References
- Griffiths CEM, van der Walt JM, Ashcroft DM, et al. The global state of psoriasis disease epidemiology: a workshop report. Br J Dermatol. 2017;177(1):e4–e7. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.15610.
- Rendon A, Schäkel K. Psoriasis Pathogenesis and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(6):1475.
- Capon F. The Genetic Basis of Psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(12):2526.
- Zeng J, Luo S, Huang Y, et al. Critical role of environmental factors in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. J Dermatol. 2017 Aug;44(8):863–872. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.13806.
- Kim N, Thrash B, Menter A. Comorbidities in psoriasis patients. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2010 Mar;29(1):10–15.
- Ota T, Takekoshi S, Takagi T, et al. Notch signaling may be involved in the abnormal differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes in psoriasis. Acta Histochem Cytochem. 2014 Aug 29;47(4):175–183.
- Mahil SK, Capon F, Barker JN. Update on psoriasis immunopathogenesis and targeted immunotherapy. Semin Immunopathol. 2016 Jan;38(1):11–27.
- Gordon KB, Strober BE. Understanding therapeutic pathways and comorbidities in psoriasis. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2014 Mar;33(2 Suppl 2):S20–3.
- Baliwag J, Barnes DH, Johnston A. Cytokines in psoriasis. Cytokine. 2015;73(2):342–350.
- Yeung H, Takeshita J, Mehta NN, et al. Psoriasis severity and the prevalence of major medical comorbidity: a population-based study. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149(10):1173–1179. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.5015.
- Thatiparthi A, Martin A, Liu J, et al. Biologic Treatment Algorithms for Moderate-to-Severe Psoriasis with Comorbid Conditions and Special Populations: A Review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2021;22(4):425–442. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-021-00603-w.
- Zhang J-M, An J. Cytokines, inflammation, and pain. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2007;45(2):27–37. Spring. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1097/AIA.0b013e318034194e.
- Moudgil KD, Choubey D. Cytokines in autoimmunity: role in induction, regulation, and treatment. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2011;31(10):695–703.
- Nussbaum L, Chen YL, Ogg GS. Role of regulatory T cells in psoriasis pathogenesis and treatment. Br J Dermatol. 2021 Jan 1;184(1):14–24. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.19380.
- Johnston A, Xing X, Wolterink L, et al. IL-1 and IL-36 are dominant cytokines in generalized pustular psoriasis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017 Jul;140(1):109–120. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2016.08.056.
- Johnston A, Xing X, Guzman AM, et al. IL-1F5, -F6, -F8, and -F9: a novel IL-1 family signaling system that is active in psoriasis and promotes keratinocyte antimicrobial peptide expression. J Immunol. 2011 Feb 15;186(4):2613–2622.
- Roh NK, Han SH, Youn HJ, et al. Tissue and Serum Inflammatory Cytokine Levels in Korean Psoriasis Patients: A Comparison between Plaque and Guttate Psoriasis. Ann Dermatol. 2015 Dec;27(6):738–743. DOI:https://doi.org/10.5021/ad.2015.27.6.738.
- Kouris A, Pistiki A, Katoulis A, et al. Proinflammatory cytokine responses in patients with psoriasis. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2014 Oct-Dec;25(4):63–68. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1684/ecn.2014.0358. .
- Bai F, Zheng W, Dong Y, et al. Serum levels of adipokines and cytokines in psoriasis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 2018 Jan 2;9(1):1266–1278. DOI:https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.22260. .
- Dowlatshahi EA, van der Voort EA, Arends LR, et al. Markers of systemic inflammation in psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2013 Aug;169(2):266–282. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.12355. .
- Lise MLZ, Baptista TSA, Petersen LE, et al. Subclinical atherogenesis in patients with mild psoriasis: A role for IL-6? Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2017 Sep;63(9):747–752. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.63.09.747.
- Iznardo H, Puig L. The interleukin-1 family cytokines in psoriasis: pathogenetic role and therapeutic perspectives. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2021 Feb;17(2):187–199.
- Liu Y, Lagowski JP, Gao S, et al. Regulation of the psoriatic chemokine CCL20 by E3 ligases Trim32 and Piasy in keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 2010;130(5):1384–1390. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2009.416.
- Cai Y, Xue F, Quan C, et al. A Critical Role of the IL-1β–IL-1R Signaling Pathway in Skin Inflammation and Psoriasis Pathogenesis. J Invest Dermatol. 2019 Jan 1;139(1):146–156.
- Muramatsu S, Kubo R, Nishida E, et al. Serum interleukin-6 levels in response to biologic treatment in patients with psoriasis. Mod Rheumatol. 2017 Jan;27(1):137–141. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3109/14397595.2016.1174328.
- Vasilopoulos Y, Sourli F, Zafiriou E, et al. High serum levels of HIF-1α in psoriatic patients correlate with an over-expression of IL-6. Cytokine. 2013 Apr;62(1):38–39. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2013.02.029.
- Nakajima H, Nakajima K, Tarutani M, et al. Clear association between serum levels of adipokines and T-helper 17-related cytokines in patients with psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2013 Jan;38(1):66–70. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.2012.04465.x.
- Szepietowski JC, Bielicka E, Nockowski P, et al. Increased interleukin-7 levels in the sera of psoriatic patients: lack of correlations with interleukin-6 levels and disease intensity. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2000 Nov;25(8):643–647. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2230.2000.00727.x.
- Bilgiç Ö, Bilgiç A, Sivrikaya A, et al. Association between endocrinological, immunological and psychosocial variables in psoriasis patients. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2016 Dec;151(6):603–609.
- de Oliveira PS, Cardoso PR, Lima EV, et al. IL-17A, IL-22, IL-6, and IL-21 Serum Levels in Plaque-Type Psoriasis in Brazilian Patients. Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015:819149.
- Verghese B, Bhatnagar S, Tanwar R, et al. Serum cytokine profile in psoriasis-a case-control study in a tertiary care hospital from northern India. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2011 Oct;26(4):373–377. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-011-0156-9.
- Takahashi H, Tsuji H, Hashimoto Y, et al. Serum cytokines and growth factor levels in Japanese patients with psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2010 Aug;35(6):645–649. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03704.x.
- Pietrzak A, Chabros P, Grywalska E, et al. Serum concentration of interleukin 6 is related to inflammation and dyslipidemia in patients with psoriasis. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2020 Feb;37(1):41–45.
- Fotiadou C, Lazaridou E, Sotiriou E, et al. IL-17A, IL-22, and IL-23 as Markers of Psoriasis Activity: A Cross-sectional, Hospital-based Study. J Cutan Med Surg. 2015 Nov-Dec;19(6):555–560. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/1203475415584503.
- Li J, Chen X, Liu Z, et al. Expression of Th17 cytokines in skin lesions of patients with psoriasis. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2007 Jun;27(3):330–332. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11596-007-0329-1.
- Saggini A, Chimenti S, Chiricozzi A. IL-6 as a druggable target in psoriasis: focus on pustular variants. J Immunol Res. 2014;2014:964069.
- Sakamoto R, Sawamura S, Kajihara I, et al. Circulating tumor necrosis factor-α DNA are elevated in psoriasis. J Dermatol. 2020 Sep;47(9):1037–1040. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.15422.
- Sereflican B, Goksugur N, Bugdayci G, et al. Serum Visfatin, Adiponectin, and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) Levels in Patients with Psoriasis and their Correlation with Disease Severity. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2016 Apr;24(1):13–19.
- Cardoso PR, Lima EV, Lima MM, et al. Clinical and cytokine profile evaluation in Northeast Brazilian psoriasis plaque-type patients. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2016 Mar 1;27(1):1–5.
- Murakami M, Hagforsen E, Morhenn V, et al. Patients with palmoplantar pustulosis have increased IL-17 and IL-22 levels both in the lesion and serum. Exp Dermatol. 2011 Oct;20(10):845–847. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01325.x.
- Roussaki-Schulze AV, Kouskoukis C, Petinaki E, et al. Evaluation of cytokine serum levels in patients with plaque-type psoriasis. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 2005;25(4):169–173.
- Brotas AM, Cunha JM, Lago EH, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and the cytokine network in psoriasis. An Bras Dermatol. 2012 Sep-Oct;87(5):673–681. quiz 682-3. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1590/S0365-05962012000500001.
- Grine L, Dejager L, Libert C, et al. An inflammatory triangle in psoriasis: TNF, type I IFNs and IL-17. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2015 Feb 1;26(1):25–33.
- Yost J, Gudjonsson JE. The role of TNF inhibitors in psoriasis therapy: new implications for associated comorbidities. F1000 Med Rep. 2009;1:30.
- Bodoor K, Al-Qarqaz F, Heis LA, et al. IL-33/13 Axis and IL-4/31 Axis Play Distinct Roles in Inflammatory Process and Itch in Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2020;13:419–424.
- Borsky P, Fiala Z, Andrys C, et al. Alarmins HMGB1, IL-33, S100A7, and S100A12 in Psoriasis Vulgaris. Mediators Inflamm. 2020;2020:8465083.
- Chen Z, Hu Y, Gong Y, et al. Interleukin-33 alleviates psoriatic inflammation by suppressing the T helper type 17 immune response. Immunology. 2020 Aug;160(4):382–392. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.13203.
- Sehat M, Talaei R, Dadgostar E, et al. Evaluating Serum Levels of IL-33, IL-36, IL-37 and Gene Expression of IL-37 in Patients with Psoriasis Vulgaris. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2018 Apr;17(2):179–187.
- Mitsui A, Tada Y, Takahashi T, et al. Serum IL-33 levels are increased in patients with psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2016 Mar;41(2):183–189. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/ced.12670.
- Balato A, Raimondo A, Balato N, et al. Interleukin-33: increasing role in dermatological conditions. Arch Dermatol Res. 2016 Jul;308(5):287–296. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-016-1638-7.
- Mora J, Weigert A. IL-1 family cytokines in cancer immunity - a matter of life and death. Biol Chem. 2016 Nov 1;397(11):1125–1134.
- Teng X, Hu Z, Wei X, et al. IL-37 ameliorates the inflammatory process in psoriasis by suppressing proinflammatory cytokine production. J Immunol. 2014 Feb 15;192(4):1815–1823.
- Wan YY. Multi-tasking of helper T cells. Immunology. 2010;130(2):166–171.
- Mahil SK, Capon F, Barker JN Update on psoriasis immunopathogenesis and targeted immunotherapy. Seminars in immunopathology. 2016;38( 1):11–27.
- Diani M, Altomare G, Reali E. T Helper Cell Subsets in Clinical Manifestations of Psoriasis. J Immunol Res. 2016;2016: 7692024-7692024.
- Kryczek I, Bruce AT, Gudjonsson JE, et al. Induction of IL-17+ T cell trafficking and development by IFN-gamma: mechanism and pathological relevance in psoriasis. J Immunol. 2008 Oct 1;181(7):4733–4741.
- Khandpur S, Gupta V, Das D, et al. Is there a correlation of serum and tissue T helper-1 and −2 cytokine profiles with psoriasis activity and severity? A cross-sectional study. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2018 Jul-Aug;84(4):414–418. DOI:https://doi.org/10.4103/ijdvl.IJDVL_471_17. .
- Chun JH, Yoon YH, Choe YB, et al. Gene Expression Analysis of Inflammatory Cytokines in Korean Psoriatic Patients. Ann Dermatol. 2017 Aug;29(4):422–426. DOI:https://doi.org/10.5021/ad.2017.29.4.422.
- Geng X, Zhang R, Yang G, et al. Interleukin-2 and autoimmune disease occurrence and therapy. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2012 Oct;16(11):1462–1467.
- Chinen T, Kannan AK, Levine AG, et al. An essential role for the IL-2 receptor in T(reg) cell function. Nat Immunol. 2016;17(11):1322–1333. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.3540.
- Wang J, Zhang S-X, Hao Y-F, et al. The numbers of peripheral regulatory T cells are reduced in patients with psoriatic arthritis and are restored by low-dose interleukin-2. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2020;11: 2040622320916014–2040622320916014.
- Kurtovic NO, Halilovic EK. Serum Concentrations of Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ) in Patients with Psoriasis: Correlation with Clinical Type and Severity of the Disease. Med Arch. 2018 Dec;72(6):410–413.
- Abdel-Hamid MF, Aly DG, Saad NE, et al. Serum levels of interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-α and γ-interferon in Egyptian psoriatic patients and correlation with disease severity. J Dermatol. 2011 May;38(5):442–446. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1346-8138.2010.01018.x.
- Jacob SE, Nassiri M, Kerdel FA, et al. Simultaneous measurement of multiple Th1 and Th2 serum cytokines in psoriasis and correlation with disease severity. Mediators Inflamm. 2003 Oct;12(5):309–313. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/09629350310001619753.
- Vanaki E, Ataei M, Sanati MH, et al. Expression patterns of Th1/Th2 transcription factors in patients with guttate psoriasis. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 2013 Jun;60(2):163–174. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1556/AMicr.60.2013.2.7.
- Kutwin M, Migdalska-Sęk M, Brzeziańska-Lasota E, et al. Analysis of molecular markers as IL-12, IL-22 and IFN-γ in correlation with a clinical course in patients with psoriasis. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2020 Sep 17;33(5):635–647.
- Sulaimani J, Cluxton D, Clowry J, et al. Dimethyl fumarate modulates the Treg-Th17 cell axis in patients with psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2021 Mar;184(3):495–503. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.19229.
- Banno T, Gazel A, Blumenberg M. Effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) in epidermal keratinocytes revealed using global transcriptional profiling. J Biol Chem. 2004 Jul 30;279(31):32633–32642.
- Harden JL, Johnson-Huang LM, Chamian MF, et al. Humanized anti–IFN-γ (HuZAF) in the treatment of psoriasis. J Allergy clin Immunol. 2015;135(2):553–556.e3. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.05.046.
- Najarian DJ, Gottlieb AB. Connections between psoriasis and Crohn’s disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003 Jun 1;48(6):805–824.
- Shoeib M, El-Shafey E, Sonbol A, et al. Assessment of serum interferon-γ in psoriasis. Menoufia Med J. 2015 Jan 1;28(2):488.
- Chen X, Tan Z, Yue Q, et al. The expression of interleukin-23 (p19/p40) and interleukin-12 (p35/p40) in psoriasis skin. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2006;26(6):750–752. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11596-006-0635-z.
- Shaker OG, Moustafa W, Essmat S, et al. The role of interleukin-12 in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Clin Biochem. 2006 Feb 1;39(2):119–125.
- Kulig P, Musiol S, Freiberger SN, et al. IL-12 protects from psoriasiform skin inflammation. Nat Commun. 2016;7(1): 13466-13466. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13466.
- Dong C, Flavell RA. Cell fate decision: T-helper 1 and 2 subsets in immune responses. Arthritis Res Ther. 2000 Mar 27;2(3):179.
- Priyadarssini M, Divya Priya D, Indhumathi S, et al. Immunophenotyping of T cells in the peripheral circulation in psoriasis. Br J Biomed Sci. 2016 Oct;73(4):174–179. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/09674845.2016.1207869.
- Skapenko A, Leipe J, Lipsky PE, et al. The role of the T cell in autoimmune inflammation. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005 Mar 16;7(2):S4.
- Yamamoto M, Imai Y, Sakaguchi Y, et al. Serum cytokines correlated with the disease severity of generalized pustular psoriasis. Dis Markers. 2013;34(3):153–161. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/702763.
- Zalewska A, Wyczółkowska J, Dziankowska-Bartkowiak B, et al. Interleukin 4 plasma levels in psoriasis vulgaris patients. Med Sci Monit. 2004 Apr;10(4):Cr156–62.
- Hahn M, Ghoreschi K. The role of IL-4 in psoriasis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2017 Mar 4;13(3):171–173.
- Duffen J, Zhang M, Masek-Hammerman K, et al. Modulation of the IL-33/IL-13 Axis in Obesity by IL-13Rα2. J Immunol. 2018 Feb 15;200(4):1347–1359.
- Fouad NA, Akl EM, Ahmed SH. Association of Genetic Variants of the Interleukin-17F rs763780 and its Circulating Level in Psoriasis Patients in Egypt. Egypt J Immunol. 2020 Jun;27(2):39–46.
- Michalak-Stoma A, Bartosińska J, Kowal M, et al. IL-17A in the Psoriatic Patients’ Serum and Plaque Scales as Potential Marker of the Diseases Severity and Obesity. Mediators Inflamm. 2020;2020:7420823.
- Midde HS, Priyadarssini M, Rajappa M, et al. Interleukin-9 serves as a key link between systemic inflammation and angiogenesis in psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2021 Jan;46(1):50–57. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/ced.14335.
- Zhou XY, Bao J, Huang B, et al. Association between plasma interleukin-17 levels and risk of psoriasis: a meta-analysis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2017 Mar;42(2):161–166. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/ced.13033.
- Tollenaere MAX, Hebsgaard J, Ewald DA, et al. Signaling of multiple IL-17 family cytokines through IL-17RA drive psoriasis-related inflammatory pathways. Br J Dermatol. 2021 Apr 1;185(3):585–594.
- Blauvelt A, Chiricozzi A. The Immunologic Role of IL-17 in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis Pathogenesis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2018;55(3):379–390.
- Saranya V, Kuppusamy S, Pal P, et al. Pulmonary function severity in relation to interleukin-23 levels in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2020 Apr 28;31(6):6.
- Filiz B, Yıldırım M, Hekimler Öztürk K, et al. Evaluation of interleukin-23 receptor (IL-23R) gene polymorphisms and serum IL-23 levels in patients with psoriasis. Turk J Med Sci. 2019 Oct 24;49(5):1386–1394.
- Coimbra S, Oliveira H, Reis F, et al. Interleukin (IL)-22, IL-17, IL-23, IL-8, vascular endothelial growth factor and tumour necrosis factor-α levels in patients with psoriasis before, during and after psoralen-ultraviolet A and narrowband ultraviolet B therapy. Br J Dermatol. 2010 Dec;163(6):1282–1290. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09992.x.
- Chan TC, Hawkes JE, Krueger JG. Interleukin 23 in the skin: role in psoriasis pathogenesis and selective interleukin 23 blockade as treatment. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2018 May 1;9(5):111–119.
- Wang B, Han D, Li F, et al. Elevated IL-22 in psoriasis plays an anti-apoptotic role in keratinocytes through mediating Bcl-xL/Bax. Apoptosis. 2020 Oct;25(9–10):663–673. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-020-01623-3.
- Wawrzycki B, Pietrzak A, Grywalska E, et al. Interleukin-22 and Its Correlation with Disease Activity in Plaque Psoriasis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2019 Apr;67(2):103–108. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00005-018-0527-5.
- Sobhan MR, Farshchian M, Hoseinzadeh A, et al. Serum Levels of IL-10 and IL-22 Cytokines in Patients with Psoriasis. Iran J Immunol. 2016 Dec;13(4):317–323.
- Lesiak A, Bednarski I, Pałczyńska M, et al. Are interleukin-15 and −22 a new pathogenic factor in pustular palmoplantar psoriasis? Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2016 Oct;33(5):336–339. DOI:https://doi.org/10.5114/ada.2016.62838.
- Luan L, Ding Y, Han S, et al. An increased proportion of circulating Th22 and Tc22 cells in psoriasis. Cell Immunol. 2014 Aug;290(2):196–200. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.06.007.
- Shimauchi T, Hirakawa S, Suzuki T, et al. Serum interleukin-22 and vascular endothelial growth factor serve as sensitive biomarkers but not as predictors of therapeutic response to biologics in patients with psoriasis. J Dermatol. 2013 Oct;40(10):805–812. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.12248.
- Vignali DA, Collison LW, Workman CJ. How regulatory T cells work. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008 Jul;8(7):523–532.
- Goodman WA, Levine AD, Massari JV, et al. IL-6 signaling in psoriasis prevents immune suppression by regulatory T cells. J Immunol. 2009 Sep 1;183(5):3170–3176.
- Sabag AD, Dias-Polak D, Bejar J, et al. Altered expression of regulatory molecules in the skin of psoriasis. Immunol Res. 2018 Dec;66(6):649–654. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-018-9057-9.
- Al-Robaee AA, Al-Zolibani AA, Al-Shobili HA, et al. IL-10 implications in psoriasis. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2008;2(1):53–58.
- Kallimanis PG, Xenos K, Markantonis SL, et al. Serum levels of transforming growth factor-beta1 in patients with mild psoriasis vulgaris and effect of treatment with biological drugs. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009 Jul;34(5):582–586. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.03026.x.
- Nockowski P, Szepietowski JC, Ziarkiewicz M, et al. Serum concentrations of transforming growth factor beta 1 in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2004;12(1):2–6.
- Zaher H, Shaker OG, El-k MH, et al. Serum and tissue expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 in psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009 Apr;23(4):406–409. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.03064.x.
- Bautista-Herrera LA, De La Cruz-mosso U, Román-Fernández IV, et al. A potential inflammatory role of IL-31 in psoriatic arthritis: A correlation with Th17 cytokine profile. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2020 Jan-Dec;34:2058738420907186.
- Carvalho AL, Hedrich CM. The Molecular Pathophysiology of Psoriatic Arthritis—The Complex Interplay Between Genetic Predisposition, Epigenetics Factors, and the Microbiome. Front Mol Biosci. 2021;8:190.
- Bartosińska J, Michalak-Stoma A, Juszkiewicz-Borowiec M, et al. The Assessment of Selected Bone and Cartilage Biomarkers in Psoriatic Patients from Poland. Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015:194535.
- Saif DS, El Tabl MA, Afifi N, et al. Interleukin-17A biomarker as a predictor for detection of early axial spondyloarthritis changes in patients with psoriasis. Int J Rheum Dis. 2020 Dec;23(12):1664–1669. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/1756-185X.13997.
- Li J, Liu L, Rui W, et al. New Interleukins in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis Patients: The Possible Roles of Interleukin-33 to Interleukin-38 in Disease Activities and Bone Erosions. Dermatology. 2017;233(1):37–46. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1159/000471798.
- Boutet MA, Nerviani A, Lliso-Ribera G, et al. Interleukin-36 family dysregulation drives joint inflammation and therapy response in psoriatic arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020 Apr 1;59(4):828–838.
- Przepiera-Będzak H, Fischer K, Brzosko M. Serum Interleukin-18, Fetuin-A, Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1, and Endothelin-1 in Ankylosing Spondylitis, Psoriatic Arthritis, and SAPHO Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci. 2016 Aug 3;17(8):1255.
- Lebre MC, Jonckheere CL, Kraan MC, et al. Expression of IL-20 in synovium and lesional skin of patients with psoriatic arthritis: differential response to alefacept treatment. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012 Sep 24;14(5):R200.
- Mitra A, Raychaudhuri SK, Raychaudhuri SP. Functional role of IL-22 in psoriatic arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012 Mar 14;14(2):R65.
- Talabot-Ayer D, McKee T, Gindre P, et al. Distinct serum and synovial fluid interleukin (IL)-33 levels in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and osteoarthritis. Joint Bone Spine. 2012 Jan;79(1):32–37. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2011.02.011.
- Melis L, Vandooren B, Kruithof E, et al. Systemic levels of IL-23 are strongly associated with disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis but not spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Mar;69(3):618–623. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2009.107649.
- Bresnihan B, Roux-Lombard P, Murphy E, et al. Serum interleukin 18 and interleukin 18 binding protein in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 Aug;61(8):726–729. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.61.8.726.
- Spadaro A, Rinaldi T, Riccieri V, et al. Interleukin 13 in synovial fluid and serum of patients with psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 Feb;61(2):174–176. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.61.2.174.
- Moon JM, Lee JY, Koh SJ, et al. Incidence of Psoriasis in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Matched Cohort Study. Dermatology. 2021;237(3):330–337. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1159/000514030.
- Korzenik J, Larsen MD, Nielsen J, et al. Increased risk of developing Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis in 17 018 patients while under treatment with anti-TNFα agents, particularly etanercept, for autoimmune diseases other than inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019 Aug;50(3):289–294. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15370.
- Fieldhouse KA, Ukaibe S, Crowley EL, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease in patients with psoriasis treated with interleukin-17 inhibitors. In: Drugs Context. London: BioExcel Publishing Ltd. 2020. p. 9.
- Schön MP. Adaptive and Innate Immunity in Psoriasis and Other Inflammatory Disorders [Review]. Front Immunol. 2019 July 26;10(1764). DOI:https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01764.
- Yegorov S, Babenko D, Kozhakhmetov S, et al. Psoriasis Is Associated With Elevated Gut IL-1α and Intestinal Microbiome Alterations. Front Immunol. 2020;11:571319.
- Skroza N, Proietti I, Pampena R, et al. Correlations between psoriasis and inflammatory bowel diseases. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013: 983902-983902.
- Najarian DJ, Gottlieb AB. Connections between psoriasis and Crohn’s disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003 Jun;48(6):805–821. quiz 822-4.
- Brownstone ND, Hong J, Mosca M, et al. Biologic Treatments of Psoriasis: An Update for the Clinician. Biologics. 2021;15:39–51. .
- Sivamani RK, Goodarzi H, Garcia MS, et al. Biologic therapies in the treatment of psoriasis: a comprehensive evidence-based basic science and clinical review and a practical guide to tuberculosis monitoring. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2013 Apr;44(2):121–140. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-012-8301-7.
- JANSSEN RECEIVES TWO U.S. FDA APPROVALS FOR SIMPONI ARIA® (GOLIMUMAB)FOR THE TREATMENT OF ADULTS WITH ACTIVE PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS OR ACTIVE ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS 2017. [cited 2021 Aug 18]. Available from: https://www.jnj.com/media-center/press-releases/janssen-receives-two-us-fda-approvals-for-simponi-aria-golimumab-for-the-treatment-of-adults-with-active-psoriatic-arthritis-or-active-ankylosing-spondylitis
- Zdanowska N, Owczarczyk-Saczonek A, Czerwińska J, et al. Adalimumab and methotrexate affect the concentrations of regulatory cytokines (interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-β1, and interleukin-35) in patients with plaque psoriasis. Dermatol Ther. 2020 Nov;33(6):e14153. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.14153.
- Cordiali-Fei P, Ardigò M, Mastroianni A, et al. Serum cytokines and bioumoral immunological characterization of psoriatic patients in long term etanercept treatment. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2008 Jul-Sep;21(3):643–649. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/039463200802100318.
- Waszczykowski M, Bednarski I, Lesiak A, et al. The influence of tumour necrosis factor α inhibitors treatment - etanercept on serum concentration of biomarkers of inflammation and cartilage turnover in psoriatic arthritis patients. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2020 Dec;37(6):995–1000. DOI:https://doi.org/10.5114/ada.2020.96705.
- Caproni M, Antiga E, Melani L, et al. Serum levels of IL-17 and IL-22 are reduced by etanercept, but not by acitretin, in patients with psoriasis: a randomized-controlled trial. J Clin Immunol. 2009 Mar;29(2):210–214. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-008-9233-0.
- Wang F, Smith N, Maier L, et al. Etanercept suppresses regenerative hyperplasia in psoriasis by acutely downregulating epidermal expression of interleukin (IL)-19, IL-20 and IL-24. Br J Dermatol. 2012 Jul;167(1):92–102. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10961.x.
- Caldarola G, De Simone C, Carbone A, et al. TNFalpha and its receptors in psoriatic skin, before and after treatment with etanercept. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2009 Oct-Dec;22(4):961–966. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/039463200902200411.
- Mastroianni A, Minutilli E, Mussi A, et al. Cytokine profiles during infliximab monotherapy in psoriatic arthritis. Br J Dermatol. 2005 Sep;153(3):531–536. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06648.x.
- Saraceno R, Rizza S, Faleri S, et al. High density cholesterol level as predictor of clinical response to anti-TNF-alpha therapy in psoriatic patients. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2013 Jul-Sep;27(3):903–908.
- Cordiali-Fei P, Bianchi L, Bonifati C, et al. Immunologic biomarkers for clinical and therapeutic management of psoriasis. Mediators Inflamm. 2014;2014:236060.
- Vageli DP, Exarchou A, Zafiriou E, et al. Effect of TNF-α inhibitors on transcriptional levels of pro-inflammatory interleukin-33 and Toll-like receptors-2 and −9 in psoriatic plaques. Exp Ther Med. 2015 Oct;10(4):1573–1577. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2688.
- Ganzetti G, Campanati A, Santarelli A, et al. Salivary interleukin-1β: Oral inflammatory biomarker in patients with psoriasis. J Int Med Res. 2016 Sep;44(1 suppl):10–14. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060515598902.
- Olejniczak-Staruch I, Narbutt J, Ceryn J, et al. AntiTNF-alpha therapy normalizes levels of lipids and adipokines in psoriatic patients in the real-life settings. Sci Rep. 2021 Apr 29;11(1):9289.
- Campanati A, Ganzetti G, Giuliodori K, et al. Serum levels of adipocytokines in psoriasis patients receiving tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors: results of a retrospective analysis. Int J Dermatol. 2015 Jul;54(7):839–845. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.12706.
- Minozzi S, Bonovas S, Lytras T, et al. Risk of infections using anti-TNF agents in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2016 Dec;15(sup1):11–34. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2016.1240783.
- Segaert S, Hermans C. Clinical Signs, Pathophysiology and Management of Cutaneous Side Effects of Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Agents. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2017 Dec;18(6):771–787.
- Conrad C, Di Domizio J, Mylonas A, et al. TNF blockade induces a dysregulated type I interferon response without autoimmunity in paradoxical psoriasis. Nat Commun. 2018 Jan 2;9(1):25.
- Deubelbeiss C, Kolios AGA, Anzengruber F, et al. TNFα and IL-17A are differentially expressed in psoriasis-like vs eczema-like drug reactions to TNFα antagonists. J Cutan Pathol. 2018 Jan;45(1):23–28. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/cup.13055.
- Drug Approval Package: Stelara (Ustekinumab) Injection NDA #125261 2009. [cited 2021 Aug 18]. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2009/125261s000TOC.cfm
- Olejniczak-Staruch I, Narbutt J, Bednarski I, et al. Interleukin 22 and 6 serum concentrations decrease under long-term biologic therapy in psoriasis. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2020 Oct;37(5):705–711. DOI:https://doi.org/10.5114/ada.2020.100481.
- Li X, Andersen KM, Chang HY, et al. Comparative risk of serious infections among real-world users of biologics for psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020 Feb;79(2):285–291. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-216102.
- Liu Y, Zhang C, Li B, et al. A novel role of IL-17A in contributing to the impaired suppressive function of Tregs in psoriasis. J Dermatol Sci. 2021 Feb;101(2):84–92. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2020.09.002.
- Mercurio L, Morelli M, Scarponi C, et al. IL-38 has an anti-inflammatory action in psoriasis and its expression correlates with disease severity and therapeutic response to anti-IL-17A treatment. Cell Death Dis. 2018 Oct 30;9(11):1104.
- Fassio A, Gatti D, Gisondi P, et al. Effects of secukinumab on serum adipocytokines: preliminary data. Reumatismo. 2017 Sep 21;69(3):105–110.
- Wang HN, Huang YH. Changes in metabolic parameters in psoriatic patients treated with secukinumab. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2020;11:2040622320944777.
- Fowler E, Ghamrawi RI, Ghiam N, et al. Risk of tuberculosis reactivation during interleukin-17 inhibitor therapy for psoriasis: a systematic review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020 Jul;34(7):1449–1456. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.16254.
- Megna M, Fabbrocini G, Ruggiero A, et al. Efficacy and safety of risankizumab in psoriasis patients who failed anti-IL-17, anti-12/23 and/or anti IL-23: Preliminary data of a real-life 16-week retrospective study. Dermatol Ther. 2020 Nov;33(6):e14144. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.14144.
- Ruggiero A, Fabbrocini G, Cinelli E, et al. Efficacy and safety of guselkumab in psoriasis patients who failed ustekinumab and/or anti-interleukin-17 treatment: A real-life 52-week retrospective study. Dermatol Ther. 2021 Jan;34(1):e14673. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.14673.
- Parisi R, Iskandar IYK, Kontopantelis E, et al. National, regional, and worldwide epidemiology of psoriasis: systematic analysis and modelling study. BMJ. 2020;369:m1590–m1590.
- Hägg D, Sundström A, Eriksson M, et al. Severity of Psoriasis Differs Between Men and Women: A Study of the Clinical Outcome Measure Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) in 5438 Swedish Register Patients. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2017;18(4):583–590. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-017-0274-0.
- Armstrong AW, Harskamp CT, Armstrong EJ. Psoriasis and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013 Apr 1;68(4):654–662.
- Brito-Luna MJ, Villanueva-Quintero DG, Sandoval-Talamantes AK, et al. Correlation of IL-12, IL-22, and IL-23 in patients with psoriasis and metabolic syndrome. Preliminary report. Cytokine. 2016 Sep;85:130–136.
- Sarac G, Koca TT, Baglan T. A brief summary of clinical types of psoriasis. North Clin Istanb. 2016;3(1):79–82.
- Lee E, Zarei M, LaSenna C, et al. Psoriasis Targeted Therapy: Characterization of Interleukin 17A Expression in Subtypes of Psoriasis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2015 Oct;14(10):1133–1136.
- Yilmaz SB, Cicek N, Coskun M, et al. Serum and tissue levels of IL-17 in different clinical subtypes of psoriasis. Arch Dermatol Res. 2012 Aug;304(6):465–469. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-012-1229-1.
- Abdallah MA, Abdel-Hamid MF, Kotb AM, et al. Serum interferon-gamma is a psoriasis severity and prognostic marker. Cutis. 2009 Sep;84(3):163–168.
- Navarini AA, Muster MA, Kolios AG, et al. Weight-Based Adaptation of TNF-Antagonist Induction versus Maintenance Dose. Case Rep Dermatol. 2011 May;3(2):124–129. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1159/000329343.
- Lillis JV, Guo CS, Lee JJ, et al. Increased IL-23 expression in palmoplantar psoriasis and hyperkeratotic hand dermatitis. Arch Dermatol. 2010 Aug;146(8):918–919. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2010.168.
- Kyriakou A, Patsatsi A, Vyzantiadis TA, et al. Serum levels of TNF- α, IL-12/23 p40, and IL-17 in psoriatic patients with and without nail psoriasis: a cross-sectional study. ScientificWorldJournal. 2014;2014:508178.
- Konrad RJ, Higgs RE, Rodgers GH, et al. Assessment and Clinical Relevance of Serum IL-19 Levels in Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis Using a Sensitive and Specific Novel Immunoassay. Sci Rep. 2019 Mar 26;9(1):5211.
- Elfil M, Negida A. Sampling methods in Clinical Research; an Educational Review. Emerg (Tehran). 2017;5(1):e52–e52.
- Momtazmanesh S, Zare-Shahabadi A, Rezaei N. Cytokine Alterations in Schizophrenia: An Updated Review. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10: 892-892.