Predicting uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: from biomarkers to clinical practice

References

• Manners PJ, Diepeveen DA. Prevalence of juvenile chronic arthritis in a population of 12-year-old children in urban Australia. Pediatrics. 1996 Jul;98(1):84–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Koskull S, Truckenbrodt H, Holle R, et al. Incidence and prevalence of juvenile arthritis in an urban population of southern Germany: a prospective study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2001 Oct;60(10):940–945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sen ES, Dick AD, Ramanan AV. Uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2015 Jun;11(6):338–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kump LI, Cervantes-Castaneda RA, Androudi SN, et al. Analysis of pediatric uveitis cases at a tertiary referral center. Ophthalmology. 2005 Jul;112(7):1287–1292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalinina Ayuso V, Ten Cate HA, van der Does P, et al. Male gender as a risk factor for complications in uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010 Jun;149(6):994,999.e5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory AC, Kempen JH, Daniel E, et al. Risk factors for loss of visual acuity among patients with uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: the systemic immunosuppressive therapy for eye diseases study. Ophthalmology. 2013 Jan;120(1):186–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalinina Ayuso V, Ten Cate HA, van der Does P, et al. Male gender and poor visual outcome in uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010 Jun;149(6):987–993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozdal PC, Vianna RN, Deschenes J. Visual outcome of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis-associated uveitis in adults. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2005 Feb;13(1):33–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolt IB, Cannizzaro E, Seger R, et al. Risk factors and longterm outcome of juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis in Switzerland. J Rheumatol. 2008 Apr;35(4):703–706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edelsten C, Lee V, Bentley CR, et al. An evaluation of baseline risk factors predicting severity in juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated uveitis and other chronic anterior uveitis in early childhood. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002 Jan;86(1):51–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haasnoot AJ, Vernie LA, Rothova A, et al. Impact of juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated uveitis in early adulthood. PLoS One. 2016 Oct 10;11(10):e0164312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haasnoot AJW, Sint Jago NFM, Tekstra J, et al. Impact of uveitis on quality of life in adult patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2017 Dec;69(12):1895–1902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angeles-Han ST, McCracken C, Yeh S, et al. Characteristics of a cohort of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and JIA-associated uveitis. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2015 Jun;2(13):19; 015-0018-8.
   Google Scholar
• Cassidy J, Kivlin J, Lindsley C, et al. Section on rheumatology, section on ophthalmology. ophthalmologic examinations in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Pediatrics. 2006 May;117(5):1843–1845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalinina Ayuso V, Makhotkina N, van Tent-Hoeve M, et al. Pathogenesis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated uveitis: the known and unknown. Surv Ophthalmol. 2014 Sep–Oct;59(5):517–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asselbergs FW, van der Laan SW, de Bakker PIW. Uitvoering en nut van genoombrede associatiestudies. NED TIJDSCHR GENEESKD. 2014;158:A5821.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GWAS catalog [Internet]. Available from: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/.
   Google Scholar
• Haasnoot AJW, Schilham MW, Kamphuis S, et al. Identification of an amino acid motif in HLA-DRbeta1 that distinguishes uveitis in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2018 Jul;70(7):1155–1165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angeles-Han ST, McCracken C, Yeh S, et al. HLA associations in a cohort of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis with and without uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015 Sep;56(10):6043–6048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grassi A, Corona F, Casellato A, et al. Prevalence and outcome of juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis and relation to articular disease. J Rheumatol. 2007 May;34(5):1139–1145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ploski R, Vinje O, Ronningen KS, et al. HLA class II alleles and heterogeneity of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. DRB1*0101 may define a novel subset of the disease. Arthritis Rheum. 1993 Apr;36(4):465–472.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glass D, Litvin D, Wallace K, et al. Early-onset pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis associated with human leukocyte antigen-DRw5, iritis, and antinuclear antibody. J Clin Invest. 1980 Sep;66(3):426–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller ML, Fraser PA, Jackson JM, et al. Inherited predisposition to iridocyclitis with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: selectivity among HLA-DR5 haplotypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Jun;81(11):3539–3542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melin-Aldana H, Giannini EH, Taylor J, et al. Human leukocyte antigen-DRB1*1104 in the chronic iridocyclitis of pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr. 1992 Jul;121(1):56–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malagon C, Van Kerckhove C, Giannini EH, et al. The iridocyclitis of early onset pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: outcome in immunogenetically characterized patients. J Rheumatol. 1992 Jan;19(1):160–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeggini E, Packham J, Donn R, et al. Association of HLA-DRB1*13 with susceptibility to uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis in two independent data sets. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006 Aug;45(8):972–974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zulian F, Martini G, Falcini F, et al. Early predictors of severe course of uveitis in oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2002 Nov;29(11):2446–2453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall PJ, Burman SJ, Laurent MR, et al. Genetic susceptibility to early onset pauciarticular juvenile chronic arthritis: a study of HLA and complement markers in 158 British patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 1986 Jun;45(6):464–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanagimachi M, Miyamae T, Naruto T, et al. Association of HLA-A*02:06 and HLA-DRB1*04:05 with clinical subtypes of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Hum Genet. 2011 Mar;56(3):196–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alberdi-Saugstrup M, Enevold C, Zak M, et al. Non-HLA gene polymorphisms in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: associations with disease outcome. Scand J Rheumatol. 2017 Sep;46(5):369–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell TL, Symons JA, Ploski R, et al. A genetic association between juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and a novel interleukin-1 alpha polymorphism. Arthritis Rheum. 1995 Feb;38(2):221–228.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pers YM, Le Blay P, Ludwig C, et al. Association of TRAF1-C5 with risk of uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Joint Bone Spine. 2017 May;84(3):305–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodmer JG, Marsh SG, Parham P, et al. Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, 1989. Hum Immunol. 1990 Jul;28(3):326–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tait BD. The ever-expanding list of HLA alleles: changing HLA nomenclature and its relevance to clinical transplantation. Transplant Rev (Orlando). 2011 Jan;25(1):1–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harris H, Hirschhorn K. Advances in human genetics. Vol. 10. New York: Plenum Press; 1980.
   Google Scholar
• Diaz G, Amicosante M, Jaraquemada D, et al. Functional analysis of HLA-DP polymorphism: a crucial role for DPbeta residues 9, 11, 35, 55, 56, 69 and 84-87 in T cell allorecognition and peptide binding. Int Immunol. 2003 May;15(5):565–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temme S, Zacharias M, Neumann J, et al. A novel family of human leukocyte antigen class II receptors may have its origin in archaic human species. J Biol Chem. 2014 Jan 10;289(2):639–653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Rheumatology and Section on Ophthalmology. Guidelines for ophthalmologic examinations in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Pediatrics. 1993 Aug;92(2):295–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiligenhaus A, Niewerth M, Ganser G, et al.;German Uveitis in Childhood Study Group. Prevalence and complications of uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis in a population-based nation-wide study in Germany: suggested modification of the current screening guidelines. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007 Jun; 46(6):1015–1019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaller JG, Johnson GD, Holborow EJ, et al. The association of antinuclear antibodies with the chronic iridocyclitis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (Still’s disease). Arthritis Rheum. 1974 Jul-Aug;17(4):409–416.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nordal EB, Songstad NT, Berntson L, et al. Biomarkers of chronic uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: predictive value of antihistone antibodies and antinuclear antibodies. J Rheumatol. 2009 Aug;36(8):1737–1743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiff A, Haubruck H, Amos MD. Evaluation of a recombinant antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the diagnostics of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in children with rheumatic disorders. Clin Rheumatol. 2002 May;21(2):103–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fawcett PT, Rose CD, Gibney KM, et al. Use of ELISA to measure antinuclear antibodies in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1999 Aug;26(8):1822–1826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingegnoli F, Del Papa N, Comina DP, et al. Autoantibodies to chromatin: prevalence and clinical significance in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2004 Jul-Aug;22(4):499–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordal E, Rypdal V, Christoffersen T, et al. Incidence and predictors of Uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis in a Nordic long-term cohort study. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2017 Aug 18;15(1):66; 017-0195-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuteboom GH, Hertzberger-Ten Cate R, de Jong J, et al. Antibodies to a 15 kD nuclear antigen in patients with juvenile chronic arthritis and uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1992 Apr;33(5):1657–1660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray KJ, Szer W, Grom AA, et al. Antibodies to the 45 kDa DEK nuclear antigen in pauciarticular onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and iridocyclitis: selective association with MHC gene. J Rheumatol. 1997 Mar;24(3):560–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walscheid K, Hennig M, Heinz C, et al. Correlation between disease severity and presence of ocular autoantibodies in juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014 Apr 24;55(6):3447–3453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petty RE, Hunt DW, Rollins DF, et al. Immunity to soluble retinal antigen in patients with uveitis accompanying juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1987 Mar;30(3):287–293.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Den Broek T, Hoppenreijs E, Meerding J, et al. Cytokine profiling at disease onset: support for classification of young antinuclear antibody-positive patients as a separate category of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015 Feb;74(2):470–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walscheid K, Heiligenhaus A, Holzinger D, et al. Elevated S100A8/A9 and S100A12 serum levels reflect intraocular inflammation in juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis: results from a pilot study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015 Dec;56(13):7653–7660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campanilho-Marques R, Bogas M, Ramos F, et al. Prognostic value of antinuclear antibodies in juvenile idiopathic arthritis and anterior uveitis. Results from a systematic literature review. Acta Reumatol Port. 2014 Apr-Jun;39(2):116–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tappeiner C, Klotsche J, Sengler C, et al. Risk factors and biomarkers for the occurrence of uveitis in JIA: data from the inception cohort of newly diagnosed patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (ICON-JIA) study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2018 Oct; 70(10):1685–1694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haasnoot AJ, van Tent-Hoeve M, Wulffraat NM, et al. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate as baseline predictor for the development of uveitis in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015 Feb;159(2):372; 7.e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelegrin L, Casaroli-Marano R, Anton J. Predictive value of selected biomarkers, polymorphisms, and clinical features for oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2014 Jun;22(3):208–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotaniemi K, Kotaniemi A, Savolainen A. Uveitis as a marker of active arthritis in 372 patients with juvenile idiopathic seronegative oligoarthritis or polyarthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 Jan-Feb;20(1):109–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arocker-Mettinger E, Asenbauer T, Ulbrich S, et al. Serum interleukin 2-receptor levels in uveitis. Curr Eye Res. 1990;9(Suppl):25–29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gheita TA, Bassyouni IH, Emad Y, et al. Elevated BAFF (BLyS) and APRIL in Juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients: relation to clinical manifestations and disease activity. Joint Bone Spine. 2012 May;79(3):285–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bica BE, Gomes NM, Fernandes PD, et al. Nitric oxide levels and the severity of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 2007 Jul;27(9):819–825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haasnoot AM, Kuiper JJ, Hiddingh S, et al. Ocular fluid analysis in children reveals interleukin-29/interferon-lambda1 as a biomarker for juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016 Jul;68(7):1769–1779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Groot-Mijnes JD, Dekkers J, de Visser L, et al. Antibody production against B19 virus in ocular fluid of JIA-associated uveitis patients. Ophthalmology. 2015 Feb 19;122:1270–1272.e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalinina Ayuso V, de Boer JH, Byers HL, et al. Intraocular biomarker identification in uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013 May 1;54(5):3709–3720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer D, Kasper M, Walscheid K, et al. Multiplex cytokine analysis of aqueous humor in juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated anterior uveitis with or without secondary glaucoma. Front Immunol. 2018 Apr;5(9):708.
   Google Scholar
• Berkun Y, Bendersky A, Gerstein M, et al. GammadeltaT cells in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: higher percentages of synovial Vdelta1+ and Vgamma9+ T cell subsets are associated with milder disease. J Rheumatol. 2011 Jun;38(6):1123–1129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalinina Ayuso V, van Dijk MR, de Boer JH. Infiltration of plasma cells in the iris of children with ANA-positive anterior uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015 Oct;56(11):6770–6778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parikh JG, Tawansy KA, Rao NA. Immunohistochemical study of chronic nongranulomatous anterior uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Ophthalmology. 2008 Oct;115(10):1833–1836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerss J, Roth J, Holzinger D, et al. Phagocyte-specific S100 proteins and high-sensitivity C reactive protein as biomarkers for a risk-adapted treatment to maintain remission in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a comparative study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 Dec;71(12):1991–1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holzinger D, Foell D, Kessel C. The role of S100 proteins in the pathogenesis and monitoring of autoinflammatory diseases. Mol Cell Pediatr. 2018 Sep 25;5(1):7; 018-0085-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kessel C, Fuehner S, Zell J, et al. Calcium and zinc tune autoinflammatory Toll-like receptor 4 signaling by S100A12. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018 Oct;142(4):1370; 1373.e8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspi RR. A look at autoimmunity and inflammation in the eye. J Clin Invest. 2010 Sep;120(9):3073–3083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun M, Yang P, Du L, et al. Increased regulatory T cells in spleen during experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2010 Jan;18(1):38–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walscheid K, Neekamp L, Heiligenhaus A, et al. Peripheral blood monocytes reveal an activated phenotype in pediatric uveitis. Clin Immunol. 2018;190:84–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walscheid K, Neekamp L, Heiligenhaus A, et al. Increased circulating proinflammatory T lymphocytes in children with different forms of anterior uveitis: results from a pilot study. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2018 May;17:1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Smith JR, Stempel AJ, Bharadwaj A, et al. Involvement of B cells in non-infectious uveitis. Clin Transl Immunology. 2016 Feb 5;5(2):e63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heiligenhaus A, Miserocchi E, Heinz C, et al. Treatment of severe uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab). Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011 Aug;50(8):1390–1394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabri K, Saurenmann RK, Silverman ED, et al. Course, complications, and outcome of juvenile arthritis-related uveitis. J AAPOS. 2008;Dec;12(6):539–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moradi A, Amin RM, Thorne JE. The role of gender in juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis. J Ophthalmol. 2014;2014:461078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saurenmann RK, Levin AV, Feldman BM, et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and outcome of uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a long-term followup study. Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Feb;56(2):647–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoeve M, Kalinina Ayuso V, Schalij-Delfos NE, et al. The clinical course of juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis in childhood and puberty. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012 Jun;96(6):852–856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chia A, Lee V, Graham EM, et al. Factors related to severe uveitis at diagnosis in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis in a screening program. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003 Jun;135(6):757–762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saurenmann RK, Levin AV, Feldman BM, et al., Risk factors for development of uveitis differ between girls and boys with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2010 Jun; 62(6):1824–1828.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pandit A, Meyaard L, Radstake TR. Is sex bias orchestrated in the skin?. Nat Immunol. 2017 Jan 19;18(2):142–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramanan AV, Dick AD, Jones AP, et al. Adalimumab plus methotrexate for uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2017 Apr 27;376(17):1637–1646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tappeiner C, Schenck S, Niewerth M, et al. Impact of antiinflammatory treatment on the onset of uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: longitudinal analysis from a nationwide pediatric rheumatology database. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2016 Jan;68(1):46–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papadopoulou C, Kostik M, Bohm M, et al. Methotrexate therapy may prevent the onset of uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Pediatr. 2013 Sep;163(3):879–884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantin T, Foeldvari I, Anton J, et al. Consensus-based recommendations for the management of uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: the SHARE initiative. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018 Aug;77(8):1107–1117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotaniemi K, Kautiainen H, Karma A, et al. Occurrence of uveitis in recently diagnosed juvenile chronic arthritis: a prospective study. Ophthalmology. 2001 Nov;108(11):2071–2075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tynjala P, Kotaniemi K, Lindahl P, et al. Adalimumab in juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated chronic anterior uveitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008 Mar;47(3):339–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiligenhaus A, Heinz C, Edelsten C, et al. Review for disease of the year: epidemiology of juvenile idiopathic arthritis and its associated uveitis: the probable risk factors. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2013 Jun;21(3):180–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawa M. Laser flare-cell photometer: principle and significance in clinical and basic ophthalmology. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2017 Jan;61(1):21–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gn H. A reconsideration of anterior chamber flare and its clinical relevance for children with chronic anterior uveitis (an American ophthalmological society thesis). Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2007;105:344–364.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carreno E, Portero A, Herreras JM, et al. Cytokine and chemokine tear levels in patients with uveitis. Acta Ophthalmol. 2017 Aug;95(5):e405–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angeles-Han ST, Yeh S, Patel P, et al. Discovery of tear biomarkers in children with chronic non-infectious anterior uveitis: a pilot study. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2018 Oct 16;8(1):17; 018-0156-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiligenhaus A, Klotsche J, Tappeiner C, et al. Predictive factors and biomarkers for the 2-year outcome of uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: data from the inception cohort of newly diagnosed patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (ICON-JIA) study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018 Dec 26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tappeiner C, Heinz C, Roesel M, et al. Elevated laser flare values correlate with complicated course of anterior uveitis in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Acta Ophthalmol. 2011 Sep;89(6):e521–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis JL, Dacanay LM, Holland GN, et al. Laser flare photometry and complications of chronic uveitis in children. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003 Jun;135(6):763–771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorne JE, Woreta FA, Dunn JP, et al. Risk of cataract development among children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis-related uveitis treated with topical corticosteroids. Ophthalmology. 2010 Jul;117(7):1436–1441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federoff HJ, Gostin LO. Evolving from reductionism to holism: is there a future for systems medicine?. JAMA. 2009 Sep 2;302(9):994–996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafsson M, Nestor CE, Zhang H, et al. Modules, networks and systems medicine for understanding disease and aiding diagnosis. Genome Med. 2014 Oct 17;6(10):82; 014-0082-6.eCollection 2014.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar