in women: an updated review

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 399-417 | Received 02 Jul 2023, Accepted 04 Sep 2023, Published online: 13 Sep 2023

References

  • Sahana Devi KJ, Yendapalli V. Women infertility: a systematic review of effects and causes. SN Comput Sci. 2022 Dec 17;4(2):103.
  • Infertility Prevalence Estimates , 1990–2021. [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. [cited 2023 Jun 13] 79 Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/978920068315
  • Walker MH, Tobler KJ. Female infertility. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 [cited 2023 Jun 25]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556033/
  • Barrera N, Omolaoye TS, Du Plessis SS. Chapter 6 - a contemporary view on global fertility, infertility, and assisted reproductive techniques. In: Vaamonde D, Hackney A Garcia-Manso J, editors. Fertility, pregnancy, and wellness [internet]. Elsevier; 2022. p. 93–120. cited 2023 Jun 28 Available from:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128183090000095
  • Barbieri RLFemale infertility. Yen And Jaffe’s Reproductive Endocrinology [Internet]. Elsevier; 2019 [cited 2023 Jun 13]. 556–581.e7. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780323479127000226
  • Unuane D, Velkeniers B, Bravenboer B, et al. Impact of thyroid autoimmunity in euthyroid women on live birth rate after IUI. Hum Reprod Oxf Eng. 2017 Apr 1;32(4):915–922. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dex033
  • Concepción Zavaleta M, Rafael Robles L, Coronado Arroyo J, et al. Evaluación del status hormonal en infertilidad femenina. Una visión desde el punto de vista del endocrinólogo. Rev Argent Endocrinol Metab. 2022;59(1):62–68.
  • Luciano AA, Lanzone A, Goverde AJ. Management of female infertility from hormonal causes. Int J Gynecol Obst. 2013 Dec 1;123:S9–17. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2013.09.007
  • Stamatiades GA, Kaiser UB. Gonadotropin regulation by pulsatile GnRH: signaling and gene expression. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2018 Mar 5;463:131–141. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.10.015
  • Casteel CO, Singh G. Physiology, gonadotropin-releasing hormone. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 [cited 2023 Jun 24]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558992/
  • Kükürt A, Kuru M, Başer ÖF, et al. Kisspeptin: role in female infertility. Reproductive Hormones [Internet]. IntechOpen; 2020 [cited 2023 Jun 24]. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/74165
  • Simerly RB. Chapter 13 - Organization of the hypothalamus. In: The rat nervous system Fourth. Paxinos G, editor. InternetAvailable from. San Diego: Academic Press. 2015. 267–294. [cited 2023 Jun 24]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123742452000139.
  • Uenoyama Y, Nagae M, Tsuchida H, et al. Role of KNDy neurons expressing kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin a as a GnRH pulse generator controlling mammalian reproduction. Front Endocrinol. 2021;12: [cited 2023 Jun 24]. InternetAvailable from: doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.724632
  • Weiss RV, Clapauch R. Female infertility of endocrine origin. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2014 Mar;58(2):144–152. doi: 10.1590/0004-2730000003021
  • Wen J, Huang K, Du X, et al. Can inhibin B reflect ovarian reserve of healthy reproductive age women effectively? Front Endocrinol. 2021;12:626534. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.626534
  • Su HW, Yi YC, Wei TY, et al. Detection of ovulation, a review of currently available methods. Bioeng Transl Med. 2017 Sep;2(3):238–246. doi: 10.1002/btm2.10058
  • WHO Scientific Group on Agents Stimulating Gonadal Function in the Human & World Health Organization. Agents stimulating gonadal function in the human: report of a WHO scientific group [‎meeting held in Geneva from 28 August to 1 September 1972]‎ [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1973 30 [cited 2023 Jul 2] Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/38216
  • Advances in methods of fertility regulation: report of a WHO scientific group. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1973;527:1–42.
  • Munro MG, Balen AH, Cho S, et al. The FIGO ovulatory disorders classification system. Int J Gynecol Obst. 2022;159(1):1–20. doi: 10.1002/ijgo.14331
  • Fertility problems: assessment and treatment | Clinical guideline [CG156] | NICE. Last Updated: 06 September 2017 [Internet]. NICE; 2013 [cited 2023 Jul 1]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg156/chapter/recommendations
  • Health (UK). NCC for W and C. Ovulation disorders. Fertility: Assessment And Treatment For People With Fertility Problems [Internet]. Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists; 2013 [cited 2023 Jul 1]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK327781/
  • Talaulikar V, Yasmin E. WHO type 1 anovulation: an update on diagnosis, management and implications for long-term health. Obstet Gynaecol. 2020;22(3):178–190. doi: 10.1111/tog.12665
  • Maggi R, Cariboni AM, Marelli MM, et al. GnRH and GnRH receptors in the pathophysiology of the human female reproductive system. Hum Reprod Update. 2016 Apr;22(3):358–381. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmv059
  • Shufelt CL, Torbati T, Dutra E. Hypothalamic amenorrhea and the long-term Health consequences. Semin Reprod Med. 2017 May;35(3):256–262. doi: 10.1055/s-0037-1603581
  • Roberts RE, Farahani L, Webber L, et al. Current understanding of hypothalamic amenorrhoea. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Jul 30;11:2042018820945854.
  • Gordon CM, Ackerman KE, Berga SL, et al. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: an endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017 May 1;102(5):1413–1439. doi: 10.1210/jc.2017-00131
  • Meczekalski B, Niwczyk O, Bala G, et al. Stress, kisspeptin, and functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2022 Dec;67:102288.
  • Podfigurna A, Meczekalski B. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: a stress-based disease. Endocrines. 2021 Sep;2(3):203–211. doi: 10.3390/endocrines2030020
  • Boutari C, Pappas PD, Mintziori G, et al. The effect of underweight on female and male reproduction. Metabolism. 2020 Jun;107:154229.
  • Childs GV, Odle AK, MacNicol MC, et al. The importance of leptin to reproduction. Endocrinology. 2021 Feb 1;162(2):bqaa204.
  • Gierach M, Bruska-Sikorska M, Rojek M, et al. Hyperprolactinemia and insulin resistance. Endokrynol Pol. 2022;73(6):959–967. doi: 10.5603/EP.a2022.0075
  • Hoskova K, Kayton Bryant N, Chen ME, et al. Kisspeptin overcomes GnRH neuronal suppression secondary to hyperprolactinemia in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022 Jul 14;107(8):e3515–25. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgac166
  • Edinoff AN, Silverblatt NS, Vervaeke HE, et al. Hyperprolactinemia, clinical considerations, and infertility in women on antipsychotic medications. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2021 Mar 16;51(2):131–148.
  • Fukuhara N, Nishiyama M, Iwasaki Y. Update in Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy of prolactinoma. Cancers. 2022 Jul 24;14(15):3604.
  • Majumdar A, Mangal NS. Hyperprolactinemia. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2013;6(3):168–175. doi: 10.4103/0974-1208.121400
  • Mrowczynski OD, Langan ST, Rizk EB. Craniopharyngiomas: a systematic review and evaluation of the current intratumoral treatment landscape. Clin Neurol Neurosur. 2018 Mar 1;166:124–130. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2018.01.039
  • Baines SJ. Chapter 51 - pharynx. In: Langley-Hobbs S, Demetriou J Ladlow J, editors. Feline soft tissue and general surgery [internet]. W.B. Saunders; 2014. p. 617–633. cited 2023 Aug 8 Available from:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780702043369000512
  • Sowithayasakul P, Boekhoff S, Bison B, et al. Pregnancies after Childhood Craniopharyngioma: results of kraniopharyngeom 2000/2007 and review of the literature. Neuroendocrinology. 2020 Dec 15;111(1–2):16–26.
  • Miljic D, Pekic S, Popovic V. Empty Sella. In: Feingold K, Anawalt B, Blackman M, Boyce A, Chrousos G Corpas E, eds et al. Endotext [internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc; 2000 [cited 2023 Aug 9]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532084/.
  • Bendarska-Czerwińska A, Zmarzły N, Morawiec E, et al. Endocrine disorders and fertility and pregnancy: an update. Front Endocrinol. 2023[cited 2023 Aug 8]; 13: InternetAvailable from: doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.970439
  • Jain D. A ray of hope for a woman with Sheehan’s syndrome. BMJ Case Rep. 2013 Feb 4;2013(feb04 1):bcr2012008445.
  • Bathwal S, Sharma S, Agarwal N, et al. Fertility management in Kallmann syndrome: a step towards optimization. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol. 2017 May 25;6(6):2648–2650. doi: 10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20172373
  • Melmed S. Fertility and fragrance: another cause of Kallmann syndrome. J Clin Invest. 2015 Jun 1;125(6):2275–2278.
  • Skałba P, Guz M. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in women. Endokrynol Pol. 2011;62(6):560–567.
  • Baird DT, Balen A, Escobar-Morreale HF, et al. Health and fertility in World Health Organization group 2 anovulatory women. Hum Reprod Update. 2012;18(5):586–599. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dms019
  • Collée J, Mawet M, Tebache L, et al. Polycystic ovarian syndrome and infertility: overview and insights of the putative treatments. Gynecol Endocrinol Off J Int Soc Gynecol Endocrinol. 2021 Oct;37(10):869–874. doi: 10.1080/09513590.2021.1958310
  • Sivanandy MS, Ha SK. The role of serum anti-mullerian hormone measurement in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome. Diagnostics. 2023 Jan;13(5):907. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13050907
  • Sadeghi HM, Adeli I, Calina D, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome: a comprehensive review of pathogenesis, management, and drug repurposing. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Jan 6;23(2):583. doi: 10.3390/ijms23020583
  • Hubayter ZR, Popat V, Vanderhoof VH, et al. A prospective evaluation of antral follicle function in women with 46,XX spontaneous primary ovarian insufficiency. Fertil Steril. 2010 Oct;94(5):1769–1774. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.10.023
  • Piedade KC, Spencer H, Persani L, et al. Optimizing fertility in primary ovarian insufficiency: case report and literature review. Front Genet. 2021;12: [cited 2023 Aug 7]. InternetAvailable from: 10.3389/fgene.2021.676262
  • Chon SJ, Umair Z, Yoon MS. Premature ovarian insufficiency: past, present, and future. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:672890. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.672890
  • Sopiarz N, Sparzak PB Primary ovarian insufficiency.In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 [cited 2023 Jun 24]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK589674/
  • Nelson LM, Anasti JN, Kimzey LM, et al. Development of luteinized graafian follicles in patients with karyotypically normal spontaneous premature ovarian failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 Nov;79(5):1470–1475. doi: 10.1210/jcem.79.5.7962345
  • Beau I, Touraine P, Meduri G, et al. A novel phenotype related to partial loss of function mutations of the follicle stimulating hormone receptor. J Clin Invest. 1998 Oct 1;102(7):1352–1359. doi: 10.1172/JCI3795
  • Desai SS, Achrekar SK, Sahasrabuddhe KA, et al. Functional characterization of two naturally occurring mutations (Val514Ala and Ala575Val) in follicle-stimulating hormone receptor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Apr;100(4):E638–645. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-3662
  • Banerjee AA, Achrekar SK, Joseph S, et al. Functional characterization of two naturally occurring mutations V221G and T449N in the follicle stimulating hormone receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2017 Jan 15;440:69–79.
  • Lussiana C, Guani B, Mari C, et al. Mutations and polymorphisms of the FSH receptor (FSHR) gene: clinical implications in female fecundity and molecular biology of FSHR protein and gene. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2008 Dec;63(12):785–795. doi: 10.1097/OGX.0b013e31818957eb
  • Yang X, Yang L. Current understanding of the genomic abnormalities in premature ovarian failure: chance for early diagnosis and management. Front Med. 2023 Jun 2;10:1194865. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1194865
  • Tsigkou A, Marzotti S, Borges L, et al. High serum inhibin concentration discriminates autoimmune oophoritis from other forms of primary ovarian insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Apr 1;93(4):1263–1269. doi: 10.1210/jc.2007-1675
  • Szeliga A, Calik-Ksepka A, Maciejewska-Jeske M, et al. Autoimmune diseases in patients with premature ovarian insufficiency-our Current state of knowledge. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Mar 5;22(5):2594. doi: 10.3390/ijms22052594
  • Barros F, Carvalho F, Barros A, et al. Premature ovarian insufficiency: clinical orientations for genetic testing and genetic counseling. Porto Biomed J. 2020;5(3):e62. doi: 10.1097/j.pbj.0000000000000062
  • Wang J, Sun X, Yang Z, et al. Epigenetic regulation in premature ovarian failure: a literature review. Front Physiol. 2022;13:998424. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.998424
  • Karavani G, Rottenstreich A, Schachter-Safrai N, et al. Chemotherapy-based gonadotoxicity risk evaluation as a predictor of reproductive outcomes in post-pubertal patients following ovarian tissue cryopreservation. BMC Womens Health. 2021 May 13;21(1):201. doi: 10.1186/s12905-021-01343-z
  • Himpe J, Lammerant S, Van den Bergh L, et al. The impact of systemic oncological treatments on the fertility of adolescents and young adults—A systematic review. Life. 2023 May;13(5):1209. doi: 10.3390/life13051209
  • Takae S, Kawamura K, Sato Y, et al. Analysis of late-onset ovarian insufficiency after ovarian surgery: retrospective study with 75 patients of post-surgical ovarian insufficiency. PLoS One. 2014 May 23;9(5):e98174. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098174
  • Koyyada A, Orsu P. Role of hypothyroidism and associated pathways in pregnancy and infertility: clinical insights. Tzu-Chi Med J. 2020 Apr 10;32(4):312–317.
  • Jimenez-Ibañez LC, Conde-Gutierrez YDS, Torres-Trejo JA, et al. Hipotiroidismo asociado con infertilidad en mujeres en edad reproductiva. Ginecol Obstet México. 2020;88(5):321–329.
  • Saran S, Gupta BS, Philip R, et al. Effect of hypothyroidism on female reproductive hormones. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2016;20(1):108–113. doi: 10.4103/2230-8210.172245
  • Fröhlich E, Wahl R. The forgotten effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone: metabolic functions and medical applications. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2019 Jan;52:29–43. doi: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.06.006
  • Vissenberg R, Manders VD, Mastenbroek S, et al. Pathophysiological aspects of thyroid hormone disorders/thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies and reproduction. Hum Reprod Update. 2015 May 1;21(3):378–387. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmv004
  • Silva JF, Ocarino NM, Serakides R. Thyroid hormones and female reproduction†. Biol Reprod. 2018 Nov 1;99(5):907–921.
  • Joshi JV, Bhandarkar SD, Chadha M, et al. Menstrual irregularities and lactation failure may precede thyroid dysfunction or goitre. J Postgrad Med. 1993;39(3):137–141.
  • Mazzilli R, Medenica S, Di Tommaso AM, et al. The role of thyroid function in female and male infertility: a narrative review. J Endocrinol Invest. 2023 Jan;46(1):15–26. doi: 10.1007/s40618-022-01883-7
  • Mintziori G, Kita M, Duntas L, et al. Consequences of hyperthyroidism in male and female fertility: pathophysiology and current management. J Endocrinol Invest. 2016 Aug;39(8):849–853. doi: 10.1007/s40618-016-0452-6
  • Maher JY, Gomez-Lobo V, Merke DP. The management of congenital adrenal hyperplasia during preconception, pregnancy, and postpartum. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2023 Feb;24(1):71–83. doi: 10.1007/s11154-022-09770-5
  • Claahsen - Vander Grinten HL, Speiser PW, Ahmed SF, et al. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia—Current insights in pathophysiology, Diagnostics, and management. Endocr Rev. 2021 May 7;43(1):91–159. doi: 10.1210/endrev/bnab016
  • Gomes LG, Bachega TASS, Mendonca BB. Classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia and its impact on reproduction. Fertility And Sterility. 2019 Jan;111(1):7–12. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.11.037
  • Reichman DE, White PC, New MI, et al. Fertility in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Fertil Steril. 2014 Feb 1;101(2):301–309. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.11.002
  • Hagenfeldt K, Janson PO, Holmdahl G, et al. Fertility and pregnancy outcome in women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Hum Reprod Oxf Eng. 2008 Jul;23(7):1607–1613. doi: 10.1093/humrep/den118
  • Casteràs A, De Silva P, Rumsby G, et al. Reassessing fecundity in women with classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH): normal pregnancy rate but reduced fertility rate. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009 Jun;70(6):833–837. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03563.x
  • Lidaka L, Bekere L, Lazdane G, et al. Non-classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia-causing alleles in adolescent girls with PCOS and in risk group for PCOS development. Diagn Basel Switz. 2021 May 28;11(6):980.
  • Erichsen MM, Husebye ES, Michelsen TM, et al. Sexuality and fertility in women with Addison’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Sep 1;95(9):4354–4360.
  • Bensing S, Giordano R, Falorni A. Fertility and pregnancy in women with primary adrenal insufficiency. Endocrine. 2020 Nov;70(2):211–217. doi: 10.1007/s12020-020-02343-z
  • Betterle C, Greggio NA, Volpato M. Clinical review 93: autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Apr;83(4):1049–1055. doi: 10.1210/jcem.83.4.4682
  • Falorni A, Laureti S, Candeloro P, et al. Steroid-cell autoantibodies are preferentially expressed in women with premature ovarian failure who have adrenal autoimmunity. Fertil Steril. 2002 Aug;78(2):270–279. doi: 10.1016/S0015-0282(02)03205-3
  • Vogt EC, Breivik L, Røyrvik EC, et al. Primary ovarian insufficiency in women with Addison’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021 Mar 4;106(7):e2656–63. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgab140
  • Castinetti F, Brue T. Impact of Cushing’s syndrome on fertility and pregnancy. Ann Endocrinol. 2022 Jun 1;83(3):188–190.
  • Ildefonso-Najarro SP, Plasencia-Dueñas EA, Benites-Moya CJ, et al. Pregnancy during the course of Cushing’s syndrome: a case report and literature review. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep. InternetAvailable from. 2020 Apr 12;2020(1): [cited 2023 Jun 26]. doi: 10.1530/EDM-20-0022
  • Ershadinia N, Tritos NA. Diagnosis and treatment of acromegaly: an Update. Mayo Clin Proc. 2022 Feb 1;97(2):333–346.
  • Pirchio R, Auriemma RS, Grasso LFS, et al. Fertility in acromegaly: a single-center experience of female patients during active disease and after disease remission. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023 Feb 15;108(8):e583–e593. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgad042
  • Cheng S, Grasso L, Martinez-Orozco JA, et al. Pregnancy in acromegaly: experience from two referral centers and systematic review of the literature. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012 Feb;76(2):264–271. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04180.x
  • Popescu AD, Carsote M, Valea A, et al. Approach of acromegaly during pregnancy. Diagnostics. 2022 Nov;12(11):2669. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics12112669
  • Assal A, Malcolm J, Lochnan H, et al. Preconception counselling for women with acromegaly: more questions than answers. Obstet Med. 2016 Mar;9(1):9–14. doi: 10.1177/1753495X15598699
  • Fichman V, da Costa Rde SS, Miglioli TC, et al. Association of obesity and anovulatory infertility. Einstein (São Paulo). 2020;18:eAO5150. doi: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2020AO5150
  • Belan M, Harnois-Leblanc S, Laferrère B, et al. Optimizing reproductive health in women with obesity and infertility. CMAJ Can Med Assoc J. 2018 Jun 18;190(24):E742–5. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.171233
  • Marinelli S, Napoletano G, Straccamore M, et al. Female obesity and infertility: outcomes and regulatory guidance. Acta Bio Medica Atenei Parm. 2022;93(4):e2022278.
  • Broughton DE, Moley KH. Obesity and female infertility: potential mediators of obesity’s impact. Fertil Steril. 2017 Apr;107(4):840–847. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.01.017
  • Chosich J, Bradford AP, Allshouse AA, et al. Acute recapitulation of the hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia characteristic of metabolic syndrome suppresses gonadotropins. Obes Silver Spring Md. 2017 Mar;25(3):553–560. doi: 10.1002/oby.21754
  • Lainez NM, Coss D. Obesity, neuroinflammation, and reproductive function. Endocrinology. 2019 Nov 1;160(11):2719–2736.
  • Rachoń D, Teede H. Ovarian function and obesity–interrelationship, impact on women’s reproductive lifespan and treatment options. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010 Mar 25;316(2):172–179.
  • Szamatowicz M, Szamatowicz J. Proven and unproven methods for diagnosis and treatment of infertility. Adv Med Sci. 2020 Mar;65(1):93–96. doi: 10.1016/j.advms.2019.12.008
  • Infertility workup for the women’s Health Specialist: ACOG Committee opinion, number 781. Obstet Gynecol. 2019 Jun;133(6):e377–84. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003271
  • Islam H, Masud J, Islam YN, et al. An update on polycystic ovary syndrome: a review of the current state of knowledge in diagnosis, genetic etiology, and emerging treatment options. Womens Health (Lond Engl). 2022 Aug 16;18:17455057221117966. doi: 10.1177/17455057221117966
  • Hart RJ. Physiological aspects of female fertility: role of the environment, modern lifestyle, and genetics. Physiol Rev. 2016 Jul;96(3):873–909. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00023.2015
  • Bala R, Singh V, Rajender S, et al. Environment, lifestyle, and female infertility. Reprod Sci query. 2021 Mar;28(3):617–638. doi: 10.1007/s43032-020-00279-3
  • Prior JC, Naess M, Langhammer A, et al. Ovulation prevalence in women with spontaneous normal-length menstrual cycles – a population-based cohort from HUNT3, Norway. PLoS One. 2015 Aug 20;10(8):e0134473.
  • Raperport C, Chronopoulou E, Homburg R, et al. Endogenous progesterone in unexplained infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2023 Mar 1;40(3):509–524. doi: 10.1007/s10815-022-02689-5
  • Sibal M. Ultrasound evaluation of adnexal pathology. In: Sibal M editor, Ultrasound in gynecology: an atlas and guide [internet]. Singapore:Springer Singapore. 2017; p. 319–361. [cited 2023 Aug 8]. Available from: doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-2714-7_9
  • Serri O, Chik CL, Ur E, et al. Diagnosis and management of hyperprolactinemia. CMAJ Can Med Assoc J J Assoc Medicale Can. 2003 Sep 16;169(6):575–581.
  • Law BJ. Evaluation and management of hyperprolactinemia. Rev Endocrinol Nutr. 2005;13(s1):56–59.
  • Patel SS, Bamigboye V. Hyperprolactinaemia. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007 Jul;27(5):455–459. doi: 10.1080/01443610701406125
  • Teede HJ, Misso ML, Costello MF, et al. Recommendations from the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2018 Aug;110(3):364–379. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.05.004
  • Chang S, Dunaif A. Diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome: which criteria to use and when? Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2021 Mar;50(1):11–23. doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2020.10.002
  • Neven ACH, Laven J, Teede HJ, et al. A summary on polycystic ovary syndrome: diagnostic criteria, prevalence, clinical manifestations, and management according to the latest international guidelines. Semin Reprod Med. 2018 Jan;36(1):5–12. doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1668085
  • Wasilewski T, Łukaszewicz-Zając M, Wasilewska J, et al. Biochemistry of infertility. Clin Chim Acta Int J Clin Chem. 2020 Sep;508:185–190.
  • Gastaldelli A. Measuring and estimating insulin resistance in clinical and research settings. Obes Silver Spring Md. 2022 Aug;30(8):1549–1563. doi: 10.1002/oby.23503
  • Unuane D, Velkeniers B. Impact of thyroid disease on fertility and assisted conception. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Jul;34(4):101378. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2020.101378
  • Alexander EK, Pearce EN, Brent GA, et al. 2017 guidelines of the American thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum. Thyroid Off J Am Thyroid Assoc. 2017 Mar;27(3):315–389. doi: 10.1089/thy.2016.0457
  • Monteleone P, Parrini D, Faviana P, et al. Female infertility related to thyroid autoimmunity: the ovarian follicle hypothesis. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2011;66(2):108–114. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00961.x
  • Lancuba S, España De Marco MJ, Thomson MS, et al. Chapter 7 - endocrinological causes of female infertility. In: Laganà A Guglielmino A editors. Management of infertility [internet]. Academic Press; 2023. p. 65–70. [cited 2023 Aug 7]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323899079000302.
  • Fauser BCJM, Diedrich K, Devroey P, et al. Predictors of ovarian response: progress towards individualized treatment in ovulation induction and ovarian stimulation. Hum Reprod Update. 2008 Jan 1;14(1):1–14. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmm034
  • Coelho Neto MA, Ludwin A, Borrell A, et al. Counting ovarian antral follicles by ultrasound: a practical guide. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2018;51(1):10–20. doi: 10.1002/uog.18945
  • Capecce E, Pelanda M, Dicugno M, et al. La hormona antimülleriana como marcador de función ovárica. Rev Argent Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Sep;53(3):106–113. doi: 10.1016/j.raem.2016.06.003
  • Dewailly D, Andersen CY, Balen A, et al. The physiology and clinical utility of anti-mullerian hormone in women. Hum Reprod Update. 2014;20(3):370–385. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmt062
  • Moolhuijsen LME, Visser JA. Anti-Müllerian hormone and ovarian reserve: update on assessing ovarian function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Nov 1;105(11):3361–3373.
  • Cedars MI. Evaluation of female fertility-AMH and ovarian reserve testing. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022 May 17;107(6):1510–1519.
  • Ulrich ND, Marsh EE. Ovarian reserve testing: a review of the options, their applications, and their limitations. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2019 Jun;62(2):228–237. doi: 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000445
  • Rudnicka E, Kunicki M, Calik-Ksepka A, et al. Anti-Müllerian hormone in pathogenesis, diagnostic and treatment of PCOS. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Nov 19;22(22):12507. doi: 10.3390/ijms222212507
  • Dewailly D, Robin G, Peigne M, et al. Interactions between androgens, FSH, anti-Müllerian hormone and estradiol during folliculogenesis in the human normal and polycystic ovary. Hum Reprod Update. 2016 Nov 20;22(6):709–724. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmw027
  • Dumont A, Robin G, Dewailly D. Anti-müllerian hormone in the pathophysiology and diagnosis of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2018 Dec;25(6):377–384. doi: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000445
  • Kostrzewa M, Głowacka E, Stetkiewicz T, et al. Is serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) assay a satisfactory measure for ovarian reserve estimation? A comparison of serum and peritoneal fluid AMH levels. Adv Clin Exp Med Off Organ Wroclaw Med Univ. 2020 Jul;29(7):853–856. doi: 10.17219/acem/121010
  • Broer SL, Broekmans FJM, Laven JSE, et al. Anti-Müllerian hormone: ovarian reserve testing and its potential clinical implications. Human Reproduction Update. 2014 Sep 1;20(5):688–701.
  • di Clemente N, Racine C, Pierre A, et al. Anti-Müllerian hormone in female reproduction. Endocr Rev. 2021 Dec 1;42(6):753–782. doi: 10.1210/endrev/bnab012
  • Khan HL, Bhatti S, Suhail S, et al. Antral follicle count (AFC) and serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) are the predictors of natural fecundability have similar trends irrespective of fertility status and menstrual characteristics among fertile and infertile women below the age of 40 years. Reprod Biol Endocrinol RBE. 2019 Feb 11;17(1):20. doi: 10.1186/s12958-019-0464-0
  • Bahgat NA, Denek Z. Relation between anti-mullerian hormone and blastocyst rate in patients less than 35 years old. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol. 2022 Apr 27;11(5):1351–1356.
  • de Kat AC, Vander Schouw YT, Eijkemans MJC, et al. Back to the basics of ovarian aging: a population-based study on longitudinal anti-Müllerian hormone decline. BMC Med. 2016 Oct 3;14(1):151. doi: 10.1186/s12916-016-0699-y
  • Penzias A, Azziz R, Bendikson K, et al. Testing and interpreting measures of ovarian reserve: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2020 Dec 1;114(6):1151–1157. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.09.134
  • Steiner AZ, Herring AH, Kesner JS, et al. Antimüllerian hormone as a predictor of natural fecundability in women aged 30-42 years. Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Apr;117(4):798–804. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182116bc8
  • Tata B, El Houda Mimouni N, Barbotin AL, et al. Elevated prenatal anti-Müllerian hormone reprograms the fetus and induces polycystic ovary syndrome in adulthood. Nat Med. 2018 Jun;24(6):834–846. doi: 10.1038/s41591-018-0035-5
  • Butt MS, Saleem J, Aiman S, et al. Serum anti-Müllerian hormone as a predictor of polycystic ovarian syndrome among women of reproductive age. BMC Womens Health. 2022 May 28;22(1):199. doi: 10.1186/s12905-022-01782-2
  • Piltonen TT, Komsi E, Morin-Papunen LC, et al. AMH as part of the diagnostic PCOS workup in large epidemiological studies. Eur J Endocrinol. 2023 Jun 1;188(6):547–554. doi: 10.1093/ejendo/lvad065
  • Hagen CP, Vestergaard S, Juul A, et al. Low concentration of circulating antimüllerian hormone is not predictive of reduced fecundability in young healthy women: a prospective cohort study. Fertil Steril. 2012 Dec;98(6):1602–1608.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.08.008
  • Tal R, Seifer DB, Wantman E, et al. Antimüllerian hormone as a predictor of live birth following assisted reproduction: an analysis of 85,062 fresh and thawed cycles from the Society for assisted reproductive technology clinic outcome reporting system database for 2012–2013. Fertil Steril. 2018 Feb 1;109(2):258–265. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.10.021
  • Yin J, Chang HM, Li R, et al. Recent progress in the treatment of women with diminished ovarian reserve. Gynecol Obstet Clin Med. 2021 Dec 1;1(4):186–189.
  • Tal R, Seifer DB. Ovarian reserve testing: a user’s guide. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Aug;217(2):129–140. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.02.027
  • Sabek EAS, Saleh OI, Ahmed HA. Ultrasound in evaluating ovarian reserve, is it reliable? Egypt J Radiol Nucl Med. 2015 Dec 1;46(4):1343–1348.
  • Maseelall PB, Hernandez-Rey AE, Oh C, et al. Antral follicle count is a significant predictor of livebirth in in vitro fertilization cycles. Fertil Steril. 2009 Apr 1;91(4):1595–1597.
  • Scheffer GJ, Broekmans FJM, Dorland M, et al. Antral follicle counts by transvaginal ultrasonography are related to age in women with proven natural fertility. Fertil Steril. 1999 Nov 1;72(5):845–851. doi: 10.1016/S0015-0282(99)00396-9
  • Broer SL, Dólleman M, Opmeer BC, et al. AMH and AFC as predictors of excessive response in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation: a meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2011;17(1):46–54. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmq034
  • Gaskins AJ, Nassan FL, Chiu YH, et al. Dietary patterns and outcomes of assisted reproduction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019 Jun;220(6):.e567.1–.e567.18. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.02.004
  • Salas-Huetos A, Babio N, Carrell DT, et al. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is positively associated with sperm motility: a cross-sectional analysis. Sci Rep. 2019 Mar 4;9(1):3389. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39826-7
  • Barrea L, Arnone A, Annunziata G, et al. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet, dietary patterns and body composition in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Nutrients. 2019 Sep 23;11(10):2278. doi: 10.3390/nu11102278
  • Grammatikopoulou MG, Lampropoulou M, Goulis DG. Chapter 41 - Mediterranean diet and female fertility: cross-talk of an evidence-based approach. In: Preedy V Watson R editors, The Mediterranean diet. Second Academic Press; 2020p. 473–482[cited 2023 Jun 27]. InternetAvailable from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128186497000412
  • Silvestris E, Lovero D, Palmirotta R. Nutrition and female fertility: an interdependent correlation. Front Endocrinol. 2019;10:346. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00346
  • Garruti G, Depalo R, De Angelis M. Weighing the impact of diet and lifestyle on female reproductive function. Curr Med Chem. 2019;26(19):3584–3592. doi: 10.2174/0929867324666170518101008
  • Jurczewska J, Szostak-Węgierek D. The influence of diet on ovulation disorders in women-A narrative review. Nutrients. 2022 Apr 8;14(8):1556.
  • Kohil A, Chouliaras S, Alabduljabbar S, et al. Female infertility and diet, is there a role for a personalized nutritional approach in assisted reproductive technologies? A Narrative Rev Front Nutr. 2022;9:927972. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.927972
  • Skoracka K, Ratajczak AE, Rychter AM, et al. Female fertility and the nutritional approach: the most essential aspects. Adv Nutr. 2021 Jun 17;12(6):2372–2386. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmab068
  • Karayiannis D, Kontogianni MD, Mendorou C, et al. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and IVF success rate among non-obese women attempting fertility. Hum Reprod Oxf Eng. 2018 Mar 1;33(3):494–502. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dey003
  • Budani MC, Tiboni GM. Nutrition, female fertility and in vitro fertilization outcomes. Reprod Toxicol. 2023 Jun 1;118:108370. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108370
  • Gaskins AJ, Chiu YH, Williams PL, et al. Maternal whole grain intake and outcomes of in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 2016 Jun;105(6):1503–1510.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.02.015
  • Chen MS, Wang DY, Gong HY, et al. La relación entre la fibra dietética y la infertilidad femenina en los Estados Unidos: encuesta nacional de salud y nutrición, 2013-2018. Nutrición Hospitalaria. 2022 Dec;39(6):1333–1340. doi: 10.20960/nh.04056
  • Zarezadeh R, Mehdizadeh A, Leroy JLMR, et al. Action mechanisms of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the oocyte maturation and developmental competence: potential advantages and disadvantages. Journal Cellular Physiology. 2019 Feb;234(2):1016–1029. doi: 10.1002/jcp.27101
  • Stanhiser J, Jukic AMZ, Steiner AZ. Serum omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid concentrations and natural fertility. Hum Reprod Oxf Eng. 2020 Apr 28;35(4):950–957.
  • Abodi M, De Cosmi V, Parazzini F, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids dietary intake for oocyte quality in women undergoing assisted reproductive techniques: a systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2022 Aug;275:97–105.
  • Lass A, Belluzzi A. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and IVF treatment. Reprod Biomed Online. 2019 Jan;38(1):95–99. doi: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2018.10.008
  • Chiu YH, Karmon AE, Gaskins AJ, et al. Serum omega-3 fatty acids and treatment outcomes among women undergoing assisted reproduction. Hum Reprod Oxf Eng. 2018 Jan 1;33(1):156–165. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dex335
  • Skoracka K, Ratajczak AE, Rychter AM, et al. Female fertility and the nutritional approach: the most essential aspects. Adv Nutr Bethesda Md. 2021 Dec 1;12(6):2372–2386. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmab068
  • Lyngsø J, Ramlau-Hansen CH, Bay B, et al. Association between coffee or caffeine consumption and fecundity and fertility: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis. Clin Epidemiol. 2017 Dec 15;9:699–719. doi: 10.2147/CLEP.S146496
  • de Angelis C, Nardone A, Garifalos F, et al. Smoke, alcohol and drug addiction and female fertility. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2020 Mar 12;18(1):21. doi: 10.1186/s12958-020-0567-7
  • Emokpae MA, Brown SI. Effects of lifestyle factors on fertility: practical recommendations for modification. Reprod Fertil. 2021 Jan 8;2(1):R13–26.
  • Corsi DJ, Murphy MSQ. The effects of opioids on female fertility, pregnancy and the breastfeeding mother-infant dyad: a review. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2021;128(5):635–641. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.13577
  • Alvarez S. Do some addictions interfere with fertility? Fertil Steril. 2015 Jan 1;103(1):22–26.
  • Wang H, Dey SK, Maccarrone M. Jekyll and Hyde: two faces of cannabinoid signaling in male and female fertility. Endocr Rev. 2006 Aug 1;27(5):427–448.
  • Hakimi O, Cameron LC. Effect of exercise on ovulation: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2017 Aug 1;47(8):1555–1567.
  • Mallinson RJ, Gibbs JC, De Souza MJ. Impact of physical activity and exercise on female reproductive potential. In: Vaamonde D, du Plessis S, and Agarwal A editors. Exercise and human reproduction: induced fertility disorders and possible therapies [internet]. NY: Springer; 2016; p. 167–185. [cited 2023 Jun 6]. Available from. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3402-7_11
  • Carson SA, Kallen AN. Diagnosis and management of infertility: a review. JAMA. 2021 Jul 6;326(1):65–76.
  • Adashi EY, Adashi EY. Clomiphene citrate: mechanism(s) and site(s) of action—a hypothesis revisited. Fertil Steril. 1984 Sep;42(3):331–344. doi: 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)48069-6
  • Palomba S. Aromatase inhibitors for ovulation induction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 May 1;100(5):1742–1747.
  • Cohlen BJ. Ovulation induction versus controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. In: Ovulation induction. CRC Press; 2016.
  • Christou F, Pitteloud N, Gomez F. The induction of ovulation by pulsatile administration of GnRH: an appropriate method in hypothalamic amenorrhea. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2017 Aug 3;33(8):598–601.
  • Scheiber MD, Liu JH The use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone to induce ovulation. Glob Libr Womens Med [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2023 Jul 1]; Available from: https://www.glowm.com/section-view/item/339
  • Martin KA, Hall JE, Adams JM, et al. Comparison of exogenous gonadotropins and pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone for induction of ovulation in hypogonadotropic amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993 Jul;77(1):125–129. doi: 10.1210/jcem.77.1.8325934
  • Pfeifer S, Butts S, Dumesic D, et al. Electronic address: [email protected], practice Committee of the American Society for reproductive Medicine. Prevention and treatment of moderate and severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: a guideline. Fertil Steril. 2016 Dec;106(7):1634–1647. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.08.048
  • Penzias A, Bendikson K, Falcone T, et al. Electronic address: [email protected], practice Committee of the American Society for reproductive Medicine. Evidence-based treatments for couples with unexplained infertility: a guideline. Fertil Steril. 2020 Feb;113(2):305–322. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.10.014
  • O’Leary K. Hyperprolactinemia: effect on reproduction, diagnosis, and management. In: Allahbadia G, Ata B, Lindheim S, Woodward B, and Bhagavath B editors. Textbook of assisted reproduction [internet]. Singapore: Springer; 2020; p. 141–148. [cited 2023 Jun 6]. Available from. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-2377-9_16
  • Halperin Rabinovich I, Cámara Gómez R, García Mouriz M, et al. Clinical guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of prolactinoma and hyperprolactinemia. Endocrinol Nutr Engl Ed. 2013 Jun 1;60(6):308–319.
  • Overview | Fertility problems: assessment and treatment | Guidance | NICE [Internet]. NICE; 2013 [cited 2023 Jun 8]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg156/
  • Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Hoffman AR, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Feb;96(2):273–288. doi: 10.1210/jc.2010-1692
  • Dogansen SC, Cikrikcili U, Oruk G, et al. Dopamine agonist-induced impulse control disorders in patients with prolactinoma: a cross-sectional multicenter study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Jul 1;104(7):2527–2534. doi: 10.1210/jc.2018-02202
  • Webster J, Piscitelli G, Polli A, et al. A Comparison of cabergoline and bromocriptine in the treatment of hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea. N Engl J Med. 1994 Oct 6;331(14):904–909. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199410063311403
  • Maiter D. Prolactinoma and pregnancy: from the wish of conception to lactation. Ann Endocrinol. 2016 Jun 1;77(2):128–134.
  • Edinoff AN, Sathivadivel N, McNeil SE, et al. Antipsychotic use in pregnancy: patient mental health challenges, teratogenicity, pregnancy complications, and postnatal risks. Neurol Int. 2022 Mar;14(1):62–74. doi: 10.3390/neurolint14010005
  • Lim SS, Hutchison SK, Van Ryswyk E, et al. Lifestyle changes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Mar 28;3(3): CD007506. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007506.pub4
  • Legro RS, Brzyski RG, Diamond MP, et al. Letrozole versus clomiphene for infertility in the polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2014 Jul 10;371(2):119–129. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1313517
  • Liu Z, Geng Y, Huang Y, et al. Letrozole compared with clomiphene citrate for polycystic ovarian syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2023 Mar 1;141(3):523–534. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000005070
  • Franik S, Eltrop SM, Kremer JA, et al. Aromatase inhibitors (letrozole) for subfertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;2018(5): [[cited 2023 Jun 8].]. Internet Available from: https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010287.pub3/full
  • Tsiami AP, Goulis DG, Sotiriadis AI, et al. Higher ovulation rate with letrozole as compared with clomiphene citrate in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Horm Athens Greece. 2021 Sep;20(3):449–461. doi: 10.1007/s42000-021-00289-z
  • Homburg R. Clomiphene citrate–end of an era? A mini-review. Hum Reprod Oxf Eng. 2005 Aug;20(8):2043–2051. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dei042
  • Brown J, Farquhar C. Clomiphene and other antioestrogens for ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Dec 15;12(12):CD002249.
  • Heard MJ, Pierce A, Carson SA, et al. Pregnancies following use of metformin for ovulation induction in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2002 Apr 1;77(4):669–673. doi: 10.1016/S0015-0282(01)03266-6
  • Sharpe A, Morley LC, Tang T, et al. Metformin for ovulation induction (excluding gonadotrophins) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2019; (12): [[cited 2023 Jun 8].]. Available from: https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD013505/information
  • Webber L, Davies M, Anderson R, et al.; European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) Guideline Group on POI. ESHRE guideline: management of women with premature ovarian insufficiency. Hum Reprod Oxf Eng. 2016 May;31(5):926–937.
  • Fraison E, Crawford G, Casper G, et al. Pregnancy following diagnosis of premature ovarian insufficiency: a systematic review. Reprod Biomed Online. 2019 Sep;39(3):467–476. doi: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2019.04.019
  • Popat VB, Vanderhoof VH, Calis KA, et al. Normalization of serum LH levels in women with 46,XX spontaneous primary ovarian insufficiency. Fertil Steril. 2008 Feb;89(2):429–433. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.02.032
  • Popat VB, Calis KA, Kalantaridou SN, et al. Bone mineral density in young women with primary ovarian insufficiency: results of a three-year randomized controlled trial of physiological transdermal estradiol and testosterone replacement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Sep;99(9):3418–3426. doi: 10.1210/jc.2013-4145
  • Committee Opinion No. 698: hormone therapy in primary ovarian insufficiency. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 May;129(5):e134. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002044
  • Alzubaidi NH, Chapin HL, Vanderhoof VH, et al. Meeting the needs of young women with secondary amenorrhea and spontaneous premature ovarian failure. Obstet Gynecol. 2002 May;99(5 Pt 1):720–725. doi: 10.1097/00006250-200205000-00009
  • Orshan SA, Ventura JL, Covington SN, et al. Women with spontaneous 46,XX primary ovarian insufficiency (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism) have lower perceived social support than control women. Fertil Steril. 2009 Aug;92(2):688–693. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.07.1718
  • Davis M, Ventura JL, Wieners M, et al. The psychosocial transition associated with spontaneous 46,XX primary ovarian insufficiency: illness uncertainty, stigma, goal flexibility, and purpose in life as factors in emotional health. Fertil Steril. 2010 May 1;93(7):2321–2329. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.12.122
  • Subclinical hypothyroidism in the infertile female population: a guideline. Fertil Steril. 2015 Sep 1;104(3):545–553. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.05.028
  • Poppe K. Management of endocrine disease: thyroid and female infertility: more questions than answers?! Eur J Endocrinol. 2021 Apr 1;184(4):R123–35.
  • Weghofer A, Barad DH, Darmon S, et al. What affects functional ovarian reserve, thyroid function or thyroid autoimmunity? Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2016 May 10;14(1):26. doi: 10.1186/s12958-016-0162-0
  • Tańska K, Gietka-Czernel M, Glinicki P, et al. Thyroid autoimmunity and its negative impact on female fertility and maternal pregnancy outcomes. Front Endocrinol. 2023;13: [cited 2023 Jun 6]. InternetAvailable from: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1049665
  • Poppe K, Bisschop P, Fugazzola L, et al. 2021 European thyroid association guideline on thyroid disorders prior to and during assisted reproduction. Eur Thyroid J. 2021 Feb;9(6):281–295. doi: 10.1159/000512790
  • Anand G, Beuschlein F. Management of endocrine disease: fertility, pregnancy and lactation in women with adrenal insufficiency. Eur J Endocrinol. 2018 Feb;178(2):R45–53. doi: 10.1530/EJE-17-0975
  • Stikkelbroeck N, Falhammar H, Reisch N, et al. Management of endocrine disease: gonadal dysfunction in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Eur J Endocrinol. 2021 Mar 1;184(3):R85–97. doi: 10.1530/EJE-20-1093.
  • Carrière C, Nguyen LS, Courtillot C, et al. Fertility and pregnancy outcomes in women with nonclassic 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2023;98(3):315–322. doi: 10.1111/cen.14842
  • Zhu L, Zhou B, Zhu X, et al. Association between body mass index and female infertility in the United States: data from National Health and Nutrition examination survey 2013–2018. Int J Gen Med. 2022 Feb 19;15:1821–1831.
  • Yumuk V, Tsigos C, Fried M, et al. European guidelines for obesity management in adults. Obes Facts. 2015 Dec;8(6):402–424. doi: 10.1159/000442721
  • Taghavi SA, Wely M, Jahanfar S, et al. Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological strategies for obese women with subfertility. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Mar 25;2021(3): CD012650. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012650.pub2
  • Hazlehurst JM, Singh P, Bhogal G, et al. How to manage weight loss in women with obesity and PCOS seeking fertility? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2022;97(2):208–216. doi: 10.1111/cen.14726
  • Jäger P, Wolicki A, Spohnholz J, et al. Review: sex-specific aspects in the bariatric treatment of severely obese women. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Jan;17(8):2734. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17082734
  • Güven B, Ibrahimoğlu Ö, Seyit H. Preoperative weight loss as a predictor of short and midterm postoperative weight loss in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Bariatr Surg Pract Patient Care. 2023 Feb 13;18(1):8–12.[[cited 2023 Jun 6]; Available from]. Internet: https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/bari.2022.0060
  • Gaskins AJ, Chavarro JE. Diet and fertility: a review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Apr;218(4):379–389. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.08.010
  • Czeizel AE, Métneki J, Dudás I. The effect of preconceptional multivitamin supplementation on fertility. Int J Vitam Nutr Res Int Z Vitam- Ernahrungsforschung J Int Vitaminol Nutr. 1996;66(1):55–58.
  • Gaskins AJ, Afeiche M, Wright DL, et al. Dietary folate and reproductive success among women undergoing assisted reproduction. Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Oct;124(4):801–809. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000477
  • Kadir M, Hood RB, Mínguez-Alarcón L, et al. Folate intake and ovarian reserve among women attending a fertility center. Fertil Steril. 2022 Jan;117(1):171–180. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.09.037
  • Chen Y, Zhi X. Roles of vitamin D in reproductive systems and assisted reproductive technology. Endocrinology. 2020 Apr 1;161(4):bqaa023.
  • Chiu YH, Chavarro JE, Souter I. Diet and female fertility: doctor, what should I eat? Fertil Steril. 2018 Sep;110(4):560–569. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.05.027
  • He C, Lin Z, Robb SW, et al. Serum vitamin D levels and polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2015 Jun 8;7(6):4555–4577. doi: 10.3390/nu7064555
  • Chu J, Gallos I, Tobias A, et al. Vitamin D and assisted reproductive treatment outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Oxf Eng. 2018 Jan 1;33(1):65–80. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dex326
  • Abadia L, Gaskins AJ, Chiu YH, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and treatment outcomes of women undergoing assisted reproduction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016 Sep;104(3):729–735. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.126359
  • Naderi Z, Kashanian M, Chenari L, et al. Evaluating the effects of administration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D supplement on serum anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) levels in infertile women. Gynecol Endocrinol Off J Int Soc Gynecol Endocrinol. 2018 May;34(5):409–412. doi: 10.1080/09513590.2017.1410785
  • Arslan S, Akdevelioğlu Y. The relationship between female reproductive functions and Vitamin D. J Am Coll Nutr. 2018 Aug;37(6):546–551. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2018.1431160
  • Smits RM, Mackenzie-Proctor R, Fleischer K, et al. Antioxidants in fertility: impact on male and female reproductive outcomes. Fertil Steril. 2018 Sep;110(4):578–580. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.05.028
  • Showell MG, Mackenzie-Proctor R, Jordan V, et al. Antioxidants for female subfertility. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Aug 27;8(8): CD007807. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007807.pub4
  • Younis N, Mahasneh A. Probiotics and the envisaged role in treating human infertility. Middle East Fertil Soc J. 2020 Oct 21;25(1):33.
  • Cissen M, Bensdorp A, Cohlen BJ, et al. Assisted reproductive technologies for male subfertility. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;2016(2): [cited 2023 Jun 8]. Internet Available from: https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000360.pub5/full
  • Bhattacharya S, Harrild K, Mollison J, et al. Clomifene citrate or unstimulated intrauterine insemination compared with expectant management for unexplained infertility: pragmatic randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2008 Aug 7;337(aug07 2):a716. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a716
  • Goldman MB, Thornton KL, Ryley D, et al. A randomized clinical trial to determine optimal infertility treatment in older couples: the forty and over treatment trial (FORT-T). Fertil Steril. 2014 Jun;101(6):1574-1581.e1–2. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.03.012
  • Abbara A, Clarke SA, Dhillo WS. Novel concepts for inducing final oocyte maturation in in vitro fertilization treatment. Endocr Rev. 2018 Oct 1;39(5):593–628.
  • Herman T, Csehely S, Orosz M, et al. Impact of endocrine disorders on IVF outcomes: results from a large, single-centre, prospective study. Reprod Sci Thousand Oaks Calif. 2023 Jun;30(6):1878–1890. doi: 10.1007/s43032-022-01137-0
  • Tobler KJ, Zhao Y, Weissman A, et al. Worldwide survey of IVF practices: trigger, retrieval and embryo transfer techniques. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2014 Sep;290(3):561–568. doi: 10.1007/s00404-014-3232-6
  • Nastri CO, Ferriani RA, Rocha IA, et al. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: pathophysiology and prevention. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2010 Feb;27(2–3):121–128. doi: 10.1007/s10815-010-9387-6

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.