Measuring IFN activity in suspected SLE: a valuable step?

References

• Bourn R, James JA. Preclinical lupus. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2015;27:433–439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosca M, Tani C, Carli L, et al. Undifferentiated CTD: a wide spectrum of autoimmune diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2012;26:73–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dima A, Opris D, Jurcut C, et al. Is there still a place for erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein in systemic lupus erythematosus? Lupus. 2016;25:1173–1179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbuckle MR, McClain MT, Rubertone MV, et al. Development of autoantibodies before the clinical onset of systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1526–1533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oke V, Gunnarsson I, Dorschner J, et al. High levels of circulating interferons type I, type II and type III associate with distinct clinical features of active systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther. 2019;21:107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirou KA, Lee C, George S, et al. Coordinate overexpression of interferon-α–induced genes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:3958–3967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rönnblom L, Leonard D. Interferon pathway in SLE: one key to unlocking the mystery of the disease. Lupus Sci Med. 2019;6:e000270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Sherbiny YM, Psarras A, Md Yusof MY, et al. A novel two-score system for interferon status segregates autoimmune diseases and correlates with clinical features. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2021 Mar 23];8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5895784/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morand EF, Furie R, Tanaka Y, et al. Trial of anifrolumab in active systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:211–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh JWH, Ng CH, Tay SH. Biologics targeting type I interferons in SLE: a meta-analysis and systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Lupus. 2020;29:1845–1853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambers WM, Westra J, Bootsma H, et al. From incomplete to complete systemic lupus erythematosus; A review of the predictive serological immune markers. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2021;51:43–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James J, Kim-Howard X, Bruner B, et al. Hydroxychloroquine sulfate treatment is associated with later onset of systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2007;16:401–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambers WM, Westra J, Bootsma H, et al. Hydroxychloroquine suppresses interferon-inducible genes and B cell activating factor in patients with incomplete and new-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2020:jrheum.200726. DOI:10.3899/jrheum.200726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen N Study of anti-malarials in incomplete lupus erythematosus [Internet]. clinicaltrials.gov; 2020 [cited 2021 Mar 18]. Report No.: NCT03030118. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03030118.
   Google Scholar
• Niewold TB, Kelly JA, Kariuki SN, et al. IRF5 haplotypes demonstrate diverse serological associations which predict serum interferon alpha activity and explain the majority of the genetic association with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71:463–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niewold TB, Hua J, Lehman TJA, et al. High serum IFN-alpha activity is a heritable risk factor for systemic lupus erythematosus. Genes Immun. 2007;8:492–502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niewold TB, Adler JE, Glenn SB, et al. Age- and sex-related patterns of serum interferon-α activity in lupus families. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:2113–2119.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dong G, Fan H, Yang Y, et al. 17β-Estradiol enhances the activation of IFN-α signaling in B cells by down-regulating the expression of let-7e-5p, miR-98-5p and miR-145a-5p that target IKKε. Biochim Biophys Acta BBA - Mol Basis Dis. 2015;1852:1585–1598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munroe ME, Lu R, Zhao YD, et al. Altered type II interferon precedes autoantibody accrual and elevated type I interferon activity prior to systemic lupus erythematosus classification. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75:2014–2021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Md Yusof MY, Psarras A, El-Sherbiny YM, et al. Prediction of autoimmune connective tissue disease in an at-risk cohort: prognostic value of a novel two-score system for interferon status. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77:1432–1439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambers WM, De Leeuw K, Doornbos-van Der Meer B, et al. Interferon score is increased in incomplete systemic lupus erythematosus and correlates with myxovirus-resistance protein A in blood and skin. Arthritis Res Ther. 2019;21:260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Q-Z, Zhou J, Lian Y, et al. Interferon signature gene expression is correlated with autoantibody profiles in patients with incomplete lupus syndromes. Clin Exp Immunol. 2010;159:281–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Psarras A, Alase A, Antanaviciute A, et al. Functionally impaired plasmacytoid dendritic cells and non-haematopoietic sources of type I interferon characterize human autoimmunity. Nat Commun. 2020;11:6149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karonitsch T, Feierl E, Steiner CW, et al. Activation of the interferon-γ signaling pathway in systemic lupus erythematosus peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(5):1463–1471.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim K, Cho S-K, Sestak A, et al. Interferon-gamma gene polymorphisms associated with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:1247–1250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakashima H, Inoue H, Akahoshi M, et al. The combination of polymorphisms within interferon-γ receptor 1 and receptor 2 associated with the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus. FEBS Lett. 1999;453:187–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goel RR, Wang X, O’Neil LJ, et al. Interferon lambda promotes immune dysregulation and tissue inflammation in TLR7-induced lupus. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2020;117:5409–5419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zickert A, Oke V, Parodis I, et al. Interferon (IFN)-λ is a potential mediator in lupus nephritis. Lupus Sci Med. 2016;3:e000170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar