Janus kinase versus TNF inhibitors: where we stand today in rheumatoid arthritis

References

• Alamanos Y, Drosos AA. Epidemiology of adult rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev. 2005;4:130–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolen JS, Aletaha D, Barton A, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;8(4):18001.
   Google Scholar
• Crowson CS, Liao KP, Davis JM 3rd, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular disease. Am Heart J. 2013;166(4):622–628.e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackey RH, Kuller LH, Moreland LW. Update on cardiovascular disease risk in patients with Rheumatic diseases. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2018;44(3):475–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koevoets R, Dirven L, Klarenbeek NB, et al. Insights in the relationship of joint space narrowing versus erosive joint damage and physical functioning of patients with RA. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72(6):870–874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turesson C, O’Fallon WM, Crowson CS, et al. Occurrence of extra articular disease manifestations is associated with excess mortality in a community-based cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2002;29(1):62–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crofford LJ. Use of NSAIDs in treating patients with arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2013;15(3):S2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haibel H, Specker C. Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2009;27(4 Suppl 55):S159–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang D, Li Y, Liu Y, et al. The use of biologic therapies in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2014;15(6):542–548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drosos AA, Pelechas E, Voulgari PV. Treatment strategies are more important than drugs in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2020;39(4):1363–1368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh JA, Saag KG, Bridges SL Jr, et al. American college of Rheumatology. 2015 American college of Rheumatology guideline for the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2016;68(1):1–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodworth TG, den Broeder AA. Treating to target in established rheumatoid arthritis: challenges and opportunities in an era of novel targeted therapies and biosimilars. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2015;29(4–5):543–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolen JS, Landewé RBM, Bijlsma JWJ, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2019 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(6):685–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis JR, Singh JA. Use of biologics in rheumatoid arthritis: current and emerging paradigms of care. Clin Ther. 2011;33(6):679–707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamanaka H. TNF as a target of inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2015;15(2):129–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noack M, Miossec P. Selected cytokine pathways in rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Immunopathol. 2017;39(4):365–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedger LM, McDermott MF. TNF and TNF-receptors: from mediators of cell death and inflammation to therapeutic giants - past, present and future. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2014;25:453–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palladino M, Bahjat F, Theodorakis E, et al. Anti-TNF-α therapies: the next generation. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003;2(9):736–746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horiuchi T, Mitoma H, Harashima S, et al. Transmembrane TNF-alpha: structure, function and interaction with anti-TNF agents. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010;49(7):1215–1228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scallon B, Cai A, Solowski N, et al. Binding and functional comparisons of two types of tumor necrosis factor antagonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002;301(2):418–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreland LW, Schiff MH, Baumgartner SW, et al. Etanercept therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130(6):478–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinblatt ME, Keystone EC, Furst DE, et al. Adalimumab, a fully human anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in patients taking concomitant methotrexate: the ARMADA trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(1):3.
   Google Scholar
• Shergy WJ, Isern RA, Cooley DA, et al. Open label study to assess infliximab safety and timing of onset of clinical benefit among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2002;29(4):667–677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maini R, St Clair EW, Breedveld F, et al. Infliximab (chimeric anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving concomitant methotrexate: a randomized phase III trial. Lancet. 1999;354(9194):1932–1939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klareskog L, Van Der Heijde D, de Jager JP, et al. Therapeutic effect of the combination of etanercept and methotrexate compared with each treatment alone in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;363(9410):67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keystone EC, Kavanaugh AF, Sharp JT, et al. Radiographic, clinical, and functional outcomes of treatment with Adalimumab (a human anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody) in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis receiving concomitant methotrexate therapy. a randomized, placebo-controlled, 52-week trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(5):1400–1411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleischmann R, Vencovsky J, van Vollenhoven R, et al. Efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol monotherapy every 4 weeks in patients with rheumatoid arthritis failing previous disease-modifying antirheumatic therapy: the FAST4WARD study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(6):767–769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keystone EC, Genovese MC, Klareskog L, et al. Golimumab, a human antibody to tumour necrosis factor alpha given by monthly subcutaneous injections, in active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate therapy: the GO-FORWARD Study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(6):789–796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelechas E, Voulgari PV, Drosos AA. Golimumab for Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Clin Med. 2019 20;8(3):387.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voulgari PV, Kaltsonoudis E, Papagoras C, et al. Adalimumab in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(12):1679–1686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papagoras C, Voulgari PV, Drosos AA. Golimumab, the newest TNF-α blocker, comes of age. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2015;33(4):570–577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breedveld FC, Weisman MH, Kavanaugh AF, et al. The PREMIER study: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind clinical trial of combination therapy with Adalimumab plus methotrexate versus methotrexate alone or Adalimumab alone in patients with early. aggressive rheumatoid arthritis who had not had previous methotrexate treatment. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(1):26–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• St Clair EW, van der Heijde Dm, Smolen JS, et al. Combination of infliximab and methotrexate therapy for early rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(11):3432–3443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emery P, Breedveld FC, Hall S, et al. Comparison of methotrexate monotherapy with a combination of methotrexate and etanercept in active, early, moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis (COMET): a randomised, double-blind, parallel treatment trial. Lancet. 2008;372(9636):375–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bathon JM, Martin RW, Fleischmann RM, et al. A comparison of etanercept and methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(22):1586–1593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keystone E, Van Der Heijde D, Mason D Jr, et al. Certolizumab pegol plus methotrexate is significantly more effective than placebo plus methotrexate in active rheumatoid arthritis: findings of a fifty-two-week, phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(11):3319–3329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markatseli TE, Papagoras C, Nikoli A, et al. Certolizumab for rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2014;32(3):415–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hetland ML, Christensen IJ, Tarp U, et al. All departments of Rheumatology in Denmark. Direct comparison of treatment responses, remission rates, and drug adherence in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with Adalimumab, etanercept, or infliximab: results from eight years of surveillance of clinical practice in the nationwide Danish. DANBIO registry. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(1):22–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markatseli TE, Alamanos Y, Saougou I, et al. Survival of TNF-alpha antagonists in rheumatoid arthritis: a long-term study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2012;30(1):31–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flouri I, Markatseli TE, Voulgari PV, et al. Comparative effectiveness and survival of infliximab, Adalimumab, and etanercept for rheumatoid arthritis patients in the hellenic registry of biologics: low rates of remission and 5-year drug survival. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2014;43(4):447–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolen JS, Kay J, Doyle MK, et al. Golimumab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis after treatment with tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitors (GO-AFTER study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial. Lancet. 2009;374(9685):210–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikas SN, Voulgari PV, Alamanos Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of switching from infliximab to Adalimumab: a comparative controlled study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65(2):257–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ARTIS group, Chatzidionysiou K, Askling J, Eriksson J, et al. Effectiveness of TNF inhibitor switch in RA: results from the national Swedish register. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(5):890–896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virkki LM, Valleala H, Takakubo Y, et al. Outcomes of switching anti-TNF drugs in rheumatoid arthritis–a study based on observational data from the finnish register of biological treatment (ROB-FIN). Clin Rheumatol. 2011;30(11):1447–1454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law-Wan J, Sparfel MA, Derolez S, et al. Predictors of response to TNF inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis: an individual patient data pooled analysis of randomised controlled trials. RMD Open. 2021;7(3):e001882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emery P, Burmester GR, Naredo E, et al. Adalimumab dose tapering in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who are in long-standing clinical remission: results of the phase IV PREDICTRA study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(8):1023–1030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mangoni AA, Al Okaily F, Almoallim H, et al. Relapse rates after elective discontinuation of anti-TNF therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis and review of literature. BMC Rheumatol. 2019;8(3):10.
   Google Scholar
• Vinson D, Molet-Benhamou L, Degboé Y, et al. Impact of tapering targeted therapies (bDMARDs or JAKis) on the risk of serious infections and adverse events of special interest in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or spondyloarthritis: a systematic analysis of the literature and meta-analysis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2020;22(1):97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernández MV, Sanmartí R, Cañete JD. The safety of tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2016;15(5):613–624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papadopoulos CG, Gartzonikas IK, Pappa TK, et al. Eight-year survival study of first-line tumour necrosis factor α inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis: real-world data from a university centre registry. Rheumatol Adv Pract. 2019 14; 3(1): rkz007.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wallis RS. Tumour necrosis factor antagonists: structure, function, and tuberculosis risks. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8(10):601–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller EA, Ernst JD. Anti-TNF immunotherapy and tuberculosis reactivation: another mechanism revealed. J Clin Invest. 2009;119(5):1079–1082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bessissow T, Renard M, Hoffman I, et al. Review article: non-malignant haematological complications of anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;36(4):312–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi RE, Parisi I, Despott EJ, et al. Anti-tumour necrosis factor agent and liver injury: literature review, recommendations for management. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(46):17352–17359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaltsonoudis E, Zikou AK, Voulgari PV, et al. Neurological adverse events in patients receiving anti-TNF therapy: a prospective imaging and electrophysiological study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014;16(3):R125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nam JL, Ramiro S, Gaujoux-Viala C, et al. Efficacy of biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: a systematic literature review informing the 2013 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(3):516–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atiqi S, Hooijberg F, Loeff FC, et al. Immunogenicity of TNF-Inhibitors. Front Immunol. 2020;11:312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulácsi L, Brodszky V, Baji P, et al. Biosimilars for the management of rheumatoid arthritis: economic considerations. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2015;11(1):S43–52.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Choe JY, Prodanovic N, Niebrzydowski J, et al. A randomised, double-blind, phase III study comparing SB2, an infliximab biosimilar, to the infliximab reference product Remicade in patients with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate therapy. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(1):58–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo DH, Racewicz A, Brzezicki J, et al. A phase III randomized study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CT-P13 compared with reference infliximab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: 54-week results from the PLANETRA study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2016;2(18):82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitton J, Giollo A, Buch MH. GP2015 as a promising therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2018;18(4):477–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelechas E, Drosos AA. Etanercept biosimilar SB-4. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2019;19(3):173–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markus R, McBride HJ, Ramchandani M, et al. A review of the totality of evidence supporting the development of the first Adalimumab biosimilar ABP 501. Adv Ther. 2019;36(8):1833–1850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelechas E, Voulgari PV, Drosos AA. ABP 501 for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2018;18(3):317–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winthrop KL. The emerging safety profile of JAK inhibitors in rheumatic disease. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2017;13(4):234–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison DA. The Jak/STAT pathway. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2012 Mar 1;4(3):a011205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mok CC. The Jakinibs in systemic lupus erythematosus: progress and prospects. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2019;28(1):85–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrington R, Al Nokhatha SA, Conway R. JAK inhibitors in Rheumatoid Arthritis: an evidence-based review on the emerging clinical data. J Inflamm Res. 2020;13:519–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinelli FR, Garufi C, Ceccarelli F, et al. FRI0134 Effect of JAK inhibitors on pain and quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(Suppl 1):649.
   Google Scholar
• Retuerto M, Trujillo E, Valero C, et al. Efficacy and safety of switching Jak inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis: an observational study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2021;39(3):453–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee E, Fleischmann R, Hall S, et al. Tofacitinib versus methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(25):2377–2386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleischmann R, Mease PJ, Schwartzman S, et al. Efficacy of tofacitinib in patients with rheumatoid arthritis stratified by background methotrexate dose group. Clin Rheum. 2017;36(1):15–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleischmann R, Mysler E, Hall S, et al. Efficacy and safety of tofacitinib monotherapy, tofacitinib with methotrexate, and Adalimumab with methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (ORAL Strategy): a Phase 3b/4, double-blind, head-to-head. randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2017;390(10093):457–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor PC, Keystone EC, van der Heijde D, et al. Baricitinib versus placebo or adalimumab in Rheumatoid Arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2017 Feb 16;376(7):652–662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleischmann R, Schiff M, van der Heijde D, et al. Baricitinib, Methotrexate, or combination in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and no or limited prior disease-modifying Antirheumatic drug treatment. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(3):506–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dougados M, van der Heijde D, Chen YC, et al. Baricitinib in patients with inadequate response or intolerance to conventional synthetic DMARDs: results from the RA-BUILD study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(1):88–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D VDH, Durez P, Schett G, et al. Structural damage progression in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis treated with methotrexate, baricitinib, or baricitinib plus methotrexate based on clinical response in the phase III RA-BEGIN study. Clin Rheumatol. 2018;37(9):2381–2390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleischmann R, Pangan AL, Song IH, et al. Upadacitinib versus placebo or Adalimumab in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate: results of a phase III, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019;71(11):1788–1800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conaghan PG, Mysler E, Tanaka Y, et al. Upadacitinib in Rheumatoid Arthritis: a benefit-risk assessment across a phase III program. Drug Saf. 2021;44(5):515–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubbert-Roth A, Enejosa J, Pangan AL, et al.Trial of upadacitinib or abatacept in Rheumatoid Arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(16):1511–1521. 202015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavanaugh A, Kremer J, Ponce L, et al. Filgotinib (GLPG0634/GS-6034), an oral selective JAK1 inhibitor, is effective as monotherapy in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: results from a randomised, dose-finding study (DARWIN 2). Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(6):1009–1019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westhovens R, Taylor PC, Alten R, et al. Filgotinib (GLPG0634/GS-6034), an oral JAK1 selective inhibitor, is effective in combination with methotrexate (MTX) in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and insufficient response to MTX: results from a randomised, dose-finding study (DARWIN 1). Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(6):998–1008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genovese MC, Kalunian K, Gottenberg JE, et al. Effect of filgotinib vs placebo on clinical response in patients with moderate to severe Rheumatoid Arthritis refractory to disease-modifying Antirheumatic drug therapy: the FINCH 2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019;322(4):315–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka Y, Kavanaugh A, Wicklund J, et al. Filgotinib, a novel JAK1-preferential inhibitor for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: an overview from clinical trials. Mod Rheumatol. 2021;15(1):1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Takeuchi T, Genovese MC, Haraoui B, et al. Dose reduction of baricitinib in patients with rheumatoid arthritis achieving sustained disease control: results of a prospective study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78(2):171–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubo S, Yamaoka K, Amano K, et al. Discontinuation of tofacitinib after achieving low disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a multicentre, observational study. Rheumatology. 2017;56(8):1293–1301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mori S, Ueki Y. Outcomes of dose reduction, withdrawal, and restart of tofacitinib in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective observational study. Clin Rheumatol. 2019;38(12):3391–3400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redeker I, Albrecht K, Kekow J, et al. A. Risk of herpes zoster (shingles) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis under biologic, targeted synthetic and conventional synthetic DMARD treatment: data from the German RABBIT register. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022;81(1):41–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechman K, Subesinghe S, Norton S, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of infection risk with small molecule JAK inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology. 2019;58(10):1755–1766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winthrop K, Buch MH, Curtis J, et al. lPOS0092 HERPES ZOSTER IN THE FILGOTINIB RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS PROGRAM. Ann Rheum Dis. 2021;80(Suppl 1):255–256.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen SB. JAK inhibitors and VTE risk: how concerned should we be? Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2021;17(3):133–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yates M, Mootoo A, Adas M, et al. Venous thromboembolism risk with JAK inhibitors: a meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021;73(5):779–788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott IC, Hider SL, Scott DL. Thromboembolism with janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors for Rheumatoid Arthritis: how real is the risk? Drug Saf. 2018;41(7):645–653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ytterberg SR, Bhatt DL, Mikuls TR, et al. ORAL surveillance investigators. Cardiovascular and cancer risk with tofacitinib in Rheumatoid Arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2022 27;386(4):316–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis J, Yamaoka K, Chen Y, et al. Malignancies in patients aged ≥ 50 years with RA and ≥ 1 additional cardiovascular risk factor: results from a phase 3b/4 randomized safety study of tofacitinib vs TNF inhibitors [ACR abstract 1940]. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021;73:1939–1942.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kremer JM, Bingham CO 3rd, Cappelli LC, et al. Postapproval comparative safety study of tofacitinib and biological disease-modifying Antirheumatic drugs: 5-year results from a United States-based Rheumatoid Arthritis registry. ACR Open Rheumatol. 2021 3; 3(3): 173–184.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Michaud K, Messer J, Choi HK, et al. Direct medical costs and their predictors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a three-year study of 7,527 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(10):2750–2762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu E, Chen L, Birnbaum H, et al. Cost of care for patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving TNF-antagonist therapy using claims data. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007;23(8):1749–1759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choy EH. Clinical significance of Janus Kinase inhibitor selectivity. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2019;58(6):953–962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash P, Kerschbaumer A, Dörner T, et al. Points to consider for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases with Janus kinase inhibitors: a consensus statement. Ann Rheum Dis. 2021;80(1):71–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar