An update on the pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa: implications for therapy

References

• Thomi R, Yerly D, Yawalkar N, et al. Interleukin-32 is highly expressed in lesions of hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol. 2017;177(5):1358–1366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotz C, Boniotto M, Guguin A, et al. Intrinsic defect in keratinocyte function leads to inflammation in hidradenitis suppurativa. J Invest Dermatol. 2016;136(9):1768–1780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dany M, Elston D. Gene expression of sphingolipid metabolism pathways is altered in hidradenitis suppurativa. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;77(2):268–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasparic J, Theut Riis P, Jemec GB. Recognizing syndromic hidradenitis suppurativa: a review of the literature. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31(11):1809–1816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roussomoustakaki M, Dimoulios P, Chatzicostas C, et al. Hidradenitis suppurativa associated with Crohn’s disease and spondyloarthropathy: response to anti-TNF therapy. J Gastroenterol. 2003;38(10):1000–1004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Zee HH, de Ruiter L, van den Broecke DG, et al. Elevated levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-10 in hidradenitis suppurativa skin: a rationale for targeting TNF-α and IL-1β. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164(6):1292–1298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly G, Hughes R, McGarry T, et al. Dysregulated cytokine expression in lesional and nonlesional skin in hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol. 2015;173(6):1431–1439.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moran B, Sweeney CM, Hughes R, et al. Hidradenitis suppurativa is characterized by dysregulation of the Th17: tregCell axis, which is corrected by anti-TNF therapy. J Invest Dermatol. 2017;137(11):2389–2395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matusiak Ł, Szczęch J, Bieniek A, et al. Increased interleukin (IL)-17 serum levels in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa: implications for treatment with anti-IL-17 agents. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;76(4):670–675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomi R, Kakeda M, Yawalkar N, et al. Increased expression of the interleukin-36 cytokines in lesions of hidradenitis suppurativa. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31(12):2091–2096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Platzer M, Karagiannidis I, et al. High copy numbers of β-defensin cluster on 8p23.1, confer genetic susceptibility, and modulate the physical course of hidradenitis suppurativa/acne inversa. J Invest Dermatol. 2016;136(8):1592–1598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ring HC, Thorsen J, Saunte DM, et al. The follicular skin microbiome in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa and healthy controls. JAMA Dermatol. 2017;153(9):897–905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okoye GA, Vlassova N, Olowoyeye O, et al. Bacterial biofilm in acute lesions of hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol. 2017;176(1):241–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ring HC, Bay L, Nilsson M, et al. Bacterial biofilm in chronic lesions of hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol. 2017;176(4):993–1000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao M, Wang PG, Cui Y, et al. Inversa acne (hidradenitis suppurativa): a case report and identification of the locus at chromosome 1p21.1-1q25.3. J Invest Dermatol. 2006;126(6):1302–1306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frew JW, Vekic DA, Woods J, et al. A systematic review and critical evaluation of reported pathogenic sequence variants in hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol. 2017;177(4):987–998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pink AE, Simpson MA, Desai N, et al. γ-Secretase mutations in hidradenitis suppurativa: new insights into disease pathogenesis. J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133(3):601–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pink AE, Simpson MA, Desai N, et al. Mutations in the γ-secretase genes NCSTN, PSENEN, and PSEN1 underlie rare forms of hidradenitis suppurativa (acne inversa). J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132(10):2459–2461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pink AE, Simpson MA, Brice GW, et al. PSENEN and NCSTN mutations in familial hidradenitis suppurativa (acne inversa). J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131(7):1568–1570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Gao M, Lv YM, et al. Confirmation by exome sequencing of the pathogenic role of NCSTN mutations in acne inversa (hidradenitis suppurativa). J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131(7):1570–1572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingram JR. The genetics of hidradenitis suppurativa. Dermatol Clin. 2016;34(1):23–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miskinyte S, Nassif A, Merabtene F, et al. Nicastrin mutations in French families with hidradenitis suppurativa. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132(6):1728–1730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nomura Y, Nomura T, Suzuki S, et al. A novel NCSTN mutation alone may be insufficient for the development of familial hidradenitis suppurativa. J Dermatol Sci. 2014;74(2):180–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun-Falco M, Kovnerystyy O, Lohse P, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum, acne, and suppurative hidradenitis (PASH) – a new autoinflammatory syndrome distinct from PAPA syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;66(3):409–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park BM, Yun SJ, Lee SC, et al. A sporadic case of pyogenic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum and acne syndrome without an identifiable mutation. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2014;39(1):73–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niv D, Ramirez JA, Fivenson DP. Pyoderma gangrenosum, acne, and hidradenitis suppurativa (PASH) syndrome with recurrent vasculitis. JAAD Case Rep. 2017;3(1):70–73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Calderón-Castrat X, Bancalari-Díaz D, Román-Curto C, et al. PSTPIP1 gene mutation in a pyoderma gangrenosum, acne and suppurative hidradenitis (PASH) syndrome. Br J Dermatol. 2016;175(1):194–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzano AV, Trevisan V, Gattorno M, et al. Pyogenic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, acne, and hidradenitis suppurativa (PAPASH): a new autoinflammatory syndrome associated with a novel mutation of the PSTPIP1 gene. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149:762–764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeeli T, Padalon-Brauch G, Ellenbogen E, et al. Pyoderma gangreno-sum, acne and ulcerative colitis in a patient with a novel mutationin the PSTPIP1 gene. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2015;40:367–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duchatelet S, Miskinyte S, Join-Lambert O, et al. First nicastrin mutation in PASH (pyoderma gangrenosum, acne and suppurativehidradenitis) syndrome. Br J Dermatol. 2015;173:610–612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamp S, Fiehn AM, Stenderup K, et al. Hidradenitis suppurativa: a disease of the absent sebaceous gland? Sebaceous gland number and volume are significantly reduced in uninvolved hair follicles from patients with hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164(5):1017–1022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kromann CB, Ibler KS, Kristiansen VB, et al. The influence of body weight on the prevalence and severity of hidradenitis suppurativa. Acta Derm Venereol. 2014;94(5):533–537.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teut Riis P, Saunte DM, Benhadou F, et al. Low and high body mass index in hidradenitis uppurativa patients – different subtypes?. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018 Feb;32(2):307–312. .
   Google Scholar
• Saleem MD, Arnold DL, Feldman SR. Hidradenitis and smoking. Br J Dermatol. 2017. [Epub ahead of print].
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hana A, Booken D, Henrich C, et al. Functional significance of non-neuronal acetycholine in skin epithelia. Life Sci. 2007;80(24–25):2214–2220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen RK, Jemec GB. Treatments for hidradenitis suppurativa. Clin Dermatol. 2017;35(2):218–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslund P, Lee RA, Jemec GB. Treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa with tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors. Acta Derm Venereol. 2009;89(6):595–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matusiak Ł, Bieniek A, Szepietowski JC. Bacteriology of hidradenitis suppurativa – which antibiotics are the treatment of choice? Acta Derm Venereol. 2014;94(6):699–702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bettoli V, Join-Lambert O, Nassif A. Antibiotic treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa. Dermatol Clin. 2016;34(1):81–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemmensen OJ. Topical treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa with clindamycin. Int J Dermatol. 1983;22(5):325–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jemec GB, Wendelboe P. Topical clindamycin versus systemic tetracycline in the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;39(6):971–974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Rappard DC, Mekkes JR, Tzellos T. Randomized controlled trials for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa. Dermatol Clin. 2016;34(1):69–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendonça CO, Griffiths CE. Clindamycin and rifampicin combination therapy for hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol. 2006;154(5):977–978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheinfeld N. Why rifampin (rifampicin) is a key component in the antibiotic treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa: a review of rifampin’s effects on bacteria, bacterial biofilms, and the human immune system. Dermatol Online J. 2016;22:6.
   Google Scholar
• Gener G, Canoui-Poitrine F, Revuz JE, et al. Combination therapy with clindamycin and rifampicin for hidradenitis suppurativa: a series of 116 consecutive patients. Dermatology. 2009;219(2):148–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yazdanyar S, Boer J, Ingvarsson G, et al. Dapsone therapy for hidradenitis suppurativa: a series of 24 patients. Dermatology. 2011;222(4):342–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Join-Lambert O, Coignard-Biehler H, Jais JP, et al. Efficacy of ertapenem in severe hidradenitis suppurativa: a pilot study in a cohort of 30 consecutive patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71(2):513–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant A, Gonzalez T, Montgomery MO, et al. Infliximab therapy for patients with moderate to severe hidradenitis suppurativa: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62(2):205–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimball AB, Kerdel F, Adams D, et al. Adalimumab for the treatment of moderate to severe hidradenitis suppurativa: a parallel randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157(12):846–855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee RA, Eisen DB. Treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa with biologic medications. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015;73(5 Suppl 1):S82–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Zee HH, Laman JD, de Ruiter L, et al. Adalimumab (antitumour necrosis factor-α) treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa ameliorates skin inflammation: an in situ and ex vivo study. Br J Dermatol. 2012;166(2):298–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blok JL, Li K, Brodmerkel C, et al. Ustekinumab in hidradenitis suppurativa: clinical results and a search for potential biomarkers in serum. Br J Dermatol. 2016;174(4):839–846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuch A, Fischer T, Boehner A, et al. Successful treatment of severe recalcitrant hidradenitis suppurativa with the interleukin-17A antibody secukinumab. Acta Derm Venereol. 2018;98(1):151–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorlacius L, Theut Riis P, Jemec GBE. Severe hidradenitis suppurativa responding to treatment with secukinumab: a case report. Br J Dermatol. 2017 Jun 27. [Epub ahead of print].
   Google Scholar
• Tan MG, Shear NH, Walsh S, et al. Acitretin: monotherapy or combined therapy for hidradenitis suppurativa? J Cutan Med Surg. 2016;21(1):48–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Zee HH, Gulliver WP. Medical treatments of hidradenitis suppurativa: more options, less evidence. Dermatol Clin. 2016;34(1):91–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soria A, Canoui-Poitrine F, Wolkenstein P, et al. Absence of efficacy of oral isotretinoin in hidradenitis suppurativa: a retrospective study based on patients’ outcome assessment. Dermatology. 2009;218(2):134–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matusiak L, Bieniek A, Szepietowski JC. Acitretin treatment for hidradenitis suppurativa: a prospective series of 17 patients. Br J Dermatol. 2014;171(1):170–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortimer PS, Dawber RP, Gales MA, et al. A double-blind controlled cross-over trial of cyproterone acetate in females with hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol. 1986;115(3):263–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraft JN, Searles GE. Hidradenitis suppurativa in 64 female patients: retrospective study comparing oral antibiotics and antiandrogen therapy. J Cutan Med Surg. 2007;11(4):125–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdolini R, Clayton N, Smith A, et al. Metformin for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa: a little help along the way. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013;27(9):1101–1108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennings L, Nestor L, Molloy O, et al. The treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa with the glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist liraglutide. Br J Dermatol. 2017;177(3):858–859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burney RE. 35-year experience with surgical treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa. World J Surg. 2017;41(11):2723–2730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rompel R, Petres J. Long-term results of wide surgical excision in 106 patients with hidradenitis suppurativa. Dermatol Surg. 2000;26(7):638–643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmoud BH, Tierney E, Hexsel CL, et al. Prospective controlled clinical and histopathologic study of hidradenitis suppurativa treated with the long-pulsed neodymium: yttrium-aluminium-garnetlaser. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62(4):637–645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazen PG, Hazen BP. Hidradenitis suppurativa: successful treatment using carbon dioxide laser excision and marsupialization. Dermatol Surg. 2010;36(2):208–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John H, Manoloudakis N, Stephen Sinclair J. A systematic review of the use of lasers for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2016;69(10):1374–1381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Highton L, Chan WY, Khwaja N, et al. Treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa with intense pulsed light: a prospective study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;128(2):459–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suárez Valladares MJ, Eiris Salvado N, Rodríguez Prieto MA. Treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa with intralesional photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid and 630nm laser beam. J Dermatol Sci. 2017;85(3):241–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agut-Busquet E, Romaní J, Gilaberte Y, et al. Photodynamic therapy with intralesional methylene blue and a 635 nm light-emitting diode lamp in hidradenitis suppurativa: a retrospective follow-up study in 7 patients and a review of the literature. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2016;15(8):1020–1028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bu W, Xu X, Wang Y, et al. Surgery combined with photodynamic therapy for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa: a report of 7 cases. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2017;18:46–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinkel C, Thomsen SF. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31(9):e411–e413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter ML, Kimball AB. Comorbidities of hidradenitis suppurativa. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2017;36(2):55–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar