Autoimmune diseases after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: a clinician’s guide and future outlook

References

• Buxbaum NP, Pavletic SZ. Autoimmunity following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Front Immunol. 2020;11:2017.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li Z, Rubinstein SM, Thota R, et al. Immunemediated complications after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2016;22(8):1368–1375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neunert CE, Despotovic JM. Autoimmune haemolytic anemia and immune thrombocytopenia following hematopoietic stem cell transplant: a critical review of the literature. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2019;66(4).
   Google Scholar
• Michniacki TF, Ebens CL, Choi SW. Immune-mediated cytopenias after hematopoietic cell transplantation: pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. Curr Oncol Rep. 2019;21(10):87.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horn B, Viele M, Mentzer W, et al. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in patients with SCID after T cell-depleted BM and PBSC transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1999;24(9):1009–1013.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kruizinga MD, Van Tol MJD, Bekker V. Bekker V et al.risk factors, treatment, and immune dysregulation in autoimmune cytopenia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in pediatric patients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2018;24(4):772–778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galvin RT, Cao Q, Miller WP, et al. Characterizing immune-mediated cytopenias after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for pediatric nonmalignant disorders. Transplant Cell Ther. 2021;27(4):316.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Faraci M, Zecca M, Pillon M, et al. Italian association of paediatric haematology and Oncology. autoimmune hematological diseases after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children: an Italian multicenter experience. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2014;20(2):272–278.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Szanto CL, Langenhorst J, de Koning C, de Koning C, et al. Predictors for autoimmune cytopenias after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in children. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2020;26(1):114–122.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O’Brien TA, Eastlund T, Peters C, et al. Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia complicating haematopoietic cell transplantation in paediatric patients: high incidence and significant mortality in unrelated donor transplants for non-malignant diseases. Br J Haematol. 2004;127(1):67–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daikeler T, Labopin M, Di Gioia M, et al. Secondary autoimmune diseases occurring after HSCT for an autoimmune disease: a retrospective study of the EBMT autoimmune disease working party. Blood. 2011;118(6):1693–1698.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yanir AD, Hanson IC, Shearer WT, et al. High incidence of autoimmune disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for chronic granulomatous disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2018;24(8):1643–1650.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daikeler T, Labopin M, Ruggeri A, et al. New autoimmune diseases after cord blood transplantation: a retrospective study of EUROCORD and the autoimmune disease working party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Blood. 2013;121(6):1059–1064.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller PDE, Snowden JA, De Latour RP, et al. Autoimmune cytopenias (AIC) following allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant for acquired aplastic anaemia: a joint study of the Autoimmune Diseases and Severe Aplastic Anaemia Working Parties (ADWP/SAAWP) of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT). Bone Marrow Transplantation. 2020;55(2):441–451.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Renard C, Barlogis V, Mialou V, et al. Lymphocyte subset reconstitution after unrelated cord blood or bone marrow transplantation in children. Br J Haematol. 2011;152(3):322–330.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singhal S, Powles R, Kulkarni S, et al. Comparison of marrow and blood cell yields from the same donors in a double-blind, randomized study of allogeneic marrow vs blood stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transpl. 2000;25(5):501–505.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Storek J, Dawson M, Storer B, et al. Immune reconstitution after allogeneic marrow transplantation compared with blood stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2001;97(11):3380–3389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang M, Wang W, Abeywardane A, et al. Autoimmune haemolytic anemia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: analysis of 533 adult patients who underwent transplantation at king’s college hospital. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2015;21(1):60–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lv W, Fan Z, Huang F, et al. Autoimmune hematological diseases following haploidentical donor hematopoietic stem cell transplant compared with matched sibling and unrelated donor. Oncotarget. 2017;8(16):26505–26514.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhatt ST, Bednarski JJ, Berg J, et al. Immune reconstitution and infection patterns after early alemtuzumab and reduced intensity transplantation for non malignant disorders in pediatric patients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2019;25(3):556–561.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lum SH, Selvarajah S, Deya-Martinez A, et al. Outcome of autoimmune cytopenia after hematopoietic cell transplantation in primary immunodeficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(2):406–416.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koo J, Giller RH, Quinones R, Quinones R, et al. Autoimmune cytopenias following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant in pediatric patients: response to therapy and late effects. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2020;67(9):e28591.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rovira J, Cid J, Gutierrez-Garcia G, et al. Fatal immune hemolytic anemia following allogeneic stem cell transplantation: report of 2 cases and review of literature. Transfus Med Rev. 2013;27(3):166–170.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Filipovich AH, Weisdorf D, Pavletic S, et al. National institutes of health consensus development project on criteria for clinical trials in chronic graft-versus-host disease: i diagnosis and staging working group report. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2005;11(12):945–956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeiser R, Sarantopoulos S, Blazar BR. B-cell targeting in chronic graft versus- host disease. Blood. 2018;131(13):1399–1405.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDonald-Hyman C, Flynn R, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, et al. Therapeutic regulatory T-cell adoptive transfer ameliorates established murine chronic GVHD in a CXCR5-dependent manner. Blood. 2016;128(7):1013–1017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald KP, Hill GR, Blazar BR. Chronic graft-versus-host disease: biological insights from preclinical and clinical studies. Blood. 2017;129(1):13–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeiser R, Nguyen VH, Beilhack A, et al. Inhibition of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cell function by calcineurin dependent interleukin-2 production. Blood. 2006;108(1):390–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li M, Goldfinger D, Yuan S. Autoimmune haemolytic anemia in pediatric liver or combined liver and small bowel transplant patients: a case series and review of the literature. Transfusion. 2012;52(1):48–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanellopoulou T. Autoimmune haemolytic anemia in solid organ transplantation-the role of immunosuppression. Clin Transplant. 2017;31(9).
   Google Scholar
• Gupta AO, Jan Boelens J, Ebens CL, Ebens CL, et al., Consensus opinion on immune-mediated cytopenias after hematopoietic cell transplant for inherited metabolic disorders. Bone Marrow Transplantation. 2021;56(6):1238–1247.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Orkin SH, Fisher DE, Ginsburg D, et al. Principles of bone marrow and stem cell transplantation, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and acquired platelet defects. In: Nathan and Oski’s hematology and oncology of infancy and childhood. 8th. Elsevier; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Noronha SA. Acquired and congenital hemolytic anemia. Pediatr Rev. 2016;37(6):235–246.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gabelli M, Ademokun C, Cooper N, et al., Pathogenesis, risk factors and therapeutic options for autoimmune haemolytic anaemia in the post-transplant setting. Br J Haematol. 2022;196(1):45–62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jager U, Barcellini W, Broome CM, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in adults: recommendations from the first international consensus meeting. Blood Rev. 2020;41:100648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barcellini W, Fattizzo B, Zaninoni A. Management of refractory autoimmune hemolytic anemia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: current perspectives. J Blood Med. 2019;10:265–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minchinton RM, Waters AH. Autoimmune thrombocytopenia and neutropenia after bone marrow transplantation. Blood. 1985;66(3):752.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Macher S, Schallmoser K, Staber PB, et al. Severe thrombocytopenia due to host-derived anti-HPA-1a after non-myeloablative allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma: a case report. Vox Sang. 2005;89(4):257–260.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bierling P, Cordonnier C, Fromont P, et al. Acquired autoimmune thrombocytopenia after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Br J Haematol. 1985;59(4):643–646.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Avramova B, Yordanova M, Heuft HG, et al. Transfer of donor immune thrombocytopenic purpura to a recipient of an allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell graft. Bone Marrow Transplantation. 2009;44(3):203–204.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kalwak K, Gorczynska E, Wojcik D, et al. Late-onset idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura correlates with rapid B-cell recovery after allogeneic T cell-depleted peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation in children. Transplant Proc. 2002;34(8):3374–3377.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Migdady Y, Ediriwickrema A, Jackson RP, et al. Successful treatment of thrombocytopenia with daratumumab after allogeneic transplant: a case report and literature review. Blood Adv. 2020;4(5):815–818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calmettes C, Vigouroux S, Tabrizi R, et al. Romiplostim (AMG531, Nplate) for secondary failure of platelet recovery after allo-SCT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2011;46(12):1587–1589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck JC, Burke MJ, Tolar J, et al. Response of refractory immune thrombocytopenia after bone marrow transplantation to romiplostim. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;54(3):490–491.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reid R, Bennett JM, Becker M, et al. Use of eltrombopag, a thrombopoietin receptor agonist, in post-transplantation thrombocytopenia. Am J Hematol. 2012;87(7):743–745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page KM, Mendizabal AM, Prasad VK, et al. Posttransplant autoimmune hemolytic anemia and other autoimmune cytopenias are increased in very young infants undergoing unrelated donor umbilical cord blood transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2008;14(10):1108–1117.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shingai N, Taniguchi K, Kakihana K. Neutropenia associated with antihuman neutrophil antibodies following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transpl Int. 2014;27(3).
   Google Scholar
• Pocock CF, Lucas GF, Giles C, et al. Immune neutropenia associated with anti-human neutrophil antigen-2a (NB1) antibodies following unrelated donor stem cell transplantation for chronic myeloid leukaemia: perpetuation by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Br J Haematol. 2001;113(2):483–485.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tazzari PL, Rondelli D, Re F, et al. Antibodies reactive with neutrophils following allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Eur J Haematol. 1999;62(1):57–62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wada T, Miyamoto S, Okamoto H, et al. Prolonged neutropenia due to antihuman neutrophil antigen 2 (CD177) antibody after bone marrow transplantation. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2017;64(7):e26388.
   Google Scholar
• Klumpp TR, Herman JH, Macdonald JS, et al. Autoimmune neutropenia following peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Am J Hematol. 1992;41(3):215–217.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klumpp TR. Antibody-mediated neutropenia following bone marrow transplantation. Int J Clin Lab Res. 1993;23(1–4):4–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tosi P, Bandini G, Tazzari P, et al. Autoimmune neutropenia after unrelated bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1994;14(6):1003–1004.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsirigotis PD, Resnick IB, Or R, et al. Post-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation immune-mediated cytopenias. Immunotherapy. 2009;1(1):39–47.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adachi T, Matsushita T, Ichihashi R, et al. High titer of ADAMTS13 inhibitor associated with thrombotic microangiopathy of the gut and skeletal muscle after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Int J Hematol. 2006;83(5):415–419.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Au WY, Ma ES, Lee TL, et al. Successful treatment of thrombotic microangiopathy after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation with rituximab. Br J Haematol. 2007;137(5):475–478.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McGrogan A, Seaman HE, Wright JW, et al. The incidence of autoimmune thyroid disease: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2008;69(5):687–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Au WY, Lie AK, Kung AWC, Kung AW, et al., Autoimmune thyroid dysfunction after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2005;35(4):383–388.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Slatter MA, Gennery AR, Cheetham TD, et al. Thyroid dysfunction after bone marrow transplantation for primary immunodeficiency without the use of total body irradiation in conditioning. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2004;33(9):949–953.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sağ E, Gönç N, Alikaşifoğlu A, et al. Hyperthyroidism after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a report of four cases. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2015;7(4):349–354.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee WY, Oh ES, Min CK, Min CK, et al. Changes in autoimmune thyroid disease following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2001;28(1):63–66.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katsanis E, Shapiro RS, Robison LL, et al. Thyroid dysfunction following bone marrow transplantation: long-term follow-up of 80 pediatric patients. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1990;5(5):335–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha A, Abinun M, Gennery AR, et al. Graves’ immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in childhood. Thyroid. 2013;23(8):1010–1014.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grauer O, Wolff D, Bertz H, Bertz H, et al. Neurological manifestations of chronic graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: report from the consensus conference on clinical practice in chronic graft- versus-host disease. Brain. 2010;133(10):2852–2865.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koeppen S, Thirugnanasambanthan A, Koldehoff M. Neuromuscular complications after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Support Care Cancer. 2014;22(9):2337–2341.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Delios AM, Rosenblum M, Jakubowski AA, et al., Central and peripheral nervous system immune mediated demyelinating disease after allogeneic hemopoietic stem cell transplantation for hematologic disease. J Neurooncol. 2012;110(2):251–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng RX, Wu YJ, Xu LP, et al. Clinical risk factors and prognostic model for idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating diseases after haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with hematological malignancies. Am J Hematol. 2021;96(11):1407–1419.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoshida T, Ueki Y, Suzuki T, et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: case report and literature review. Neuro Sci. 2016;4:52–55.
   Google Scholar
• Fujisaki G, Kami M, Murashige N, et al. Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with rapid immune reconstitution following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2006;37(6):617–619.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ren XY, Liu X, Huang QS, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and outcome of Immune-Mediated Neuropathies (IMNs) following haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2019;25(8):1629–1636.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsutsumi Y, Kamiishi T, Kikuchi R, et al. Myasthenia gravis after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: a case report and literature review. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther. 2019;12(2):110–114.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fukatsu M, Murakami T, Ohkawara H, et al. A possible role of low regulatory T cells in anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody positive myasthenia gravis after bone marrow transplantation. BMC Neurol. 2017 15; 17(1): 93.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Voss M, Bischof F. Recurrent myelitis after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. report of two cases. BMC Neurol. 2010;1; 10(1):76.
   Google Scholar
• Richard S, Fruchtman S, Scigliano E, et al. An immunological syndrome featuring transverse myelitis, Evans syndrome and pulmonary infiltrates after unrelated bone marrow transplant in a patient with severe aplastic anemia. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2000;26(11):1225–1228.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tronconi E, Miniaci A, Prete A, et al. Juvenile arthritis after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2014;49(9):1244–1245.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Snowden JA, Atkinson K, Kearney P, et al. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from a donor with severe active rheumatoid arthritis not resulting in adoptive transfer of disease to recipient. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1997;20(1):71–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Totani A, Amin H, Bacchi S, et al., Vitiligo following stem-cell transplant. Bone Marrow Transplant. 55(2): 332–340. 2020.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rezaei N, Gavalas NG, Weetman AP, Weetman AP, et al. Autoimmunity as an aetiological factor in vitiligo. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2007;21(7):865–876.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanli H, Akay BN, Arat M, et al. Vitiligo after hematopoietic cell transplantation: six cases and review of the literature. Dermatology. 2008;216(16):349–354.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neumeister P, Strunk D, Apfelbeck U, et al. Adoptive transfer of vitiligo after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Lancet. 2000;15(9212):1334–1335.
   Google Scholar
• Snowden JA, Heaton DC. Development of psoriasis after syngeneic bone marrow transplant from psoriatic donor: further evidence for adoptive autoimmunity. Br J Dermatol. 1997;137(1):130–2.
   Google Scholar
• George L, Mathews V, George B, et al. Generalized pustular psoriasis following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2015;40(2):160–2.
   Google Scholar
• Sonwalkar SA, James RM, Ahmad T. Zhang L, et al.Fulminant Crohn’s colitis after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Gut. 2003;52(10):1518–1521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron FA, Hermanne JP, Dowlati A, et al. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia and ulcerative colitis after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1998;21(9):951–954.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giardino S, Bava C, Arrigo S, et al. Thalidomide as treatment of Crohn's-like disease occurred after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a pediatric patient. Pediatr Transplant. 2021;25(3):e13941.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koyama D, Ito M, Yokohata E, et al. Autoimmune-like hepatitis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: humoral hepatic GvHD. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2017;52(1):151–153.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ogose T, Watanabe T, Suzuya H, et al. Autoimmune hepatitis following allogeneic PBSCT from an HLA-matched sibling. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2003;31(9):829–832.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baniak NM, Kanthan R. Autoimmune-like hepatitis: a “Hepatitic” manifestation of chronic graft versus host disease in post-stem cell transplant. Int J Surg Pathol. 2016;24(2):146–152.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hiramatsu R, Ubara Y, Sawa N, et al. Clinicopathological analysis of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation-related membranous glomerulonephritis. Hum Pathol. 2016;50:187–194.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lv W, Qu H, Wu M, et al. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in adults: a southern China multicenter experience. Cancer Med. 2019;8(15):6549–6558.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mehta B, Mahadeo K, Zaw R, et al. Bortezomib for effective treatment of a child with refractory autoimmune hemolytic anemia post allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2014;61(12):2324–2325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Vicent M, Sanz J, Fuster JL, et al. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT): a retrospective analysis and a proposal of treatment on behalf of the grupo español de trasplante de medula osea en niños (GETMON) and the Grupo Español de Trasplante Hematopoyetico (GETH). Transfus Med Rev. 2018;32:179–185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao MM, Levine JE, Ferrara JL, et al. Successful treatment of refractory immune hemolysis following unrelated cord blood transplant with Campath-1H. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;50(4):917–919.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raj K, Narayanan S, Augustson B, et al. Rituximab is effective in the management of refractory autoimmune cytopenias occurring after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2005 Feb;35(3):299–301.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schuetz C, Hoenig M, Moshous D, et al. Daratumumab in life-threatening autoimmune hemolytic anemia following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood Adv. 2018;2(19):2550–2553.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Larghero J, Vija L, Lecourt S, Lecourt S, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells and immunomodulation: toward new immunosuppressive strategies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases? Rev Med Interne. 2009;30(3):287–299.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar