Clinical profiles and risk assessment in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies

References

• Legault K, Schunemann H, Hillis C, et al. McMaster RARE-Bestpractices clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and management of the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. J Thromb Haemost. 2018. [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unlu O, Erkan D, Barbhaiya M, et al. The impact of systemic lupus erythematosus on the clinical phenotype of antiphospholipid antibody positive patients: results from antiphospholipid syndrome alliance for clinical trials and international networking (APS ACTION) clinical database and repository. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2018. [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4(2):295–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervera R, Piette JC, Font J, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46(4):1019–1027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujieda Y, Atsumi T, Amengual O, et al. Predominant prevalence of arterial thrombosis in Japanese patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus. 2012;21(14):1506–1514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuura E, Igarashi Y, Yasuda T, et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies recognize beta 2-glycoprotein I structure altered by interacting with an oxygen modified solid phase surface. J Exp Med. 1994;179(2):457–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atsumi T, Ieko M, Bertolaccini ML, et al. Association of autoantibodies against the phosphatidylserine-prothrombin complex with manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome and with the presence of lupus anticoagulant. Arthritis Rheum. 2000;43(9):1982–1993.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yasuda S, Tsutsumi A, Chiba H, et al. beta(2)-glycoprotein I deficiency: prevalence, genetic background and effects on plasma lipoprotein metabolism and hemostasis. Atherosclerosis. 2000;152(2):337–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mobarrez F, Gunnarsson I, Svenungsson E. Altered beta2 -glycoprotein I expression on microparticles in the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies. J Thromb Haemost. 2017;15(9):1799–1806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi K, Kishi M, Atsumi T, et al. Circulating oxidized LDL forms complexes with beta2-glycoprotein I: implication as an atherogenic autoantigen. J Lipid Res. 2003;44(4):716–726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otomo K, Amengual O, Fujieda Y, et al. Role of apolipoprotein B100 and oxidized low-density lipoprotein in the monocyte tissue factor induction mediated by anti-beta2 glycoprotein I antibodies. Lupus. 2016;25(12):1288–1298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agar C, van Os GM, Morgelin M, et al. Beta2-glycoprotein I can exist in 2 conformations: implications for our understanding of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood. 2010;116(8):1336–1343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorice M, Longo A, Capozzi A, et al. Anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies induce monocyte release of tumor necrosis factor alpha and tissue factor by signal transduction pathways involving lipid rafts. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(8):2687–2697.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kato M, Atsumi T, Oku K, et al. The involvement of CD36 in monocyte activation by antiphospholipid antibodies. Lupus. 2013;22(8):761–771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benhamou Y, Bellien J, Armengol G, et al. Role of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in mediating endothelial dysfunction and arterial remodeling in primary arterial antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66(11):3210–3220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanimura K, Jin H, Suenaga T, et al. beta2-Glycoprotein I/HLA class II complexes are novel autoantigens in antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood. 2015;125(18):2835–2844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oku K, Atsumi T, Bohgaki M, et al. Complement activation in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(6):1030–1035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oku K, Amengual O, Hisada R, et al. Autoantibodies against a complement component 1 q subcomponent contribute to complement activation and recurrent thrombosis/pregnancy morbidity in anti-phospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016;55(8):1403–1411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vega-Ostertag M, Casper K, Swerlick R, et al. Involvement of p38 MAPK in the up-regulation of tissue factor on endothelial cells by antiphospholipid antibodies. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(5):1545–1554.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shi T, Giannakopoulos B, Yan X, et al. Anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies in complex with beta2-glycoprotein I can activate platelets in a dysregulated manner via glycoprotein Ib-IX-V. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(8):2558–2567.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yalavarthi S, Gould TJ, Rao AN, et al. Release of neutrophil extracellular traps by neutrophils stimulated with antiphospholipid antibodies: a newly identified mechanism of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(11):2990–3003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng H, Yalavarthi S, Kanthi Y, et al. In vivo role of neutrophil extracellular traps in antiphospholipid antibody-mediated venous thrombosis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(3):655–667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canaud G, Bienaime F, Tabarin F, et al. Inhibition of the mTORC pathway in the antiphospholipid syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(4):303–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abreu MM, Danowski A, Wahl DG, et al. The relevance of “non-criteria” clinical manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome: 14th International Congress on antiphospholipid antibodies technical task force report on antiphospholipid syndrome clinical features. Autoimmun Rev. 2015;14(5):401–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause I, Blank M, Fraser A, et al. The association of thrombocytopenia with systemic manifestations in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Immunobiology. 2005;210(10):749–754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hisada R, Kato M, Sugawara E, et al. Thrombotic risk stratification by platelet count in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies: a longitudinal study. J Thromb Haemost. 2017;15(9):1782–1787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pontara E, Banzato A, Bison E, et al. Thrombocytopenia in high-risk patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. J Thromb Haemost. 2018;16(3):529–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasselaar P, Derksen RH, Blokzijl L, et al. Risk factors for thrombosis in lupus patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 1989;48(11):933–940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diz-Kucukkaya R, Hacihanefioglu A, Yenerel M, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and antiphospholipid syndrome in patients presenting with immune thrombocytopenic purpura: a prospective cohort study. Blood. 2001;98(6):1760–1764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alliot C, Messouak D, Albert F, et al. Correction of thrombocytopenia with aspirin in the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Am J Hematol. 2001;68(3):215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tektonidou MG, Sotsiou F, Nakopoulou L, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome nephropathy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid antibodies: prevalence, clinical associations, and long-term outcome. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(8):2569–2579.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shen Y, Chen XW, Sun CY, et al. Association between anti-beta2 glycoprotein I antibodies and renal glomerular C4d deposition in lupus nephritis patients with glomerular microthrombosis: a prospective study of 155 cases. Lupus. 2010;19(10):1195–1203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuily S, Regnault V, Selton-Suty C, et al. Increased risk for heart valve disease associated with antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: meta-analysis of echocardiographic studies. Circulation. 2011;124(2):215–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziporen L, Goldberg I, Arad M, et al. Libman-Sacks endocarditis in the antiphospholipid syndrome: immunopathologic findings in deformed heart valves. Lupus. 1996;5(3):196–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause I, Lev S, Fraser A, et al. Close association between valvar heart disease and central nervous system manifestations in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(10):1490–1493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrero C, Guilabert A, Mascaro-Galy JM. [Diagnosis and treatment of livedo reticularis on the legs]. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2008;99(8):598–607.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frances C, Niang S, Laffitte E, et al. Dermatologic manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome: two hundred consecutive cases. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(6):1785–1793.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kontic M, Stojanovich L, Mijailovic-Ivkovic M, et al. Are the cutaneous manifestations in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome a marker for predicting lung manifestations? Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2018;36(1):56–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam MA, Alam F, Wong KK. Comorbid association of antiphospholipid antibodies and migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Autoimmun Rev. 2017;16(5):512–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyer A, Elsone L, Appleton R, et al. A review of the current literature and a guide to the early diagnosis of autoimmune disorders associated with neuromyelitis optica. Autoimmunity. 2014;47(3):154–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tektonidou MG, Varsou N, Kotoulas G, et al. Cognitive deficits in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome: association with clinical, laboratory, and brain magnetic resonance imaging findings. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(20):2278–2284.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tomietto P, Annese V, D’Agostini S, et al. General and specific factors associated with severity of cognitive impairment in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;57(8):1461–1472.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coin MA, Vilar-Lopez R, Peralta-Ramirez I, et al. The role of antiphospholipid autoantibodies in the cognitive deficits of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2015;24(8):875–879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pengo V, Biasiolo A, Pegoraro C, et al. Antibody profiles for the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome. Thromb Haemost. 2005;93(6):1147–1152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pengo V, Ruffatti A, Legnani C, et al. Incidence of a first thromboembolic event in asymptomatic carriers of high-risk antiphospholipid antibody profile: a multicenter prospective study. Blood. 2011;118(17):4714–4718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mustonen P, Lehtonen KV, Javela K, et al. Persistent antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) in asymptomatic carriers as a risk factor for future thrombotic events: a nationwide prospective study. Lupus. 2014;23(14):1468–1476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yelnik CM, Urbanski G, Drumez E, et al. Persistent triple antiphospholipid antibody positivity as a strong risk factor of first thrombosis, in a long-term follow-up study of patients without history of thrombosis or obstetrical morbidity. Lupus. 2017;26(2):163–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otomo K, Atsumi T, Amengual O, et al. Efficacy of the antiphospholipid score for the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome and its predictive value for thrombotic events. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(2):504–512.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sciascia S, Bertolaccini ML, Roccatello D, et al. Independent validation of the antiphospholipid score for the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72(1):142–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J, Sun S, Yan Q, et al. Elevated partial antiphospholipid score is a strong risk factor for thrombosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a validation study. Clin Rheumatol. 2016;35(2):333–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sciascia S, Sanna G, Murru V, et al. GAPSS: the global anti-phospholipid syndrome score. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013;52(8):1397–1403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuily S, de Laat B, Mohamed S, et al. Validity of the global anti-phospholipid syndrome score to predict thrombosis: a prospective multicentre cohort study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015;54(11):2071–2075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oku K, Amengual O, Bohgaki T, et al. An independent validation of the Global Anti-Phospholipid Syndrome Score in a Japanese cohort of patients with autoimmune diseases. Lupus. 2015;24(7):774–775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meneghel L, Ruffatti A, Gavasso S, et al. Detection of IgG anti-Domain I beta2 Glycoprotein I antibodies by chemiluminescence immunoassay in primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Chim Acta. 2015;446:201–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Craemer AS, Musial J, Devreese KM. Role of anti-domain 1-beta2 glycoprotein I antibodies in the diagnosis and risk stratification of antiphospholipid syndrome. J Thromb Haemost. 2016;14(9):1779–1787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura H, Oku K, Amengual O, et al. First-line, non-criterial antiphospholipid antibody testing for the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome in clinical practice: a combination of anti-beta2 -glycoprotein I domain I and anti-phosphatidylserine/prothrombin complex antibodies tests. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2018;70(4):627–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockshin MD, Kim M, Laskin CA, et al. Prediction of adverse pregnancy outcome by the presence of lupus anticoagulant, but not anticardiolipin antibody, in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(7):2311–2318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruffatti A, Olivieri S, Tonello M, et al. Influence of different IgG anticardiolipin antibody cut-off values on antiphospholipid syndrome classification. J Thromb Haemost. 2008;6(10):1693–1696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alijotas-Reig J, Ferrer-Oliveras R, Ruffatti A, et al. The European Registry on Obstetric Antiphospholipid Syndrome (EUROAPS): a survey of 247 consecutive cases. Autoimmun Rev. 2015;14(5):387–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agostinis C, Biffi S, Garrovo C, et al. In vivo distribution of beta2 glycoprotein I under various pathophysiologic conditions. Blood. 2011;118(15):4231–4238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Carolis S, Tabacco S, Rizzo F, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome: an update on risk factors for pregnancy outcome. Autoimmun Rev. 2018;17(10):956–966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yelnik CM, Porter TF, Branch DW, et al. Brief report: changes in antiphospholipid antibody titers during pregnancy: effects on pregnancy outcomes. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(8):1964–1969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erkan D, Harrison MJ, Levy R, et al. Aspirin for primary thrombosis prevention in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in asymptomatic antiphospholipid antibody-positive individuals. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(7):2382–2391.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arnaud L, Mathian A, Devilliers H, et al. Patient-level analysis of five international cohorts further confirms the efficacy of aspirin for the primary prevention of thrombosis in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Autoimmun Rev. 2015;14(3):192–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson R, Charnley J. Hydroxychloroquine in prophylaxis of pulmonary embolism following hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1979;144(10):174–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung H, Bobba R, Su J, et al. The protective effect of antimalarial drugs on thrombovascular events in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(3):863–868.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmidt-Tanguy A, Voswinkel J, Henrion D, et al. Antithrombotic effects of hydroxychloroquine in primary antiphospholipid syndrome patients. J Thromb Haemost. 2013;11(10):1927–1929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broder A, Putterman C. Hydroxychloroquine use is associated with lower odds of persistently positive antiphospholipid antibodies and/or lupus anticoagulant in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2013;40(1):30–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuri E, Taraborelli M, Andreoli L, et al. Long-term use of hydroxychloroquine reduces antiphospholipid antibodies levels in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Immunol Res. 2017;65(1):17–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Hoogen LL, Fritsch-Stork RD, Versnel MA, et al. Monocyte type I interferon signature in antiphospholipid syndrome is related to proinflammatory monocyte subsets, hydroxychloroquine and statin use. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(12):e81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erkan D, Unlu O, Sciascia S, et al. Hydroxychloroquine in the primary thrombosis prophylaxis of antiphospholipid antibody positive patients without systemic autoimmune disease. Lupus. 2018;27(3):399–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(10):883–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pengo V, Denas G, Zoppellaro G, et al. Rivaroxaban vs warfarin in high-risk patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood. 2018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen H, Hunt BJ, Efthymiou M, et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin to treat patients with thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome, with or without systemic lupus erythematosus (RAPS): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 2/3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Haematol. 2016;3(9):e426- e436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pons-Estel GJ, Andreoli L, Scanzi F, et al. The antiphospholipid syndrome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun. 2017;76:10–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, et al. Reduction in C-reactive protein and LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular event rates after initiation of rosuvastatin: a prospective study of the JUPITER trial. Lancet. 2009;373(9670):1175–1182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Pedrera C, Ruiz-Limon P, Aguirre MA, et al. Global effects of fluvastatin on the prothrombotic status of patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(4):675–682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe T, Oku K, Amengual O, et al. Effects of statins on thrombosis development in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid antibodies. Lupus. 2018;27(2):225–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agmon-Levin N, Blank M, Zandman-Goddard G, et al. Vitamin D: an instrumental factor in the anti-phospholipid syndrome by inhibition of tissue factor expression. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(1):145–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayers J, Cook J, Koenig RA, et al. Recent developments in the role of coenzyme Q10 for coronary heart disease: a systematic review. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2018;20(6):29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Sanchez C, Aguirre MA, Ruiz-Limon P, et al. Ubiquinol effects on antiphospholipid syndrome prothrombotic profile: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2017;37(10):1923–1932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar